1900 to $40,004,723 in 1908.* In this connection Sir Edmund Walker in his annual address to the Canadian Bank of Commerce (Jan. 31, 1911) said: "It is clear that if we choose we could largely increase our exports. We know that in almost all parts of Canada the majority of farmers produce very much less wealth per acre than would be possible with greater effort and with the necessary labour available. The farmer who has no mortgage or other debts, who finds labour extremely hard to obtain, whose standard of comfort is fixed, and who is no longer young, cannot easily realize that he has any duty to the State which he does not perform, nor can any pressure be brought to bear upon him except by friendly argument and practical illustration. The fact remains that because the farmers as a whole do not produce more, our debts to other countries for national expenditure, made in anticipation of future development, are more burdensome than is necessary." In an address delivered at Belleville before the Dairymen's Convention early in 1910 Dr. J. W. Robertson, then Dominion Dairy Commissioner, deprecated the idea that this industry was declining and described the home market as a better guide to its condition than the export trade. He made this statement: It is impossible to quote exact figures, because, unfortunately, we have no annual statistics of the actual production of dairy produce in this country. That is why we have in the past relied on the figures of our export trade, of which we do have statistics, to measure the progress of dairying from year to year. With the rapid growth of population affecting the home consumption, the export trade is no longer a reliable index of the growth of the industry, and it never was a true indication of its magnitude. I have made as careful an estimate as possible of the consumption of milk, butter and cheese in Canada and I put it between 10 and 12 dollars per capita. The consumption of these products in the United States is said to be over $10 per head, and I think ours is larger, but to be conservative we will put it at $10. The population of Canada in 1901 was 5,371,315. At $10 per head the home consumption of dairy produce, including milk and cream by that many people, would be $53,000,000. The combined value of the exports of cheese and butter in that year was $24,000,000, making a total production of $77,000,000. It is estimated that the present population of Canada is now about 7,184,700. On the same basis, then, the home consumption in 1909 would amount to $71,000,000. If we add to this the $22,000,000 as the value of the butter, cheese, and condensed milk exported during the last fiscal year we have the sum of $93,000,000 as the value of the total production at present, or a gain of $16,000,000 since 1901 as against a decrease of only $2,000,000 in the exports between 1901 and 1909. Incidents of the year in an agricultural sense include the fact that the value of the Western grain crop in 1910, as estimated by the Grain Dealers' Association of Winnipeg, was $150,280,000 compared with $178,472,000 in 1909 and $146,598,000 in 1908; that the Sheep industry, which had for some years been declining, was made in September the subject of an official inquiry with * Dr. T. S. Sproule in Commons on Dec. 13, 1910. W. T. Ritch of Manchester, England and W. A. Dryden of Brooklin, Ont., as the Commissioners; the warning of the Toronto Globe, addressed to Western farmers on Nov. 1st against the creation of conditions similar to those prevailing in the American West: "The Western farmer is too exacting in the treatment of his land. He expects it to grow without deterioration a crop of wheat year after year, instead of allowing it time for recuperation, not to say anything about the use of restorative manures. No land in the world can stand such agriculture without bringing on its extortionate owner the Nemesis of discouraging pecuniary failure"; the statement that the value attached to the 1910 production of hay, oats, barley, roots and corn could by general adoption of scientific farming methods, such as the Macdonald College taught, have been increased from $318,000,000 to $689,000,000; the joining of the Saskatchewan and Manitoba Grain Growers' Associations and the United Farmers of Alberta with the Dominion Grange and Farmers Association of Ontario in the National Council of Agriculture. The following were the chief Agricultural organizations of Canada with the Presidents elected in 1910: National Council of Agriculture.... D. W. McCuaig... Canadian Pony Society.... Canada A. E. Major.... of Dominion Shorthorn Breeders Association . John Bright T. H. Robson.. Canadian Horticultural Association. H. E. Philpott.. Dominion Cattle Breeders Associa- Dominion Sheep Breeders Association William Jones John Gardhouse Andrew Whitelaw ..... Nova Scotia Farmers Association.. Howard S. Kennedy. Co-Operative Fruit-Growers Asso- Fruit Growers Association of Ontario Eastern Ontario Dairymen's Asso- Dairymen's Association of Western Ontario Association of Fairs and British Columbia Dairymen's Asso- Ontario Vegetable Growers Association British Columbia Poultrymen's .Murray Pettit E. Johnson . J. E. Johnson.... ...... Exeter. .. Uxbridge. W. E. Buckingham.....Eburne, B.C. E. W. Cale..... Hon. N. Garneau Ontario Horticultural Association.. R. B. White. Eastern Ontario Poultry Associa- .. Weston, Ont. ...... A. B. Campbell... ..... George Robertson Ontario Horse Breeders Association. William Smith Canadian Mineral Resources and Development. The vast resources of Canada in this respect were still, in 1910, and despite continuous development, only touched upon the surface. Yet since 1886 the production of minerals had increased in value from $10,221,255 to $85,927,802 in 1908, $91,000,000 in 1909 and $105,000,000 in 1910-a total value of over $1,100,000,000 in 25 years. The total exports of mineral products in 1909 (Mch. 31) were $37,257,699 of which $31,260,862 went to the United States. The 1910 total (calendar year) was $46,679,238. Of this latter total $15,649,537 was silver ore; $5,840,553 was copper ore; $5,491,051 was gold; $6,077,350 was coal. Speaking in Toronto on Apl. 14th, 1910, Prof. W. G. Miller, Ontario Geologist, said that Mexico had 1,750 miles of the Rocky Mountain range which had produced $5,500,000,000 worth of precious metal and that the United States had about 1,100 miles of these ranges which had produced nearly $3,300,000,000 worth. "We, in Canada, have 1,600 miles