XI

At the time of the Megalesian games (193), early in April, Iuv. invites his friend Persicus to a frugal dinner.

THE rich epicure is admired; the poor, derided: our housekeeping and our whole plan of life should be in just proportion to our means (1-38). Many, it is true, neglect this golden rule; they riot for a while at Rome, and then retire to Baiae, to avoid their creditors (38-55).

To-day, my friend, you may judge whether I practise the frugality which I preach; whether I live like the worthies of those good old times when heaven itself guarded our city (56-119), or, like their pampered descendants, can relish no meal but such as is served on the costliest tables, by the most expert and elegant slaves (120-161). Let richer men enliven their feasts by voluptuous songs and dances: here you may listen, if you will, to Homer or his rival Virgil (162—182).

Leave then all care behind you; leave to younger men the dissipation of the Circus, and spend the festival with me in enjoyments better suited to our years (183-208).

Whether Persicus is a real or fictitious character does not appear; it is not certain that Iuvenal would have hesitated to address a living friend in such verses as 186 seq.

Cf. Hor. s. II 2. ep. 1 5. Mart. v 78. x 48. xx 52. Plin. ep. I 15; on luxurious furniture Clem. Al. paed. 11 c. 3; and on the frugal life of the old Romans VM. IV 4.

1-23 the cost of our table must be proportioned to our means; what is due state in Atticus, is stark madness in Rutilus. Many men waste their estate in dainty living, till at last they are fain to enlist as swordplayers, and put up with the hodge-podge of the trainer's barrack.

1 21 22. 171-8. cf. vIII 182 n. ATTICUS Ti. Claudius Atticus (father of Herodes Atticus), who discovered an immense treasure, the entire enjoyment of which was allowed him by Nerva (Philostr. soph. II 1 § 3. Zonar. x1 20). He was twice consul (Philostr. § 1. Suid. 'Hpwdns), the first time before 859 u.c., for he must have been the Atticus consular legate of Syria in the tenth year of Trajan (Eus. h.e. III 32 §§ 3. 6).' BORGHESI œuvres v 532-3. LAUTUS I 67 n. Varro in Gell. XIII 11 § 5. poor noble.

MAIORE CACHINNO III 100.

2 RUTILUS XIV 18 a CACHINNO III 152-3 n.

3 APICIUS IV 23 n. Apion the grammarian wrote a mono

graph on his luxury Ath. 294'. 4 CONVICTUS I 145 n. Quintil. vI 3 § 27 in convictibus et quotidiano sermone. Mart. XII praef. civitatis aures, quibus assueveram, quaero, et videor mihi in alieno foro litigare. si quid est enim, quod in libellis meis placeat, dictavit auditor. illam iudiciorum subtilitatem, illud materiarum ingenium, bybliothecas, theatra, convictus, in quibus studere se voluptates non sentiunt, ad summam omnia illa, quae delicati reliquimus, desideramus quasi destituti. cf. Friedländer 13 333. 343-8.

THERMAE

VII 233 n. Mart. v 20 8-10 of an easy life of enjoyment, sed gestatio, fabulae, libelli, | campus, porticus, umbra, virgo, thermae, | haec essent loca semper, hi labores. STATIONES Plin. ep. 1 13 § 2 plerique in stationibus sedent, tempusque audiendi fabulis conterunt. ib. 11 9 § 5 ambio domos stationesque circumeo. Gell. XIII 13 § 1 cum ex angulis secretisque librorum ac magistrorum in medium iam hominum et in lucem fori prodissem, quaesitum esse memini in plerisque Romae stationibus ius publice docentium aut respondentium, an quaestor populi Romani a praetore in ius vocari posset. dig. XLVII 10 15 § 7 ad stationem vel tabernam. Thorlacii prolusiones et opusc. acad. Copenh. 1806 n. 5. συστάσεις. λέσχαι. Special stationes near the forum for provincial towns Suet. Ner. 37. Plin. xvi § 236. 5 DE RUTILO Supply loquun

tur XIII 181. XIV 189. Madvig § 447 d. Nägelsbach § 183. VALIDA AC IUVENALIA MEMBRA as )( iuvenilis iuvenalis connotes praiseworthy qualities, manly vigour. Verg. Aen. v 475 quae fuerint iuvenali in corpore vires. Ov. am. 1 5 22 quam iuvenale femur! So iuvenaliter. See Mühlmann and Döderlein Synon. v 49.

