joined by lords Kenmore and Lorn, and, outward opposition by producing the king's encouraged by false or exaggerated reports commission appointing him captain-general of Cromwell's difficulties and of preparations of the whole forces, but the dissatisfaction. abroad to restore their king, they began to still existed, and complaints were sent seraise their forces. Two successful though cretly to the king. The discovery of this trifling skirmishes, in the well-known passes correspondence increased the general disof Aberfoyle and the Trossachs, encouraged trust, and Balcarras withdrew from the many to join them, and lord Kenmore is army, and joined the king on the continent. said to have had great success in recruiting Lorn also withdrew with his troops, but by carrying with him on his march what being pursued by a strong body of horse the writers of the time describe as "a runlet under the lairds of Glengarry and Lochiel, of strong waters," which was called popu- with orders to compel him to return, he larly "Kenmore's drum." Glencairn began escaped with a few of his followers who were by issuing a proclamation, in which he well mounted, leaving the rest, to return to "called upon all true royalists who detested the army only to take the earliest opporthe monstrous republic, builded with the tunity of deserting and returning to their bones and cemented with the blood of their homes. While he thus lost some of his dread sovereign, who loved presbytery and native force by jealousies and divisions, hated toleration, who acknowledged obe- Glencairn received a small but more effective dience to their righteous king, as the father accession of strength in a party of English of their country and God's vicegerent upon royalists under the command of colonel earth, who did not wish to degenerate from Wogan. Wogan was an officer who, during the spirits of their ancestors who would the war, had served under the parliament, never bend to a foreign yoke, Roman, Pict, but he went over to the opposite party after Dane, British, or Saxon, to join with his the execution of the king. He then was aparmy and their brethren the highlanders; pointed to the command of the duke of whose praise it was that loyalty and obe- Ormond's body-guard in Ireland, and he dience to lawful magistrates could never be accompanied that nobleman to the court of banished out of their hearts, whatever else Charles II. in France, where, hearing of the might be alleged against them; nor would rising under Glencairn, he determined to they admit easily of innovation in matters proceed to the highlands and join him. of religion, so that the most scrupulous Passing secretly through England, he col might join with them in this cause without lected together nearly a hundred of the hurting their conscience, separating only more desperate of the king's party, and they from their vices, if any should appear." reached the mountains of Scotland in small With much more hypocritical professions of parties and in disguise. Wogan and his regard for their religion and the covenant, party of English raised the envy of the illGlencairn hoped to gain over the strict clad highlanders by their dashing uniforms, presbyterians, in which he was not success- but they distinguished themselves by their ful, though his summons to arms caused daring bravery, though their leaders did not considerable agitation in the highlands, and live to do any important service to the royal he had soon collected a respectable force cause. In an encounter with some of Cromunder his banner. In a progress towards well's troops, near Drummond in Athol, the north, where he hoped to be joined by Wogan received a wound, of which he died the Gordons, the earl had several skirmishes through the unskilful treatment of the surwith general Morgan with various success; geon who attended him. but he had established his head-quarters in With an army respectable in numbers, Badenoch, towards the end of the year, with though ill-organised, Gleg airu marched a considerable force, which was increased by through Aberdeenshire into Murray, where large reinforcements brought in by Ken- he fixed his head-quarters at Elgin, to wait more and Lorn. No sooner, however, were for the supplies which had been promised they united, than jealousies and dissensions him from the continent; but hearing that broke out among the leaders. Balcarras Middleton, with the king's commission, had refused to serve under Glencairn, insisting arrived in Sutherland, he marched thither, that the army should be governed by a com- closely pursued and watched by Morgan mittee, and that none should be admitted with a body of English forces. Middleton's who did not take the oath to the solemn commission superseded that of Glencairn, league and covenant. Glencairn overcame who immediately surrendered to him the

first encoun

each other on foot. At the very
ter the earl struck Monro so violent a blow
across the forehead, that the blood ran into
his eyes, and he could not see to attack his
opponent or to defend himself. Glencairn
would have thrust his sword through his
body, but he was hindered by his man, John
White, who pushed aside his sword, saying,
"You have enough of him, my lord!" Pro-
voked at the interruption, Glencairn angrily
struck his man over the shoulders with the
flat of his sword, and then leaped on his
horse and rode away to his own quarters.
Monro bled so profusely, that he had a diffi-
culty, though assisted by his brother, in
making his way home to the camp. This
duel was followed immediately by another