of these mountains; and we can reasonably expect that the production will be relatively the same as in Mexico and the United States, for we have only developed the fringe of the Rockies along the border. I think there is no doubt we will have one of the greatest mineral countries in the world and, to-day, we have beyond doubt the greatest undeveloped mineral resources of any country in the world." Canada already produced 80 per cent. of the world's consumption of Asbestos, practically all the world uses of ambercoloured Mica and 65 per cent. of the world's consumption of Nickel. Mr. John McLeish, Chief of the Division of Mineral Resources and Statistics at Ottawa in his 1910 Report-calendar year-described coal as still holding the first place in productive value or 28.4 per cent. of the whole, silver as holding second place with 16.3 per cent., nickel as third with 10.6 per cent. and gold next with 9:7 per cent. The production of gold showed an increase of 9 per cent. over 1909; that of silver, which had increased by 24.5 per cent. in the previous year, showed, chiefly in the Cobalt region, a further expansion of 16 per cent.; pig-iron increased by 5.88 per cent. and was valued at $11,245,630 as against $9,581,864 in 1909-with 15 completed blast furnaces in operation. In open-hearth and Bessemer steel production of ingots and castings the total was 822,281 tons as compared with 754,119 in 1909. The nickel industry was described as particularly active with, once more, the largest production on record-$5,380,000 being the spot value of metal shipped. In this connection A. P. Turner, President of the Canadian Copper Company-a part of the International Nickel Company-told the Parliamentary Committee on Mines that his concern was not a trust. It simply had gathered under one management the mining company, the refining company and the selling company. The two great outside concerns were the Mond Nickel Company and the French Nickel Company. The former had its mines in Canada and did its ultimate smelting in Wales. The French Company had its mines in New Caledonia and smelted in France. They were in no sense allied but were competitive. The refining of nickel was now done to the extent of about 84 per cent. in Canada. His Company had invested about $5,000,000 in a plant in Canada and employed from 1,500 to 2,000 men who supported a population of about 5,000 people. The wages paid in this industry were $1,234,904 in 1909. The following table shows the production of Canada's chief Minerals in 1908, 1909 and 1910: The iron and steel bounties in this year were $1,985,011. During 1910 Mr. McLeish wrote for the Department of Mines elaborate Reports on Iron and Steel, Coal and Coke, Cement and Clay products in Canada. As to the first great industry he pointed out that in 1896-1909 7,521,086 tons of iron-ore had been imported and 1,556,996 tons exported. "Developments are in progress, however, which may in the near future furnish a much larger supply of domestic ore. Active operations are in progress at Torbrook, N.S., and extensive preparations being made to ship from the large magnetite deposits near Bathurst, N.B. The Moose Mountain mine, north of Sudbury, of which much has been expected, shipped an important tonnage during 1909, and development work is being continued. Operations have been started in a deposit twenty-four miles east of Port Arthur, the first in this *NOTE.-Subject to revision in which, however, only slight changes usually take place. +NOTE.-Made from Canadian ore only. district, and some initial shipments made. A magnetometric survey was made of the old Bristol mine, Pontiac County, Quebec, resulting in the discovery of the probable existence of a considerable ore body." The production of Pig-iron was much greater in 1910 than the official figures indicated as only that made out of Canadian ore was included. The total value was $11,245,630 as against $9,581,864 in 1909 and $8,111,194 in 1908. The imports were $2,127,135 and exports $186,778. The imports of iron and steel goods subject to duty in the year ending Mch. 31, 1909, were $7,310,034 and in 1908 $10,334,242. In coal the resources of Canada are so great as to almost defy the imagination. The Geological Survey of Canada has estimated the total in anthracite, bituminous, lignite, or combinations of these kinds of coal, at 143,490,000,000 tons for Western Canada and British Columbia alone. In an address early in the year Mr. D. B. Dowling of the Geological Survey stated that in 1820 the world. had consumed about 17,000,000 tons of coal, in 1870 250,000,000 tons, in 1909 1,000,000,000 tons; that Great Britain's bituminous coal areas were supposed to include 60,000,000,000 tons and Germany's supply to be 52,000,000,000 tons; that Canada's area had not been fully explored but was estimated to have a supply of 89,000,000,000 tons of bituminous coal and 420,000,000 tons of anthracite in addition to 82,000,000,000 tons of lignite. "About half the bituminous supply is in Alberta, and about 45 per cent. of the remainder is in British Columbia. The anthracite occurs principally in Alberta, British Columbia, and the Yukon, but lignite is found in all the Prairie Provinces, British Columbia and Ontario as well as in the Yukon and Mackenzie River regions." According to Mr. McLeish's monograph: "The coal output in 1909 is more than twice that of ten years ago, about four times the output of twenty years ago, and nearly ten times the production of 1879. The total production during the ten-year period, 1880-1889, was 20,399,426 tons, and during the next ten years, 1890-1899, the total production was 37,689,071 tons or an increase of 84.8 per cent. During the last ten-year period, 1900-1909, the total production was 86,275,045 tons, or an increase of 128 9 per cent. over the previous ten-year aggregate." Yet with all these resources and all this progress Canada in 1909 only supplied about 56 per cent. of its own consumption of coal and exported only $4,456,342 worth. Its imports of bituminous coal and coal-dust in that year totalled $12,925,707 and of anthracite coal and coal-dust $13,906,152. The total production in 1910 was $29,811,750. As to structural materials and clay products in Canada the production of Cement in 1909 was $5,345,802 or an increase of $1,600,000 and in 1910 it was $6,414,315; of Clay products $6,450,840 in 1909 and Lime $1,132,756; of Stone $3,127,135; making, with sundries, a total in 1909 of $16,533,349. Meanwhile the imports |