6 GALEAE VII 33 patiens cassidis. he might have won honour in the field of battle [Quintil.] decl. 9 § 9 facinus indignum, illum animum, illum ardorem non contigisse castris, non bellicis certaminibus, ubi verae virtuti nulla pugnandi lege praemium praescribitur! Calpurn. decl. 50 'INFAMIS NON MILITET. vir fortis in piratas incidit; rescripsit patri de redemptione; illo cessante, redemit eum lanista et rudem ei in harena dedit. reverso belli tempore denuntiat militiam imperator.' cf. Iuv. vir 199 n. FERTUR 'is reported;' it is the fabula of every lounge. 7 COGENTE VIII 193 n. The tribune (cf. vII 228 n.) has not indeed assigned over Rutilus's estate to his creditors, and so driven him to engage himself to the lanista for his bread; (Rutilius is not damnatus ad ferrum dig. xXVIII 1 8 § 4. Gai. 1 13. Ulp. 1 11); but yet he has not interposed to save him from a degradation worse than slavery (VIII 199 n.). Prohibeo was the technical form of intercessio on behalf of a citizen Gell. VI VII 19 § 5, and the chief function of the tribunate was jealously to guard the freedom of Roman citizens. Mommsen Staatsrecht 12 27 n. 2. 255 n. 2. 266 n. 7. SED NEC Ov. Pont.

11 19 nec vos hoc vultis, sed nec prohibere potestis. Mart. vI 75 4. x 18 2 (cited x11 97 n.) Hand. rv 117. s. 1 2 193 nec me prohibente.

NEC PROHIBENTE Stat. 8 v 122 n. Sen. ep. 87 and

99 (cited VIII 199 n.). Quintil. decl. 9. 302 'quidam ut patrem sepeliret, auctoravit se: die munere productus sub titulo causae rudem postulante populo accepit: postea patrimonium statutum per leges equitibus acquisivit, prohibetur gradibus' (the law enacting 'gladiator in quattuordecim gradibus ne sedeat') p. 586 Burman si creditor post datam pecuniam operas remisisset, diceres eum gladiatorem fuisse?...illum ergo maiores prohibuerunt theatro, qui utilitate, qui gula se auctorasset. Freemen who engaged themselves as gladiators (se auctorabant), were sworn to obedience Petron. 117 in verba Eumolpi sacramentum iuravimus,

uri, vinciri, verberari ferroque necari et quicquid aliud Eumolpus iussisset, tamquam legitimi gladiatores domino corpora animasque religiosissime addicimus. Sen. ep. 37 §§ 1 2 illius turpissimi auctoramenti verba sunt: 'uri, vinciri ferroque necari.' ab his, qui manus harenae locant et edunt ac bibunt, quae per sanguinem reddant, cavetur, ut ista vel inviti patiantur. cf. [Quintil.] decl. 9 § 22 venit in harenam homo nec sceleratus nec infelix. ecquando, iudices, hoc audistis? cf. Hor. s. 11 7 59 Heindorf. The lanistae are called doctores (VM. 11 3 § 2 ex ludo C. Aurelii Scauri doctoribus gladiatorum arcessitis vitandi atque inferendi ictus subtiliorem rationem legionibus ingeneravit. Quintil. decl. 302. Friedländer 113 where e.g. doctores myrmillonum from inscriptions) or magistri (Cic. de or. III § 86 magister hic Samnitium...quotidie commentatur); their lessons, dictata Suet. Caes. 26 Casaubon. Tert. ad mart. 1 nec tantus ego sum, ut vos alloquar; verumtamen et gladiatores perfectissimos non tantum magistri et praepositi sui, sed etiam idiotae et supervacui quique adhortantur de longinquo, ut saepe de ipso populo dictata suggesta profuerint. SCRIBTURUS esse cf. publ. sch. Lat. gr. § 99 1 a p. 346. LANISTAE III 158 n. Sen. ep.

