118-145. The Trojans are distributed along the ramparts, and, though dejected, resolutely maintain the defense under the direction of Mnestheus and other leaders.

118. circum: adverbially; 'round about.' portis: ablative, 'at the gates.' instant with infinitive as in I, 423.

:

133. caput: Greek accusative limiting detectus.

136. buxo: may be regarded either as dative or ablative. Cf. II, 19. The final -o is not elided.

145. Campanae urbi: Capua. The derivation of the name from Capys is, of course, fanciful. Both Campania and Capua probably have the same root as campus.

146-214. Aeneas forms an alliance with the Etrurians, who immediately set out with him in their ships to carry succor to his beleaguered camp. The poet enumerates the ships and the forces on board, and mentions the leaders of the Etrurians. There are thirty ships, and the troops are arranged under four leaders, Massicus, Abas, Asilas, and Astur.

146. Illi: refers both to the Trojans and their Rutulian assailants.

148. castris ingressus Etruscis: the narrative is resumed from VIII, 607.

149. regi: Tarchon, the Etrurian commander.

153. haud fit, etc.: the apodosis after ut-preces. Others, perhaps rightly, understand est with ingressus (1.148), place a comma after Etruscis, and make adit, memorat, etc., the apodosis.

154. libera fati: 'free in respect to fate'; no longer held by the prohibition of the fates, mentioned in VIII, 502 sqq. For the genitive, see note on II, 638. 155. Lydia: see note II, 781. 156. duci: the final -i is not elided. 157. leones : Greek accusative, while rostro is dative after sub- in composition. Cf. III, 428.

158. Ida: perhaps a personification of Mount Ida carved in wood, drawn in a chariot by lions, the latter projecting from the prow of the ship.

159. Hic: 'here,' or 'in this ship.'

180. solo: 'in respect to soil,' or territory, i.e. in location; contrasted with

ab origine.

188. Crimen amor vestrum: 'your fault (is) love.' The words may refer to Cycnus and Phaëthon; or, possibly, to Cinyras and Cupavo. formaeque insigne paternae: 'and your device (crest) is of your father's form'; explanatory of olorinae pennae. The ornament on the helmet of Cupavo was the form of a swan, worn to commemorate the transformation of his father, Cycnus, into a swan.

190. umbram: the sisters of Phaethon were transformed into poplar trees. 195. Centaurum: the name of the ship. See note on V, 116.

Fig. 76. - Cybele and the Corybantes

196. saxum minatur: 'threatens (to hurl) a huge rock into the waves.' The figurehead of the ship is thus represented. The Centaurs were sometimes sculptured in the act of hurling rocks, as if in battle.

199. Tusci amnis: the Tiber. See note on II, 781.

• 202. triplex: Virgil assigns to his native city a threefold origin, Etruscan, Greek, and Umbrian, while each of these three elements is represented in four towns (quaterni populi), making twelve in all, of which Mantua is the chief. The strongest element, however (vires) is Tuscan.

204. in se: Mezentius, by his cruelty, has excited the Tuscans to take up arms against him.

205. Benaco: sc. ortus.

centena arbore: for centum remis.

Cf. terno,

206. Mincius: the river god, Mincius, is the figurehead of the ship. 207. gravis: 'mighty.' V, 120.

215-286. While Aeneas is pursuing his voyage in the moonlight, the nymphs into which the Trojan ships have been transformed appear to him on the water, and one of them, Cymodoce, informs him of the assault on his camp. He prays On his to Cybele, and directs his followers to be instantly ready for battle. approach to the camp, the Trojans on the ramparts raise a shout, and engage

in the defense with still more vigor, while Turnus, nothing daunted, prepares to resist the newcomers at their landing.

215, 216. curru Phoebe pulsabat Olympum: see note on III, 512; V, 721.

221. Numen habere maris: 'to have the divinity of the sea'; to possess the divine character or attributes pertaining to sea goddesses.

234. Hanc faciem refecit: 'has given us this new form.'

238. Iam loca iussa, etc.: we must understand that the Etrurian cavalry have been directed by Aeneas to join the Arcadian cavalry of Pallanteum, and to proceed with them down the bank of the Tiber to some point appointed by him (loca iussa) near the place of his expected disembarkation. We learn from II. 362, 363, below, that this spot was at the junction of some small stream with the Tiber. Turnus will of course aim to prevent the arrival of the allied forces at the Trojan camp. Etrusco singular for plural, Etruscis.

239. Medias opponere turmas:, 'to interpose his squadrons'; i.e. between the new allies and the camp.

253. ad frena leones: sc. iuncti.

254, 255. propinques Augurium: 'bring near the omen,' or 'the promised

event.'

270. capiti: sc. Aeneae.

274. Ille expressed for emphasis, in apposition with ardor. See note on I, 3.

277. praecipere: for occupare; to anticipate them in getting possession of the shore.

279. perfringere: to break through' their ranks.

281. referto: 'reproduce'; 'imitate.'

282. Ultro: 'of our own accord,' without waiting to be attacked first. This word, which occurs often in Virgil, denotes anything 'beyond' what is expected.

