47. unus, the same.

48. comptæ, such persons had their hair flowing.

49. videri, an infin. used for specification, a Greek construction, developed from the meaning of purpose.

50. quando (causal), for she is now inspired by the will of the deity. - jam propiore, nearer and nearer.

51. cessas, do you slacken?

52. neque enim ante, etc., for not before will the doors of the inspired abode fly open, i. e. not without vows and prayers.

58. acidæ: Achilles was slain by the arrow of Paris, directed by Apollo. — obeuntia, blocking the way to, governing terras. 60. Massylum, African (iv. 483). — prætenta the fields are spread along the shore of the Syrtes.

=

which line:

61. prendimus, we have our grasp on the fleeting shores. 62. fuerit secuta (concess. subj., § 57, 5; G. 608), though hitherto the fortune of Troy has pursued us.

64. quibus obstitit:

=

who were jealous of or offended by (strictly

"to whom it was a stumbling block ").

-non inde

66. da considere, grant that the Trojans settle. bita fatis, due to my destinies: but fatis may be rendered either as dative or ablative.

69. templum: a temple of Apollo was built by Augustus on the Palatine, containing the statue of the god between those of Latona and Diana.

70. festos dies, the ludi Apollinares, established B.C. 212.

71. penetralia, shrine, referring to the reverence paid to the Sibylline books, kept in the care of an illustrious body of priests (lectos viros), the Quindecimviri sacris faciundis, and consulted in times of public emergency.

75. foliis ne manda, see iii. 445–452.

77. Phœbi nondum patiens, the figure is that of an impatient horse, trying to throw his rider.

78. bacchatur, ranges wildly.

79. excussisse, for the tense, see § 58, 11, d, R; G. 275. — fatigat, worries.

83. defuncte, escaped (having got through with).

84. terræ graviora, the more dreadful perils of the land. Lavini, of Lavinium, their future kingdom.

86. non et, for et non venisse.

88. Simois, Xanthus: the former is held to stand for the Tiber, and the latter for the Numicius, where Æneas perished. defuerint, shall not be wanting (§ 58, 7, R; G. 236, R2).

non

89. alius Achilles, i. e. Turnus, the young king of the Rutuli, whose heroic struggle against Æneas makes the subject of the remaining books.

91. supplex: Æneas is made to go in search of aid to Evander, whose kingdom is on the Palatine, where was afterwards the site of Rome.

93. conjunx, Lavinia, daughter of king Latinus, Æneas's Italian bride. iterum, as was the case with Helen.

95. ito, the future or second form of the imperative here denotes continuance.

96. qua, by whatever way.

97. Graia: Evander, the faithful ally of Æneas, is from Arcadia. 100. ea frena, etc., Apollo shakes the reins as she raves, and plunges the spurs beneath her side (ea = sic).

105. præcepi, I have learned beforehand (compare anticipo). 107. dicitur, is called. - Acheronte refuso, where Acheron disgorges: it was the overflow of the river that formed the palus Acherusia.

108. ire, subject of contingat, be it my lot to go.

115. quin, nay, more.

118. lucis Avernis, the groves of Avernus (v. 131). This is a lake near Cumæ, of volcanic origin. In all this region there remain to this day the sulphurous exhalations and other signs of volcanic action, with which the ancients connected the entrance to the lower world.

119. Manes: the spirits of the dead, conceived as dwelling beneath the earth. For the story of Orpheus, see G. iv. 454–527 ; Ovid, Met. xi. 1–84. —si, i. e. if they could do this, why not I who am also of divine descent?

121. Pollux, the immortal one of the twin-brothers of Helen, who shared with Castor, in turn, his gift of immortality.

127. Ditis: Dis or Dis Pater was the king of the underworld, corresponding to the Greek Hades. His kingdom included the good as well as the bad, so that it does not answer to the modern phrase "Infernal regions."

128. revocare gradum: not that the return is difficult in itself, but that it depends on conditions which not all can attain.

129. hoc hic, for gender, see § 47, 2, e.

negative idea), only a few.

- pauci (always with

138. Junoni infernæ, queen of the world below. 140. operta, the hidden things.

142. Proserpina=Juno inferna. This Latin name of the Greek Persephone is derived by Varro and others from pro-serpo, but this is probably only an attempt at popular etymology.

145. ergo, therefore, since it is indispensable. alte vestiga, search deeply (v. 136). — rite repertum, when duly found. 148. vincere, overcome its resistance.

149. præterea, one thing more.

155. presso ore, with fast-closed lips.

157. cæcos eventus: the Sibyl's predictions, the matter of the golden bough, and the death of one of his companions.

159. vestigia figit, plants his footsteps, i. e. walks slowly and thoughtfully.

160. serebant, wove a many-threaded speech, i. e. continued uninterrupted discourse.

164. Misenum: the death of a comrade named Misenus was part of the old legend. Cape Miseno, at one extremity of the bay of Naples, still keeps his name. One account made him the pilot of the fleet: hence the apparent confusion between him and Palinurus. — Æoliden, either from Æolia, or son of the god Æolus, — a complimentary name, perhaps (like "sons of thunder") to indicate the vigor of his blast.

