23. Date of the composition of the Philobiblon ?-When was this remarkable book first printed? and into what error did the first Bodleian Librarian fall respecting it?

24. State some particulars as to the study of Hebrew in England in the Middle Ages.

25. Thomas à Kempis made an unfair use of Bishop Aungerville's work?

26. Outrageous conduct of the Commissioners of King Edward VI. at the Visitation of the University of Oxford in 1549; and fate of Bp. Aungerville's incomparable bequest ?

27. Give an account of the admirable Consilium de emendanda Ecclesiá. 28. The Pugio Fidei of what origin and value?-and by whom was the plagiarism of Galatinus first detected ?

29. In what way may Cardinal Pole have been connected with the famous Trattato del Beneficio di Giesu Christo?-and on what grounds has Laderchius, the continuator of the Annals of Baronius and Raynaldus, been led to assign that work to the Spanish Reformer Valdés ?

30. The Loci Communes of Philip Melanchthon (the text-book of the Lutheran Divines,) were for some time circulated freely in Italy.How is this fact to be accounted for?

[The remainder of the Examination was conducted vivâ voce.]

UNDERGRADUATE HONOR EXAMINATION PAPERS.

SENIOR SOPHISTERS.

Classics.

MR. ABBOTT.

Translate, adding notes where required by a construction or allusion :

1. Beginning, 'Αλλὰ ταῦτα μέν, ἦν δ' ἐγώ, καὶ μετὰ, κ. τ. λ. Ending, διελέσθαι γὰρ οὐ σμικροῦ λόγου.

PLATO, De Repub., lib. iii. cap. II.

2. Beginning, "Οτι κοινῇ στρατεύσονται, καὶ πρός, κ. τ. λ. Ending, καὶ τὴν ἄλλην πόλιν ἀδύνατον ἀναλαβεῖν.

Ibid., lib. v. cap. 14.

3. Beginning, Τὴν δὲ τῶν ὅρκων καὶ σπονδῶν σύγχυσιν, κ. τ. λ. Ending, διδόντες δὲ δίκην ὠφελοῦντο ὑπὸ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐατέον· Ibid., lib. ii. cap. 19.

Ethics.

BUTLER.

DR. STUBBS.

1. How does Butler answer the objection, that, notwithstanding the natural tendencies of Virtue, things may go on hereafter in the same mixed way as here at present?

2. What two instances from domestic and civil government prove that a strictly moral government is already begun?

Sometimes even death is the consequence of Vice, as such?

3. Give an analysis of the argument in Butler's chapter of a future life.

4. Butler shows that the principle of Necessity, supposed to be consistent with our experience, would not destroy the proof either of an intelligent Author, or of a moral Governor of the world.

5. In what two senses is the opinion of Necessity essentially destructive of all Religion?

6. The historical account which we have of the origin of Religion is a confirmation of its truth in no way affected by Necessity?

7. What are the objections which may be made against Butler's method of arguing from the analogy of Nature to Religion, and how does he reply to them?

8. By what disjunctive argument does Butler prove that God's will concerning Morality and Religion is conditional?

MR. PANTON.

1. What are Butler's criticisms on the ethical systems of Lord Shaftesbury and the Epicureans?

2. How are the existence and supremacy of conscience established by Butler ?

3. By what arguments does Butler support the conclusions in his first sermon upon Human Nature; and how does he show that the existence of emulation and resentment is no valid objection against these conclusions?

4. What considerations are advanced by Butler in confirmation of his view of the natural object of deliberate anger?

He notices and explains certain cases which are apparent exceptions to this view?

5. With what practical reflections, calculated to lead us to a right behaviour towards those who have offended us, does Butler conclude his sermon upon Forgiveness of Injuries?

6. What cautions and restrictions must be taken into account when the precept, "Thou shalt love thy neighbour as thyself," is said to comprehend in it all other commandments ?

7. By what reasoning does Butler show that God is not too distant to be the object of our affections?

8. Give an account of the conclusions in Butler's Dissertation upon Virtue, and the arguments by which he supports them.

ARISTOTLE-SMITH-MACKINTOSH.

DR. SHAW.

