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Tiberius to divorce his wife, Agrippa's daughter, and to marry the emperor's only daughter Julia, Agrippa's widow. It was owing to the influence of Livia that Augustus adopted Tiberius as his heir, and by her skilful management, when Augustus was on his death-bed, she secured the undisputed succession of her son [Fame, 42]. Sejanus was the only man who gained the thorough confidence of Tiberius [27, 87]. While Tiberius was in retirement at Capreae, Sejanus ruled with almost absolute power at Rome. At length Tiberius became suspicious of Sejanus's designs, and despatched Macro with a letter for the senate [36, 29]. After the letter had been read, Sejanus was put to death, A.D. 31. Tiberius died, A.D. 37. The young Caius Caligula, his successor, and Macro are reported to have hastened his end by smothering him with a pillow. As the result of his surroundings during his early life, Tiberius grew up reserved in character [6, 11] and he retained his habits of dissimulation to the last [2, 40]. Bacon mentions his prediction that Galba would one day be at the head of the Roman world [35, 27].

The following Table shows the relationship of several members of the Imperial Family. An asterisk is attached to the names of those who are mentioned in Bacon's Essays.

M. Agrippa Tib. Cl. Nero Livia Drusilla*= Augustus*

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(1. M. Marcellus

Agrippina TIBERIUS* Nero Cl. Drusus Julia=2. M. Agrippa* (3. TIBERIUS*

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Nero Cl. Dru. Caes. Livilla* Germanicus CLAUDIUS*= Messalina*

CALIGULA Agrippina Minor

NERO*

Tigellinus, Sophonius, owed his rise from poverty and obscurity to his good looks and unscrupulous character. Early in Nero's reign he was in favour at court, and when Burrus [22, 96] was poisoned in A.D. 63, Tigellinus became prætorian prefect and seconded Nero in his worst atrocities. On Nero's downfall, A.D. 68, Tigellinus abandoned his master in distress and supported Galba's cause. By means of bribery he was saved during Galba's short reign from the fate which he deserved, but he perished by his own hand on Otho's accession, A.D. 69.

Tigranes, king of Armenia, afforded a refuge to his father-in-law Mithridates in B.C. 71, when the Third Mithridatic War was at an early stage. Confident in the multitude of his forces, Tigranes gave battle to the Romans at Tigranocerta, B. C. 69, and was totally defeated by Lucullus [29, 63]. The command of the Mithridatic War was conferred on Pompey by the Manilian Law, in B.C. 66, and the

same year Pompey invaded Armenia and received the submission of Tigranes.

Timaeus, the title of one of Plato's Dialogues [35, 99], which derives its name from Timaeus, one of Plato's disciples.

Timoleon, one of the greatest of Greek generals and patriots, delivered Corinth from the despotism of his elder brother Timophanes, to whose execution he gave a reluctant consent. The reproaches of his mother caused him to withdraw from public life for twenty years, but in B.C. 343 the Corinthians summoned him to lead an expedition against Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse. Timoleon's enterprise met with uninterrupted success [40, 58]. He gained a great victory over the Carthaginians, restored a republican constitution to Syracuse, and expelled the tyrants from the other Sicilian cities. He became a Syracusan citizen and abdicated his power, but still continued to exercise great influence in the state. His birthday was kept as a public festival, and when he died, B.C. 336, he was buried with great magnificence at the public cost.

Timon, the Misanthrope, fl. in the time of the Peloponnesian War. He was an Athenian who, in consequence of early disappointments, retired from the world [13, 65] and is said to have died because he refused to let a surgeon visit him to set a broken limb. Aristophanes attacked him in the Birds, B.C. 414, and in the Lysistrata, B.C. 411.

Timotheus, son of Conon, was an illustrious Athenian general, who reached the height of his glory and popularity in B. C. 363. In consequence of a heavy fine for bribery, he withdrew to Chalcis in Euboea, B.C. 354, and died there shortly afterwards. Bacon quotes Plutarch's remark that when Timotheus denied that his success was due to Fortune, Fortune forsook him [40, 51].