167. lituo: the lituus was a curved trumpet, for cavalry; the tuba, a straight one, for infantry. Virgil uses the names indifferently (v. 233). So concha (v. 171), which is used for either, to hint at the rivalry with Triton (i. 144); or, possibly, that Misenus tried his voice at a shell which he picked up on the shore.

173. æmulus Triton: in the spirit of the old mythology, whoever excels in any art is said thereby to provoke the jealousy of some deity. See the story of Arachne (Ovid, Met. vi. 1–69). 177. aram sepulcri, the sepulchral mound, or funeral pile. 179. stabula, cf. v. 7.

182. montibus, from the mountains.

186. voce, aloud: Ribbeck has forte.

187. arbore (loc. abl.), on the tree.

188. tanto =

this great: quando gives the reason for the hope. 193. maternas aves: doves were sacred to Venus, and her car was drawn by them.

194. cursum, your flight.

195. lucos, that part of the grove.—pinguem, i. e. fertile in gold. 199. prodire (histor. infin.), went in advance, alighting here and there to feed.

200. acie, instr. ablative.

201. grave olentis, see v. 240.

203. sedibus optatis, in the desired spot.

204. auri aura, the gleam of gold: the connection of light and air (aura) is frequent in ancient poetry.

205. viscum, mistletoe: see "List of Plants."

211. cunctantem, here simply denoting the tenacity of gold: the branch in fact offered no resistance (v. 146).

212. nec minus, none the less because of Æneas's absence. 213. ingrato, sad; or= mute, unable to express any thanks. suprema: the funeral rites here described were those usual in Rome. It was not, however, till long after Æneas that cremation instead of burial became the ordinary practice.

215. armis, from a very general notion that these things went with the departed spirit.

216. ante, in front. Cypress was used in the funeral pile for the sake of its aromatic odor. Boughs of it were also set in front of the door of the dead man's dwelling.

219. frigentis, cold in death, more poetic than mortui.

221. purpureas vestes: also a custom at great Roman funerals. 224. aversi, turning away their faces.

228. cado aëno, vase of bronze.

230. felicis, fruitful.

231. lustravit, purified the company from the pollution of the presence of a corpse. -novissima verba, salve, vale, ave; with sometimes other words, like sit tibi terra levis, or the like.

238. tuta (part. of tueor), sheltered.

239. haud ullæ volantes, no flying creatures: just in this neighborhood is situated the famous grotto del cane, in which dogs and other small animals are smothered by the carbonic acid accumulated along the bottom. There is, however, no place dangerous to the flight of birds, unless it might be the crater of a slumbering volcano.

242. Aornon, Greek for birdless: the corresponding Latin name is Avernum.

244. fronti invergit, pours upon the forehead. The term vergere, for pouring, means that the cup of liquid is completely turned upside down, as in offering to the infernal deities; while fundere is simply to pour out, the hand being palm upwards.

245. sætas: the long hairs between the horns were plucked out and burnt as a first-offering (libamina prima), while certain prayers were said.

249. succipiunt: the blood is caught in bowls, and poured out with special solemnity, not suffered to stream upon the ground. 250. matri Eumenidum: the mother of the Furies is Night; and her sister, Earth.

251. ense ferit: the sword no doubt had a magic power over the inhabitants of the world below (cf. vv. 260, 291; Od. xi. 48).

252. inchoat, builds, a sacrificial word.

253. solida, the whole victim was burned in sacrifice to the gods below, since being devoted no part could be eaten.

256. juga silvarum, the ridges covered with forest.

257. canes, these are the infernal hounds of Hecate.

258. procul, etc., the words addressed to the uninitiated at the mysteries, here addressed to the companions of Æneas.

260. tu, opposed to profani, above.

264. umbræ, ghosts, which are only the "shadows" of persons. 266. audita loqui, to tell what I have heard. Virgil professes to follow the tradition as to the world below. But he has been thought also, in these words, to hint at certain mysteries in which he had been initiated; and, on this hint, the whole of the succeeding narrative has been held to be, like Pilgrim's Progress, an allegory of the human soul.

270. maligna, niggardly (cf. ingratæ, E. i. 35).

274. luctus, these woes are at the door, as causing the death of curæ, i. e. the stings of conscience.

men.

276. malesuada, tempting to crime; turpis, unsightly.

280. Eumenidum thalami: the Furies sleep at the threshold (iv. 473), but their avenging task is done in Tartarus (v. 570). 283. quam . . ferunt, which, they say, vain dreams occupy as their usual abode (volgo, commonly), cf. Ovid, Met. xi. 592. 286. stabulant, are enstalled.

287. Briareus, the hundred-handed giant, whom Thetis summoned to the aid of Zeus (see Il. i. 402-406). — belua, the Hydra, slain by Hercules. The monsters of old fable haunt here under the form of apparitions, like the shades of men in the realms beyond.

289. forma Geryon, the possessor of a miraculous herd of oxen, slain by Hercules.

294. inruatinruisset; the present is used for the imperfect, probably by an antiquated construction. This imperfect would itself stand for the pluperfect by a not uncommon representation of past time as present, like the use of the historical present.