would fall-down into the well. 6. He tells me that if I were to lean forward, I should fall-down into the well (446, 2). 7. If we had been leaning forward, he would have been able to push (propello) us into the river. 8. Who does not perceive (intelligo) that, if we had been leaning forward, he would have been able* to push us into the river (446, 5). 9. The town would soon be betrayed, if that man were in command of the garrison. 10. It is certain that the town would soon be betrayed, if that man were in command of the garrison (446, 2). 11. He would be very rich (perdives), if he did not spend so much money (say so much of money) on (in with acc.) gluttony. 12 I can assure you of this, that he would be very rich, if he did not spend so much money on gluttony (446, 2). 13. My speech would have been very short, if you had not interrupted me. 14. He says that his speech would have been very short, if I had not interrupted him (446, 5).

Exercise 140.

449. Take the sentences in §§ 404-410, and turn them into the reported form, by prefixing to each (first in the present tense, and then in the past indefinite, or past perfect) some such verb as dicere, respondere, scire, credere, &c. Write out the reported form in English before turning it into Latin.

Example.

450. Galliae totius factiones sunt duae; harum alterius principatum tenent Aedui, alterius Arverni. Hi quum tantopere de potentatu inter se multos annos contenderent, factum est ut ab Arvernis Sequanisque Germani mercede arcesserentur. Horum primo circiter millia quindecim Rhenum transierunt; posteaquam agros et cultum et copias Gallorum homines feri ac barbari adamaverunt, transducti sunt plures: nunc sunt in Gallia ad centum et viginti millium numerum: cum his Aedui eorumque clientes semel atque iterum armis contenderunt, magnam calamitatem pulsi acceperunt, omnem nobilitatem, omnem senatum, omnem equitatum amiserunt. Quibus proeliis calamitatibusque fracti, qui et sua virtute, et populi Romani hospitio atque amicitia plurimum ante in Gallia potuerant, coacti sunt Sequanis obsides dare nobilissimos civitatis, et jurejurando civitatem obstringere, sese neque obsides repetituros, neque auxilium a populo Romano imploraturos, neque recusaturos quominus perpetuo sub illorum ditione atque imperio essent. Unus ego sum ex omni civitate Aeduorum, qui adduci non potui ut jurem aut liberos meos obsides dem. Ob eam rem ego ex civitate profugi, et Romam ad senatum veni auxilium postulatum, quod solus neque jurejurando neque obsidibus teneor. Sed pejus victoribus Sequanis quam Aeduis victis accidit: propterea quod Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, vi eorum fines consedit, tertiamque partem agri Sequani, qui est optimus totius Galliae, occupavit, et nunc de altera parte tertia Sequanos decedere jubet; propterea quod paucis mensibus ante Harudum millia hominum viginti quattuor ad eum venerant, quibus locus ac sedes parabantur. Fiet paucis annis uti omnes ex Galliae finibus pellantur, atque omnes Germani Rhenum transeant: neque enim conferendus est Gallicus cum Germanorum

* As there is no future participle of possum, we must deal with the verb as though it were passive, use the expression fore or futurum esse, followed by ut with the subjunctive.

agro, neque haec consuetudo victus cum illa comparanda. Ariovistus autem, ut semel Gallorum copias proelio vicit, quod proelium factum est ad Magetobriam, superbe ac crudeliter imperat, obsides nobilissimi cujusque liberos poscit, et in eos omnia exempla cruciatusque edit, si qua res non ad nutum aut ad voluntatem ejus facta est. Homo est barbarus, iracundus, temerarius; non possunt ejus imperia diutius sustineri. Nisi si quid in Caesare populoque Romano est auxilii, omnibus Gallis idem est faciendum quod Helvetii fecerunt, ut domo emigrent.

Exercise 141.

[In the following exercise, the above speech is to be turned into the reported form.]

451. Divitiacus spoke on-behalf-of (pro) these, [stating] that there were two factions of the whole of Gaul; that the Aedui held the leadership of the one of them, the Arverni of the other. [That] as these were contending with one another so eagerly for power for many years, it had come to pass that Germans were hired by the Arverni and Sequani. [That] of these at first about fifteen thousand had crossed the Rhine; after these fierce and barbarous men had taken-a-liking to the lands and the tillage and the abundance of the Gauls, more had been led across: [that] the Aedui and their partisans had contended in arms with these once and again; [that] having been routed they had experienced a great calamity; they had lost all their nobility, all their senate, all their cavalry; and having been broken by these battles and disasters, those who, both through their own valour, and through the hospitality and friendship of the Roman people, had formerly been the most powerful in Gaul, had been compelled to give as hostages the noblest men of the state, and to bind the state by an oath, that they would neither demand the hostages back, nor implore aid from the Roman people, nor refuse to be for ever under their government and sovereignty. He was the only man [he said] out of all the state of the Aedui who could not be induced to swear, or to give his children as hostages. On this account he had fled from the state, and had come to Rome to the senate, to demand help, because he alone was held neither by an oath nor by hostages. But it had happened worse to the victorious Sequani than to the conquered Aedui, because Ariovistus had settled in their territories, and had taken possession of a third part of the Sequanian territory, which was the best of all Gaul, and was now ordering the Sequani to depart from another third part, because a few months before twenty-four thousand of the Harudes had come to him, for whom a place and settlements were being prepared. It would come to pass [he said] in a few years, that all would be driven out of the territories of Gaul, and all the Germans would cross the Rhine; and indeed the Gallic land was not to be compared with the land of the Germans, nor the style of living here to be compared with that in their own country. Ariovistus, moreover, now that he has once conquered the forces of the Gauls in battle, which battle took place at Magetobria, is governing tyrannously and cruelly, is demanding as hostages the children of all the noblest men, and is exhibiting on them every kind of punishment and every kind of torture, if anything has not been done at his nod, or according to his will. [That] the man is barbarous, passionate, rash; his dominion cannot be longer endured. If there is not some help in Caesar and the Roman people, the Gauls must do the same that the Helvetii did, namely, emigrate from their home.