chief command. Their army was at this time quartered at Dornoch, and in return for a feast which the new commander-in-chief had given there, the earl invited him and his principal officers to his house at Kettle, a few miles distant. At this entertainment, Glencairn, in pledging Middleton's health, spoke complimentarily of the army of which he had just resigned the command; in reply to which sir George Monro, who had been appointed lieutenant-general under Monro, rose up rudely, and interrupting him, exclaimed, with an oath, that his men "were no other than a pack of thieves and robbers," and that in a short time he would "show him other sort of men." Glengarry, who was one of the party, sprung up from his seat in great anger, but he was hindered from speak-between two inferior officers who severally ing by the earl, who said to him, "Forbear, Glengarry, it is I that am levelled at ;" and then, addressing himself to sir George Monro, he told him that he was a base liar, and that his levies were neither thieves nor rogues, but much better men than he would ever raise. The dispute threatened to become | serious, when Middleton interposed, and intimating rather strongly his opinion that quarrelling among themselves was not the most promising way of promoting the service of the king, he called for wine, and then, addressing the two principal disputants, he said, "I will have you both to be friends. My lord Glencairn, I think you did the greatest wrong in calling sir George a liar, and you, therefore, shall begin by drinking to him, and he shall pledge you." Glencairn complied without hesitation, but Monro refused haughtily to be reconciled, and in this humour the party separated,

Even this senseless quarrel brought considerable hurt to the royal cause, Monro, the same evening, sent the earl a challenge, and they met next morning (which was Sunday) a short distance from Dornoch, the former accompanied by his brother, and the earl by his trumpeter. They were both mounted, and armed alike with broadswords and pistols. After firing without effect, they drew their broadswords and made several passes without injuring each other, until Glencairn gave his opponent so severe a blow on his left hand that he could no longer hold the bridle or therefore manage his horse, and he challenged the earl to fight on foot. "Yea, carle," said Glencairn, who was much incensed, "I will let you know that I am a match for you either on foot or on horseback!" and with that, they engaged

espoused the cause of Monro or of Glencairn, and Monro's champion was run through the body and killed on the spot by his opponent. The latter was placed under arrest for murder, and having been tried by court-martial, was shot at the cross of Dornoch, in spite of the urgent solicitations of Glencairn for his pardon. The earl, disgusted by the little consideration in which he was held, separated himself from the main army, and carrying with him a small body of volunteers, marched into Lennox,

The insurgents had been allowed to go on so far with little molestation, on account of the other important matters which absorbed Cromwell's attention after his elevation to the protectorate, but in the May of 1654 he sent Monk back to Scotland, to reassume the command of the army there. Immediately after his arrival, Monk collected a considerable force, and marched to Aberdeen. He then separated his army into two divisions, placing the one under the command of Morgan, and they entered the highlands. in two lines of march. Morgan overtook the royalists at Lochgarrie, and coming upon them unawares, completely defeated them. The only serious resistance was made by the English gentlemen who had followed Wogan; the rest of the army fled and dispersed in the mountains Middleton escaped with a few of his followers to Caithness, whence he returned to France. His baggage and papers were taken by the English. Glencairn's party displayed more courage, but conscious that the sort of predatory warfare in which they were engaged could lead to no ultimate advantage, they accepted favourable conditions which were offered them, which secured their lives

and fortunes to all the officers and soldiers, who were to have passes to carry them to their respective homes. The officers were allowed to retain their horses and arms, and the men their horses, but these were to deliver up their arms, and receive for them their value in money. These conditions were honourably performed, and thus was ended the last attempt at resistance to the power of Cromwell.

that the ministers themselves, no longer having the arm of the magistrate at their disposal, devoted themselves to the more useful duties of instruction, and improving the people under their charge. Under the tolerant spirit of Cromwell's government, there was a total absence of all religious persecution.

Unfortunately for Scotland, this period of peace was not destined to be of long The administration of the country under duration, and a dark and melancholy age the protectorate was now definitely arranged; was at hand. Oliver Cromwell died on the it was committed to a council of state, con- anniversary of his two great victories at sisting of nine persons, general Monk, lords Dunbar and Worcester, the 3rd of SeptemBroghill and Charles Howard, colonels ber, 1658. The history of the weak governScroope, Desborough, Whethen, and Cooper, ment of his son and successor is well known. and two Scots, Lockhart and Swinton. Monk remained still in command of the Lord Broghill was president of the council. army in Scotland, which under the protecTheir powers were extensive, but exercised torate had varied in numbers between nine with wisdom and prudence; and the sol- and twelve thousand men. At the time diery, to whom the police of the country when Lambert was forcibly dissolving the was entrusted, conciliated everybody by their parliament, Monk had gained the sympathy sobriety and peaceable conduct. Under of the Scots by showing a leaning to presthis government, indeed, Scotland enjoyed byterianism, and by dismissing many of the an interval of peace and happiness such as sectaries from his army and replacing them she had never experienced before. Justice by old Scottish soldiers. He now hastily was at length administered with perfect im- assembled the commissioners of the shires, partiality in a country where formerly the and the impression which his presbyterian corruptness of the courts had been pro- bearing had made was so great, that they verbially notorious. The English officers, consented at once to give him an advance who were appointed to the commissary and of taxes. Leaving a portion of his army to sheriff courts, threw aside the quibbling assist these commissioners in preserving the technicalities of the laws, and decided all internal tranquillity of the country, he cases by the plain dictates of common sense, marched with the rest to Coldstream, and which made law processes more rapid and placed a garrison in Berwick. A number certain, and at the same time far more of the Scottish nobles waited upon him cheap. In the higher court justice was here, and offered to raise forces to act in administered by four English and three concert with him, but this offer he declined, Scottish judges, with extraordinary vigour well knowing that it would only have been and purity. The commerce of Scotland an embarrassment to him in the intrigues under Cromwell was rapidly developing he was now contemplating; but he told itself, for not only did the Scottish people them that, if compelled, he should retire enjoy all the advantages of free intercourse upon Stirling, and there seek and expect with England, but English merchants and their assistance. Monk reached London in manufacturers established themselves in safety, overcame opposition by military Scotland, and assisted in giving an impulse force, and when he found that it was likely to the national industry. The taxes were to be the most advantageous policy to himsupported without murmurs when it was felt self personally, the man who had marched that they secured the protection and encou- out of Scotland with the declaration that he ragement which rendered it easy to pay had no other end in view than the settlethem. And although the presbyterian mi- ment of the nation in a free commonwealth nisters felt aggrieved at what they looked and the defence of godliness and godly men, upon as the subjection of the church to the used the power which through this declaracivil power, it may be doubted if the people tion he had obtained to bring back the king in general were not glad of an arrangement without conditions. Charles the Second which relieved them from one of the great was received into London as the successor causes of former discord; and it is certain to his father on the 29th of May, 1660.