87 § 15 quod contemptissimo cuique contingere ac turpissimo potest, bonum non est; opes autem et lenoni et lanistae contingunt. Spartian. Hadr. 18. Quintil. decl. 9 § 22. 278. The fallen noble's rex, from whom he receives laws, is a lanista! cf. v 170-3 n. on the voluntary slavery of trencher-knights. [Quintil.] decl. 9 § 7 tenenti servilia arma et ignominiosa morte perituro. § 22 illud vero existimo gravius, nomen gladiatoris accipere, subire dominum lanistam. an ille animus rediret in cellulam, ferret saginam, magistrum, personam denique sceleris? ib. § 15 fin. piratis lanistisque. § 12 fin. calamitatum mearum gradus, piratam, lanistam. 10 Hor. s. 1 2 9 omnia conductis coemens obsonia nummis. MACELLI 64 n. v 95 n. Ter. eun. 255-8 ad macellum ubi advenimus, | concurrunt laeti mi obviam cuppedinarii omnes, | cetarii, lanii, coqui, fartores, piscatores, | quibus et re salva et perdita profueram. 11 QUIBUS IN SOLO VIVENDI CAUSA PALATO EST XII 50 51. Gell. xix 2 § 7 (thence Macr. II 8 § 16. cf. Wytt. on Plut. II 21°) Socrates quidem dicebat multos homines propterea velle vivere ut ederent et biberent, se bibere atque esse ut viveret. Aug. de magistro 9 § 26. 12 EGREGIUS many exx. of such forms (e.g. sobrior, industrior) in Kühner (1877) 1 370. Haase on Reisig p. 172. Neue 112 112-4. 689. cf. Madvig adv. 1 117. Sen. de clem. 1 13 § 2 noxior. Piissimus, which Cic. ridicules as a barbarism in Antonius (Phil. 13 § 43), is found in Tac. Sen. etc.

VIVENDI CAUSA VIII 84 n.

13 ET CITO CASURUS I 33 34 magni delator amici | et cito rapturus. On the rare use of the part. see Kiaer 185. PERLUCENTE II 78. Sen. Herc. f. 1001 perlucet omnis regia. Holyday 'he's set | on riot most, that still is most in debt, | and soon must fall; you may see through the rent.' 14 INTEREA While ruin threatens. GUSTUS here (cf. visus) concrete of the thing tasted=sapores. Colum. III 2 § 5 a site for a vineyard in quo gustus nobilis pretiosusque fluit. Petron. 77 fin. profer et unguentum et ex illa amphora gustum (of wine), ex qua iubeo lavari ossa mea.

ELEMENTA through air, earth, and water v 94 n. Luc. x 155-169 e.g. infudere epulas auro, quod terra, quod aer, | quod pelagus, Nilusque dedit, quod luxus inani | ambitione furens toto quaesivit in orbe, | non mandante fame. Quintil. v 10 § 21. Gell. vI=vII 16 § 6 peragrantis gulae et in sucos inquirentis industriam atque has undique

vorsum indagines cuppediarum; the chapter gives from Varro repl édeσμáтw a list of dainties quae profunda ingluvies vestigavit with their homes. DCass. LXV 3 § 1 the whole reign of Vitellius was οὐδὲν ἄλλο ἢ μέθαι τε καὶ κώμοι· πάντα τε γὰρ τὰ τιμιώτατα καὶ ἀπ ̓ αὐτοῦ τοῦ ὠκεανοῦ...καὶ ἐκ τῆς γῆς καὶ ἐκ τῆς θαλάσσης συνήγετο (some dishes retained the name 'Vitellian'). Hier. ep. 52=2 ad Nepotian. §6 (1 261 ed. Ven. 1766) novi et genera et nomina piscium, in quo litore concha lecta sit calleo: saporibus avium discerno provincias; et ciborum pretiosorum me raritas ac novissime damna ipsa delectant. ib. 12 (266) quid prodest molestias quasdam difficultatesque ciborum quaerere. 16 ATTENDAS...IUVANT X 339 n.