LESSON XLV.

Verbs compounded with red- or re-.

452. The particle red- or re- in most compounds gives the sense of back; in some it implies again; and in a few it conveys the idea of undoing the action indicated by the simple verb. Red- is used before vowels and d, re- before other consonants. Thus

write them in a column (with their meanings) and write opposite them (with their meanings) the verbs that signify respectively

454. Write down the literal meaning of each of the following

verbs :

Verbs compounded with sed- or se-.

455. The particle sed- or se- in compound verbs gives the sense of apart or asunder. Thus

Nouns ending in -men and -mentum.

456. A class of neuter nouns ending in -men (gen. -min-is), and another ending in -mentum, are formed from verb-roots. They usually signify either the result of the action denoted by the verb, or the instrument for the performance of the action. Thus—

457. A small class of feminine nouns is formed from verb-roots by the termination -ies. They usually signify the result of the action. Thus

The Subjunctive in clauses beginning with Qui.

458. All the instances in which the Subjunctive Mood follows qui are particular applications of the general function of the mood which is to express an action or event not as definite and actual matter of fact, but as something which is only thought of.

459. This vague, underlying idea is shaped into its various special applications by the intelligence of the hearer or reader,* according to the sense or context of the statement in which the Subjunctive Mood Occurs. Of these special applications the most important are—

1. When the statement in the relative clause is of the purpose of an action (see § 354).

2. When the statement in the relative clause is of the consequence of an action or event, or of some state of things (see § 369). This case includes the use of the subjunctive after words like aptus, idoneus, talis, &c.

3. When the relative clause puts a general case, or describes a type (see § 341). This application of the mood passes easily into the expression of a reason for some other statement.

See Key 1192, 1194; Primer Notes ix., xi.; Roby 704, 718; Smith 480, 476; Schmitz 360, 2, 6.

Mode of denoting Price or Value.

460. As the price paid for a thing is the means by which it is bought, the ablative case is used to denote the price at which a thing is bought or sold, except that the words tanti, quanti, pluris, and minoris are used in the genitive. Verbs that denote valuing or esteeming not only take the above words in the genitive, but also magni, plurimi, parvi, minimi, nihili, flocci, and one or two others. The ablative is used also with verbs of valuing when a definite value is specified. Key 946, 947, 1005 ; Primer 117; Roby 494, 495 ; Smith 281, 316; Schmitz 283, 294.

Examples.

461. 1. Nulla mihi videbatur aptior persona, quae de senectute loqueretur. 2. Non videre dignus qui liber sis. 3. Qui modeste paret, videtur qui aliquando imperet dignus esse. 4. Caius non satis idoneus visus est cui tantum negotium committeretur. 5. Voluptatem virtus minimi facit. 6. Negat se magni facere utrum rationem a se reposcam, necne. 7. Hoc pluris aestimo quam illud. 8. Scis me eum plurimi facere. 9. Hunc unum ex omnibus facio, ut debeo, plurimi. 10. In hoc perspicere posses quanti te facerem. 11. Ego quanti te faciam semperque fecerim, quanti me a te fieri intellexerim, sum mihi ipse testis. 12. Nollem accidisse tempus in quo perspicere posses quanti te facerem. 13. Idonea mihi Laelii persona visa est quae de amicitia ea ipsa dissereret, quaet disputata ab eo meminisset Scaevola. 14. Nihil dignum

* It is most important to bear in mind that the words and forms of a language are not tied down each to some special and exact signification. Had this been the case, either the number of words and forms that would have been requisite to express every shade of our ideas would have been so vast as to be unwieldy, or else our power of expression would have been extremely limited. As it is, roots and forms only suggest rather vague and undefined notions to which the intelligence has to give definite shape according to circumstances. Nearly all the beauty and interest of language spring from this.

+ Observe carefully the construction of this relative clause. It is an essential part of a dependent sentence (namely, one containing a subjunctive mood preceded by qui), and therefore its main verb, meminisset, is in the subjunctive mood (426). Quae disputata [esse] ab eo is a substantive clause, the object of meminisset (1 294). For that reason disputata esse is in the infinitive mood, and consequently quae is in the accusative case, because it is the subject of a verb in the infinitive mood.