283. egressis: dative of reference (nearly equivalent to the genitive of possession) with vestigia, which is subject of labant. H. 425, 4, N.; LM. 538; A. 235, a; B. 188, 1, N.; G. 350, 1.; (H. 384, II, 4, N. 2).

287-361. The ships come to land in safety, excepting that of Tarchon, which is forced upon a sand bank and broken to pieces. Aeneas and his allies on landing are instantly engaged in the conflict.

288, 289. servare — - pelagi: 'to watch the retreat of the ebbing sea'; SO as to spring upon the beach when the wave had retired.

290. Per remos: others spring to the land by means of oars which they plant with one end in the sand, and thus swing themselves over. Some editors think they slide 'over' the oars.

291. spirant: 'heave' or 'boil.'

292. inoffensum: 'unresisted'; i.e. unbroken by any bold, rocky bank. Tarchon seeks a point where the wave rolls up steadily increasing or spreading (crescenti aestu) to the beach, intending to take advantage of this movement to push his ships far on the land.

295. Tolliterates: lift, push on your ships'; i.e. by a powerful stroke of the oars.

304. fluctus fatigat: refers to the swinging to and fro of the two ends of the ship on the waves before it goes to pieces. The impulse given by the oars, aided by the movement of the water, had driven it partially across the sand bank or ridge (dorso), so that both the forward and the hinder part rock back and forth by the action of the waves for a few moments, and then the hull, in consequence of the strain, breaks in the middle and goes to pieces.

325. nova gaudia: the new love'; in apposition with Clytium.

334. steterunt: the penult is short.

345. Curibus: 'from Cures'; with Clausus.

350. Boreae de gente suprema: 'of the lofty race of Boreas.' Cf. VII, 220. 351. Ismara: feminine singular.

362-438. Pallas, the son of Evander, sees the Arcadian cavalry turning their backs, and hastens to rally them to the fight. He sets them an example of heroism, while on the other side Lausus, the son of Mezentius, slays several of the Arcadians, Etruscans, and Trojans.

362. parte ex alia: at that point, namely, where Aeneas had directed the Arcadian and Etruscan cavalry to await his landing. See 1. 238. It seems to have been on the banks of a torrent, rocky and broken, and covered with rolling bowlders and débris left by freshets, — a spot, therefore, unsuited for cavalry movement. Pallas left Aeneas on landing, and hastened to take command of his own portion of the cavalry, which was obliged to dismount on account of the nature of the ground, and fight on foot, acies inferre pedestres.

=

366. quis: quibus; translate as if it were the demonstrative (eis), with quando, 'since,' which connects this parenthetical clause to the foregoing dare terga. Quis alone would have sufficed to indicate the causal relation, but quando is added for greater distinctness, though the construction is anom. alous.

378. Deest: here a monosyllable. Troiam: the new Troy or camp of the Trojans. Shall we retreat to the water, or cut our way through to the Trojan camp?

383. dabat: the final syllable is long.

384. Quem: Pallas.

non super occupat Hisbo: 'Hisbon does not sur

prise him from above,' while thus engaged.

385. Ille: Hisbo. See note on ille, I, 3.

394. caput: the final syllable is long.

399. praeter: join with fugientem; 'flying (along) by him.'

405. optato: = ex voto, according to his wish.'

410. socium: genitive plural.

412. se―arma: he completely covers himself with his shield.

426. perterrita agmina: for agmina perterreri. viri: i.e. Pallas.

432. Extremi―acies: those on the outside or in the rear of the others make the ranks dense by crowding forward into the fight.

439-509. Turnus, warned by his sister Juturna, hastens to the aid of Lausus and the Latins. He fights and slays Pallas, who is then borne from the field by his friends.

439. soror: the nymph Juturna, sister of Turnus. See XII, 138 sqq. 444. aequore iusso: from the ground which he had commanded them to leave. The common construction would have been iussi.

448. tyranni: 'of the prince'; Turnus. Cf. VII, 266.

449. spoliis opimis: see note on VI, 841.

458. Ire: historical infinitive.

463. Victorem: sc. me. ferant

endure the sight of.'

466. Genitor: Jupiter. natum: Hercules.

6

473. reicit: he turns away' his eyes with sorrow from the battle field. 476, 477. tegmina summa: 'the top of the covering'; the upper part of the corselet, where it covers the shoulder; here, the left shoulder. The spear having already made its way (viam molita) through the border of the shield, grazed (strinxit) the body of Turnus, but inflicted no serious wound, because of the obstruction afforded both by the shield and corselet, in which it had spent the greater part of its force.

478. de corpore: the spear point just grazed his body.

486. Ille: Pallas.

487. The last syllable of sanguis is here long.

492. meruit: sc. ille (= Pallas) as subject. I send back Pallas to thee such as he has deserved' to be (i.e. dead), by engaging in this war and venturing to combat with me. Some editors make Evander the subject of meruit. 496. baltei: a dissyllable here.

497. Impressum nefas: 'the impious deed wrought upon it'; i.e. the murder of the husbands of the Danaides.

510-605. Aeneas in another part of the field hears of the death of Pallas, and furiously seeks Turnus, cutting his way through the enemy, and slaying