XIII 144. Madvig § 348 n. 3. publ. sch. gr. § 214. Roby § 1574.

MAGIS ILLA IUVANT, QUAE PLURIS EMUNTUR 14 n. 120-9. v 94 n. Hor. s. II 2 15-52. Petron. 93 ales Phasiacis petita Colchis | atque Afrae volucres placent palato, | quod non sunt faciles; at albus anser | et pictis anas renovata pennis | plebeium sapit. ultimis aboris attractus scarus atque arata Syrtis | si quid naufragio dedit, probatur. | mullus iam gravis est. amica vincit | uxorem. rosa cinnamum veretur. | quicquid quaeritur, optimum videtur. ib. 119 7-8 non vulgo no ta placebant gaudia, non usu plebeio trita voluptas. Sen. ep. 122 § 14 omnia concupiscenti aut contemnenti, prout magno aut parvo empta sunt, fastidio est lumen gratuitum. § 18 causa tamen praecipua mihi videtur huius morbi vitae communis fastidium. id. qu. nat. Iv 13 §§ 3 4. id. cons. Helv. 10 § 5 o miserabiles, quorum palatum nisi ad pretiosos cibos non excitatur! pretiosos autem non eximius sapor...sed raritas et difficultas parandi facit...omnes regiones pervagantur, maria traiciunt et, cum famem exiguo possint sedare, magno irritant. ib. §§ 2-3. Quintil. ▼ 12 § 19 numquam tamen hoc continget malis moribus regnum, ut, siqua pretiosa fecit, fecerit et bona. Plin. XXII § 3.

17 ERGO therefore, since they like expense for its own sake, they make no conscience of pawning the family plate.

PERITURAM I 18 n. 18 OPPO

Phaedr. III 2 5. to be squandered on their appetite. SITIS SO in Catullus's pun 26 Ellis Furi, villula nostra non ad Austri | flatus opposita est neque ad Favoni. | ...verum ad milia quindecim et ducentos. | o ventum horribilem atque pestilentem!

MATRIS IMAGINE FRACTA he defaces a silver medallion of his mother, and pawns it as old silver. Plin. xxxv § 4 imaginum quidem pictura, qua maxime similes in aevum propagabantur figurae, in totum exolevit. aerei ponuntur clipei, argenteae facies, surdo figurarum discrimine statuarum capita permutantur, vulgatis iam pridem salibus etiam carminum. adeo materiam conspici malunt omnes quam se nosci. et inter haec pinacothecas veteribus tabulis consuunt alienasque effigies colunt, ipsi honorem non nisi in pretio ducentes, ut frangat heres furisque detrahat laqueus. Silver statues ib. xxxIII § 151. 19 QUADRINGENTIS 400 sesterces.

with dainties.

CONDIRE to load 19 20 GULOSUM FICTILE & contradictio in adiecto like III 182 183 ambitiosa paupertate. Hier. ep. 107 7 ad Laetam § 10 faciant hoc cultores Isidis et Cybeles, qui gulosa abstinentia Phasidis aves ac fumantes turtures vorant, ne scilicet Cerealia dona contaminent. 20 FICTILE his plate

is in pawn, so that he must eat his delicacies off earthenware. III 168 n. fictilibus cenare pudet. SIC schol. cum non

habeant, unde manducent, distrahent se ad ludum.'