1. Chapters V., VI., and VII., of Book II. of the Nicomachean Ethics are occupied with the definition of Virtue and the exhibition of the truth of that definition in several particular cases. What are the subjects discussed in the four previous chapters, and what those in the concluding two chapters ?

2. Aristotle compares the virtues with the technical arts, as regards the relation of δυνάμεις to ενέργειαι ?

3. How does Aristotle answer the Necessarian objection that πάντες ἐφίενται τοῦ φαινομένου ἀγαθοῦ, τῆς δὲ φαντασίας οὐ κύριοι, ἀλλ ̓ ὁποῖος ποθ ̓ ἕκαστός ἐστι, τοιοῦτο καὶ τὸ τέλος φαίνεται αὐτῶ ?

4. What are the defects which destroy a man's title to be considered ἐλευθέριος ? Christian precept corresponding to οὐδ ̓ ὁ λυπηρῶς ?

5. Note the principal features in the character and conduct of Aristotle's μεγαλοπρεπής.

6. Appreciate the merits and defects of Shaftesbury, as an ethical writer. Give his date, and name his works.

7. Mackintosh censures, as a "pernicious error," the ethical theory that a perception of the social benefits of virtuous conduct and a sense of the dependence of our own happiness on the well-being of the community are essential constituents of our moral feelings, or are ordinarily mingled with the most effectual motives to right conduct.

Give your reasons for approving of, or dissenting from, this censure. Apropos of whom does Mackintosh pronounce it ?

8. On what grounds does Mackintosh rank Hume's Inquiry into the Principles of Morals among the most meritorious ethical treatises in the English language?

9. Briefly enumerate Mackintosh's six criticisms on the ethical system of Adam Smith.

10. Exhibit, after Smith, the weak points of the system of Epicurus.

Natural Science.

4

BOTANY.

DR. E. PERCEVAL WRIGHT.

1. Mention the various forms of fruit found among the Ranunculaceae, naming the genera in which they are found.

2. Give the characters of the Papaveraceæ.

3. How would you account for the arrangement of the stamens in the Cruciferæ ?

4. Enumerate the native species of Viola.

5. Describe the stem and leaves of any species of Caryophyllaceæ. 6. Mention two or three poisonous plants belonging to Papilionaceæ. 7. Describe some of the chief forms of style branches among the Compositæ.

8. Describe the forms of fruit met with among the Solanaceæ.

9. Mention some of the more important genera and species of Lauraceæ. 10. Describe the flower in Musa.

I. Voltaire has remarked that the ninth century was the age of the bishops, as the eleventh and twelfth were of the popes. Write an explanatory note.

2. Write a short history of the Avignon popes.

3. What was the Pragmatic Sanction of St. Louis? On what grounds have objections been made to the authenticity of this edict? Sismondi says: "En lisant la pragmatique sanction, on se demande avec étonnement ce qui a pu causer sa prodigieuse célébrité." What is Hallam's opinion on this point?

4. What events of importance in the histories of Sweden and Russia were brought about by the murder of Major Malcolm Sinclair (1738) ? 5. Explain the following statement:-"The seven years' war was chiefly caused by the pride of one empress, the vanity of another, and the subserviency of a royal courtezan, who became the tool of these passions."

6. On what grounds may the title of Great be bestowed on Frederick II. of Prussia?

7. "Here lies a sovereign who, with the best intentions, never carried a single project into execution." Who proposed the above epitaph for himself? Consider its justness.

8. "The victory of Mollwitz (1741), though not apparently very decisive, was followed by more important results than perhaps any other battle of the eighteenth century"?

9. Give an account of the first partition of Poland (1772). The political effects of the partition were not so important as has been sometimes supposed ?

10. What changes in the foreign policy of England and Spain, respectively, took place at the accessions of George III. and Charles III?

B.

1. Date of the accession of Hildebrand?

2. What does Hallam describe as "perhaps the proudest trophy in the scutcheon of Rome"?

3. What is the latest payment on record of the 1000 marks guaranteed by John to the See of Rome ?

4. Hallam asserts that Boniface VIII. wanted the most essential quality for an ambitious pope?

5. To what does he compare the progress of the Dominican and Franciscan friars in the thirteenth century:

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