creatures to busy themselves along lines that are helpful to others. The child of altruism survives. When the drone bee-the male-has accomplished his purpose, he is ruthlessly stung to death by the workers. He is no longer needed in the community. That he would live for life's sake, that he would buzz for buzz's sake, does not concern the workers. He is of no use to the future -therefore away with him!

Let us for present purposes accept Schopenhauer's analysis of the defects of woman's character. May we

Each defect

not say that for each real defect there is a historic cause? To remove the wrong a historic cause. is to destroy its reaction. If women are given to small deceit, it is because men have been addicted to small tyranny. If women are short-sighted, it is because in the nature of things the near things have been woman's province. If a woman has not a judicial mind, it is because the protection of the child makes her necessarily a partisan. If woman in her care of the species neglects the individual, it is because in the past she has been driven or sold into the custody of individuals not lovable for themselves. If she shows in one form or another the same weaknesses as man, it is because she is, in fact, very man, bone of his bone and flesh of his flesh. We are all poor creatures, and to quarrel with the defects of human nature is as futile as to hold "a feud with the equator." The desire of woman to seek mastery through the conquest of man is in part an outgrowth of the militarism of past generations, when security was possible only through such means. It is a trait of the lower races of men, as of the monkey families, that the male should be a tyrant. Whenever tyranny exists it is met by deceit. In the reign of physical force, those who are weak must win strength by the force of love or intrigue. This condi

tion is not confined to woman. Those men who were favourites of princes used the same methods of con

Force breeds deceit.

quest. Moreover, the power of a strong will over a weak one has always been a factor in history, even though the strong

will be in a weak body. The freedom of man has brought with it the freedom of woman. With woman as with man not all are ready to be free. The fool when free shows his folly. It is safer for him to follow his class, to govern his life by tried conventionality, rather than by imperfect reason. The emancipation of woman permits the growth of senseless fads and meaningless superstitions, distorted desires and hysterical impulses. But the emancipation of man has had just the same effect. In the long run all these things are outworn; the survival of the fittest is the survival of the wise.

The offensive phases of "new womanhood" are temporary and self-curative. They are of the nature of fads which encumber and disguise real progress. The woman of the future will be the fit and equal partner of the future man. As the wise and the strong will prize the womanly virtues, so will she be modest, sympathetic, and beautiful. Nevertheless she need not lack a degree of sturdy strength, without which motherhood fails of its best fulfilment. Yet in so far as the highest physical activity and its coordinate reasoning power are not to be demanded of women in general, so in the nature of things must the brain and muscle of woman retain qualities of immaturity. The accelerated development of these qualities in the male of a race "sore bestead by the environment," must leave the female relatively undeveloped if judged by the standard of the man.

But, judged by the standard of womanhood, man shows an equal number of crude instincts and embry

onic traits. In the division of labour this is necessarily the case. If it were not, there would need be no division of sex, and womanhood and manhood would be identical.

". . . Could we make her as the man,

Sweet love were slain. His dearest bond is this,

Not like to like, but like to difference."

The equal marriage.

When woman has perfect freedom of choice in marriage, there will be more love in the world than now. Too many women now marry under duress. Money or title, or place or security, are not valid reasons for marriage. The chances are that a union on such a basis will never prove a marriage at all. Nor is it right that marriage should rest on mere propinquity. The choice of the nearest scarcely rises above the automatic loves of the lower animals.

In the conditions arising from an expanding civilization, the art of being a woman becomes a difficult one. It is unsafe on the one hand not to take Being a woman. part in industrial or intellectual activities. On the other hand, to be absorbed in these matters may be to lose sight of the more important functions which must belong to woman in any condition of social development. "Woe to the land that works its women!" says Laurence Grönland. But there is equal woe to the land in which women find nothing to do. On the human side idleness and inertia are just as destructive to women as to men. Brain and muscles must be used each in its way, and the penalties for disuse are stagnation, ennui, and misery. It is not every woman, as matters are, who can find occupation in household cares and in the training of children. To the extent that women are not so occupied their need of thought and action is not essentially different from that of men.

Release from labour, not idleness.

A woman, like a man, must find something to do if she is to avoid misery and decay. Her release from the industrial world is conditional on the fact that she has something better to do than to win food; something more vital to social development than to add to the physical resources of life. So long as society exists, the "eternal womanly" will find its own sphere of full activity. In the long run that division of labour will prove best which justifies itself by enduring.

XIV.

THE STABILITY OF TRUTH.

"Grau, theurer Freund, ist alle Theorie,

Und grün des Lebens goldner Baum."-GOETHE.

Assaults on the integrity of science.

WITHIN the last few years three notable assaults have been made on the integrity of science. Two of these have come from the hostile camp of medieval metaphysics, the other from the very front of the army of science itself. Salisbury, Balfour, and Haeckel agree in this, that "belief" may rest on foundations unknown to "knowledge," and that the conclusions of science may be subject to additions and revisions in accordance with the demands of "belief." To some considerations suggested in part by Balfour's Foundations of Belief and Haeckel's Confession of Faith of a Man of Science, I invite attention in the present paper.

The growing complexity of civilized life demands constantly more knowledge as to our material surround

The secret of power.

ings and greater precision in our recognition of the invisible forces or tendencies about us. We are in the hands of the Fates, and the greater our activities the more evident become these limiting conditions. The secret of man's power is to know his limitations. To this end we need constantly new accessions of truth as to the universe and better definition of the truths which are old.