Diocl. 4 4 where 'bulbae' are dearer than any other meat. Böttiger kl. Schriften III 225. Marquardt v (2) 39 (the encroachments of a meat diet). POPINAE VIII 172. Lucil. I 16 Müller turpemque odisse popinam. Gracch. in Gell. xv 12 § 2 nulla apud me fuit popina. Tac. h. 11 76 fin. Hadrian in Spartian. 16 latitare per popinas. Hor. to his bailiff ep. 1 14 21 22 Obbar fornix tibi et uncta popina incutiunt urbis desiderium. id. s. II 4 62 quaecunque im. mundis fervent allata popinis. Suet. Vit. 13 ut autem homo non profundae modo, sed intempestivae quoque ac sordidae gulae, ne in sacrificio quidem umquam aut itinere ullo temperavit, quin...circa...viarum popinas fumantia obsonia [manderet]. They were chiefly frequented by slaves (VIII 173 n. 174 n. 179 n. Cic. p. Mil. § 65. Columell. infra 151 n. Mart. v 70 3), gamblers (Mart. v 84 4), and the like (Sen. vit. beat. 7 § 3 voluptas humile, servile, inbecillum, caducum, cuius statio ac domicilium fornices et popinae sunt. Mart. vII 61 8 nigra popina). They were under the control of the aediles Suet. Tib. 34. Cl. 38. cf. Plin. xxxIII § 32. dig. Iv 8 21 § 11 in aliquem locum inhonestum,...puta in popinam vel in lupanarium. ib. XLVII 10 26 si quis servum meum vel filium ludibrio habeat licet consentientem, tamen ego iniuriam videor accipere: veluti si in popinam duxerit illum, si alea luserit. novell. 117 15 pr. cf. lexx. under popinalis. popino. 82 SICCI TERGA SUIS VII 119 n. cf. Hor. s. II 2 117 fumosae cum pede pernae. Verg. moret. 55 56 suspensa focum carnaria iuxta | durati sale terga suis truncique vacabant. Ov. m. VIII 638 sordida terga suis nigro pendentia tigno. Swine were kept in great numbers Varr. r. r. 11 4 § 3. Cic. Cat. mai. § 56. Ov. f. VI 179 sus erat in pretio; caesa sue festa colebant. Waddington on ed. Diocl. 4 1. CRATE the rack on which the flitch of bacon hung in the kitchen: Trimalchio served up Petron. 31 fin. tomacula supra craticulam argenteam ferventia. cf. ib. 70. Mart. XIV 221 rara tibi curva craticula sudet ofella; | spumeus in longa cuspide fumet aper. In these passages it seems to mean a gridiron.

83 MORIS Madvig § 290 2. publ. sch. Lat. gr. p. 413. Plin. ep. 1 12 § 7 Döring. Caes. b. G. Iv § 2 est enim hoc Gallicae consuetudinis, uti...cogant. 84 NATALICIUM as a birthday treat. Pers. 1 16 natalicia tandem cum sardonyche albus. On this feast in honour of one's genius cf. Iv 66 n. v 37 n. IX 51. XII 1. Becker Gallus 1 119. Pauly v 421. Censorin. 2 § 3 illud etiam in hoc [natali] die observandum, quod genio factum neminem oportet ante gustare, quam eum qui fecerit. Marquardt v (1) 256.

LARDUM short for laridum (cf. calda, soldum etc.) bacon,' see Plaut. Hor. Macrob. in lexx. Ov. f. vi 169–72 pinguia cur illis gustentur larda Kalendis, mixtaque cum calido sit faba farre, rogas? | prisca dea est, aliturque cibis, quibus ante solebat, nec petit ascitas luxuriosa dapes (no oysters, no peacocks etc.). edict. Dioclet. 4 7. It formed part of a soldier's rations (Spartian. Hadr. 10. Vulcat. Avid. Cass. 5. vit. Gord. 28. cf. Trebell. Claud. 14. Vopisc. Prob. 4. cod. Theod. vII 4 2 and 6. Veg. IV 7). Mart. v 78 10 pallens faba cum rubente lardo. 85 HOSTIA a part of the victim was burnt, and the remainder eaten by the offerer, or sold (Hom. passim, Wetstein on 1 Cor. 10 28. VM. II 2 §8. Plin. ep. x 96 § 10. Plut. quaest. Rom. 60 p. 278). Of old every feast was in a sense a religious ceremony (Hermann gottesd. Alterth. § 28 2). So soldiers now and then had fresh meat cod. Theod. vII 4 6 cum militibus...laridum vel recens forsitan caro