president, and giving the presidency of the meeting in their provincial synods to suppli parliament to the lord chancellor in virtue cate against it, but messengers of parlia of his office. As this act was at once passed ment were instantly dispatched to these without opposition, the earl of Glencairn, meetings to order them to disperse on pain the chancellor, took possession of the pre-of treason. The parliament soon went sidential chair. A new oath of allegiance greater lengths in its subserviency even than was passed with this act, which was now this. The lords of the articles found themadministered to the members of the parlia-selves called upon to rescind so many acts ment, who were made to acknowledge the king as the only supreme governor of the kingdom, over all persons and in all cases, civil or ecclesiastical, with an abjuration of all foreign jurisdiction, of whatever kind. The presbyterians in general resolved upon refusing to take this oath, but the only two persons in the parliament who declined it were the earl of Cassillis and the laird of Kilbirnie, who, when their objection was not listened to, withdrew from the assembly. The next business was the election of the lords of the articles, for the old parliamentary forms of the beginning of the century were restored. This was opposed by the lords Tweedale and Tarbet, on the somewhat singular ground, that the members of parliament being only delegates themselves, they were not capable of delegating their power to others. This objection, however, was overruled, and the old custom, thus revived, was subsequently established by a law.

of past parliaments, that they began to be alarmed at the amount of trouble that was entailed upon them. And in the heat of a drunken debauch, which was almost a daily occurrence with Middleton and his satellites, it was suggested that the shorter way would be to pass an act at once annulling all the proceedings of parliament since the year 1633, and a draught of a bill to that effect was drawn up and sent to the lords of the articles, who passed it without inquiry, as coming from the court, and it was transmitted next day to the parliament to be passed into a law. When it came there to be examined coolly, it met with a vigorous opposition, for it was shown that three parliaments which must be included in such an act-one at which the king's father had presided in person (in 1639), another called by his especial direction for the purpose of confirming the engagement (in 1648), and a third held by the present king in person (in 1651)—were perfectly and necessarily legal, and no inforThe rest of the proceedings of this parlia-mality could be alleged against them; the ment were carried on in the same spirit which was thus shown at the beginning. An act was passed asserting the royal prerogative in its fullest extent, and declaring that it was an inherent privilege of the crown, which the king held direct from God, to name the officers of state, councillors, and lords of session, and that the power of the militia and of the calling or dissolving parliaments or public assemblies, was in the sovereign alone, any such meeting held without being called by the king amounting to an act of high treason. Another act was passed declaring it to be a part of the king's prerogative to make leagues and conventions of his subjects; and this having met with no opposition, the parliament proceeded to annul the solemn league and covenant, and to prohibit as an act equivalent to treason the renewal of it without the king's special warrant. Many of the members, including Balmerino, Cowper, and some other nobles, showed their dissent from this act in the only manner they dared, by absenting themselves when it was passed. The ministers of the kirk made an attempt at resistance, by

passing of such an act as this would be establishing the power of any parliament to annul all the proceedings of any parliaments which had preceded it, by which all public security must be utterly destroyed. It was an act which at once annulled all the privileges for which the Scots had striven and had obtained, and had been confirmed by the crown, such as the liberty and triennial succession of parliaments; the right of choosing the lords of the articles; freedom of debate; and the independence of the judges; while it rendered insecure the tenure of all private grants or indemnities obtained by individuals during that period. To silence the objections of the latter, a saving clause was introduced, that all who had obtained private rights or securities from any of the parliaments, or from any deriving power from them, should be secure, unless they were excluded from the act of indemnity; the other more serious objection was disregarded. This act was so outrageously absurd, that Middleton himself, when he recovered from the effects of his excess, shrunk from it, and sent a messenger to lay his