divorced from the line of reasoning. The personal pride of the judge, sympathy for youth, sympathy for the parents of the accused, distrust and indignation against the prosecution, horror of death, love for children-all these and more are brought into play to save the lives of young Loeb and Leopold. Philosophy and religion play their part in the emotional element of the speech. Verse, particularly quotations from the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, add to the general feeling-tone of the whole. Everywhere, the speaker realizes that it is not man, the reasoning animal, to whom he must address himself; but man, who feels and reasons. This speech is also available in Famous American Jury Speeches by Frederick C. Hicks. (West Publishing Company, Saint Paul.) MACK EASTON, Swarthmore College OLD BOOKS [This department will discuss volumes of interest to students and collectors of old books in our field. Contributions and suggestions should be sent to Hoyt H. Hudson, Princeton University.] Parliamentary Logick. To which are subjoined Two Speeches delivered in the House of Commons of Ireland, and other Pieces. BY THE RIGHT HONORABLE WILLIAM GERARD HAMILTON. With an Appendix containing Considerations on the Corn Laws, by Samuel Johnson, LL. D., never before printed. London, 1808. pp. 253. Parliamentary Logic. BY WILLIAM GERARD HAMILTON. With an Introduction and Notes by Courtney S. Kenny, LL. D. Reprint Series, No. 1. Cambridge: W. Heffer and Sons, 1927. pp. xiv, 88. At two o'clock in the afternoon of November 13, 1755, Mr. Hamilton arose in the House of Commons and began to speak to the question then in debate, that of the king's address. He held the floor until a quarter of five the next morning. Two days later Horace Wolpole, writing to a friend, described the speech: "There was a young Mr. Hamilton who spoke for the first time; and was at once Perfection. His speech was set, and full of antitheses; but those antitheses were full of argument. Indeed his speech was, of the whole day, the most full of argument. And he broke through the regularity of his own composition, answered other people, and fell into his own track again, with the greatest ease. His figure was advantageous, his voice strong and clear, his manner spirited; and the whole with the ease of an established speaker." After three months Walpole had occasion to write: "The young Hamilton has spoken and shone again." Later this orator, as chief minister of the crown in the Irish House of Commons (with young Edmund Burke as his secretary), spoke on at least five occasions. But although a member of the English House from 1763 until 1796, Hamilton never again addressed that body. It was his maiden speech which was remembered and which was responsible for his nick-name, "Single-Speech" Hamilton. Twelve years after his death in 1796, the note-book which Hamilton had carefully assembled, and which Dr. Johnson had pronounced a "curious and masterly" work, was given to the public under the editorship of Malone, the Shakespearean scholar. In 1828 this book, Parliamentary Logick, was translated into German and printed at Tübingen; another German version is dated 1872. In 1886 appeared a French translation prepared by M. Joseph Reinach, private secretary of Gambetta, and said by him to be of special value for equipping politicians "to unmask M. Clemenceau, by detecting his sophistries." Now, one hundred and nineteen years after the original edition, we have the first reprinting in England of Hamilton's interesting little work. Parliamentary Logic is a collection of observations and aphorisms, 553 in number, all directed to forming the successful parliamentary debater. Some sentences, such as "Rhetoric is the power or faculty to consider in every subject what is therein contained proper to persuade," are taken verbatim1 from Aristotle's Rhetoric; others come, either by translation or paraphrase, from Quintilian and Cicero. "The larger your anticipation, the more compendious your search," is from Bacon. But a fair proportion of the material is the residue from Hamilton's own experience as a speaker, taken with his observation of English parliamentary debating in its best period. Aphoristic writing lends itself to quotation. I shall set down these few excerpts as representative, though inadequately so: Have a method; but conceal it. When you cannot convince, a heap of comparisons will dazzle. 1 Hamilton used a translation of the Rhetoric; namely, the anonymous one of 1686. This is proved by comparing the sentence quoted above with the definition as given in that translation: "Let Rhetoric therefore be a Power or Faculty, to consider in every Subject what is therein contain'd proper to persuade." 2 Professor Kenny, editor of the reprint, says of this sentence, "The meaning probably is that 'Preconceptions are often allowed to take the place of Researches.'" Had he observed that the saying is Bacon's, and read it in its context, he would have seen that the meaning is rather, "The better prepared you are to ask questions, the more quickly will you find material." Logic handles reason as it is; rhetoric as it is planted in people's opinion. Every particular subject may afford some topic of general declamation. Consider always what this is, and use it. Arrange in your own mind all your ideas from the beginning to the end, before you think of the words. The taking notice of the particular stage of the debate, or of the very particular turn it has taken, makes in general a good opening. Rhetoric would be an easy thing, if it could be contained in a rule. But contrivance is a main consideration in an orator; who must vary according to causes, conjunctures, occasions, and relations. Either overrate and aggravate what is asserted against you, and then you will be able to show that it is not true; or underrate it, and then admit it in a degree and with an apology. If your opponents have ever been in Government, consider all the measures they took, the laws they passed, the votes and the journals of their time; from these you will probably collect many arguments ad hominem. You may perplex reason by subtlety, or over-rule it by imagination. If well considered, there is no subject of debate which does not in some part or other admit of saying what is agreeable to, and what will in a degree reconcile, even those who oppose you. We need not renew in this place the attack made by Jeremy Bentham and others upon the ethics of Parliamentary Logic. Special interest attaches to Hamilton because of his relation to Edmund Burke in the latter's formative years: because he was one of Dr. Johnson's favorite partners in conversation; and because he was credited with having written the "Junius" papers his denials taking the form of indignant claims that he would not have produced anything so wretched in style. Finally, when we learn that he sometimes rehearsed before friends, as many as three times, one of his three-hour speeches, we cannot but look upon "Single-Speech" Hamilton as a remarkable man. His note-book is one of the best among our neglected treasures. HOYT H. HUDSON, Princeton University IN THE PERIODICALS [Material for this department should be sent to A. Craig Baird, University of Iowa. Short reviews of important articles, notices of new publications of interest to our readers, lists of articles or single items will be welcomed.] With the January issue, the English Journal began to appear in two editions. The regular edition will be devoted to the work of the Senior and Junior high schools, and the "college edition" to English in higher education. The Speech Semi-Annual, edited by students in the department of speech in the Pontiac High School, gives an interesting picture of the activities of the department. William N. Viola has charge of the work. Thelma Meyer is editor-in-chief of the special edition. Volume I, number 2, of the THE JOURNAL OF EXPRESSION (September 1927) is a Speech Number, devoted primarily to speech improvement, treatment of speech defects, and phonetics. Influence of Speech upon the Intellect and Emotions, by Smiley Blanton, is a note on the origin of speech defects in emotional difficulties, and their result in lowering the apparent intelligence quotient. Reflections of a Teacher after a Conference on Phonetics, by Henrietta Prentiss, is a general plea for open-mindedness toward the contribution of specialists in the field of speech, and an exposition of the place of phonetics and the system of the International Phonetic Association. Phonetics as a Dispeller of Illusions, by Sarah T. Barrows, discusses various prevalent but erroneous conceptions of speech processes and pronunciations, and the use of phonetics to correct them. "Before engaging in the correction of articulatory defects we should do well to examine in the light of phonetics our ideas concerning the use of the vocal mechanism in the production of speech sounds. Then, after having dispelled as many of our illusions as possible by the study of phonetics, we are ready to begin the constructive work of speech correction." Stammering, by Frederick Martin, outlines the psychological and physiological |