Tiphys, the helmsman of the ship Argo, died on the voyage of the Argonauts in search of the Golden Fleece [35, 14].

Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, Roman emperor, A.D. 79-81, b. A.D. 40, son of the emperor Vespasian. He was remarkable for his endowments of body and mind [43, 10]. By the capture of Jerusalem, A.D. 70, he brought to an end the war in Judaea and shared with his father the honours of a triumph. Titus was succeeded by his brother Domitian.

Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Trajanus), one of the most illustrious Roman emperors, A. D. 98-117, b. near Seville, A.D. 52, was adopted by Nerva, who chose him for his well-known virtues, his military spirit, and his fitness to command [27, 99]. By his victories over the Dacians, Germans and Parthians, Trajan securely fixed the boundaries of the Roman empire on the banks of the Rhine and the Tigris. His internal administration was equally glorious, and his reign was celebrated, with that of his successor Hadrian and with the period of the two Antonines, for its justice and clemency.

Trent (Tridentum), a town in the Tyrol, where the General Council met [17, 25] in A.D. 1545 and continued its deliberations, with sundry interruptions, till the year 1563. The Council reformed certain practical abuses, but its main result was to define more rigidly than before the doctrines of the Roman Catholic Church, and as one of its last acts was to issue an anathema against heretics, the Protestants refused to recognise its decisions.

Tully [42, 62], see Cicero.

Turk, the Great [Fame, 45].

Turkey, its expansiveness [58, 142].

Turks, marriage despised among [8, 34], kind to beasts [13, 17], have no nobility [14, 4], their profession of arms [29, 212, 221], their ground for making war [29, 233], defeated at Lepanto [29, 284], in masques [37, 37, 40].

Tyana, a town in Cappadocia at the foot of Mount Taurus, celebrated as the native place of the notorious Apollonius [27, 13].

Ulysses (Odysseus), king of Ithaca, whose wanderings for twenty years after the fall of Troy form the subject of Homer's Odyssey. The enchantress Calypso promised him immortality if he would remain for ever with her on the island of Ogygia [8, 42]. His heart was true however to his wife Penelope. During his absence Penelope was harassed by the pertinacity of her numerous suitors, whom Ulysses slew on his return home.

United Provinces of the Low Countries [14, 14]. The Republic of the Seven United Provinces threw off the yoke of Spain in A.D. 1579. Holland became the leading state of the republic, and its name was consequently used to denote the United Provinces as a whole.

Utopia, the title of Sir Thomas More's prose romance, in which an imaginary republic is depicted, and remedies for the evils which were rife in his day are suggested [41, 72]. The name is derived from ov, TÓTOS, 'not a place,' i.e. 'Nowhere.' The original Latin version of More's Utopia was published in A.D. 1516.

Vatican, the papal palace at Rome, on the Mons Vaticanus. It is said to have been begun by Symmachus, A. D. 498, and to contain more than 4400 rooms [45, 45].

Vespasian (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus), b. A.D. 9, Roman emperor A.D. 70-79. He rose to distinction in the army during the reigns of Caligula and Nero, and was in command of a powerful army in the East at the time when Galba was killed and war broke out between Otho and Vitellius, A.D. 69. The prediction which had long been current in the East, that the sovereignty of the world would devolve upon one who should go forth from Judaea, was supposed to find its fulfilment in the fact that Vespasian was called from Judaea to the imperial throne [35, 29]. Vespasian reluctantly yielded to the pleadings of Mucianus that he would make himself emperor [6, 8], and proceeded to Egypt in order to cut off the corn supplies and starve Vitellius into surrender. In a short time however a victory was gained over Vitellius by Antonius Primus, and Vitellius was put to death, A.D. 69. At Alexandria Vespasian had an interview with Apollonius of Tyana [19, 36] and is said to have performed a couple of miraculous cures. He left the subjugation of Judaea to be completed by his son Titus, who took Jerusalem and destroyed the Holy City and its Temple in A.D. 71. On his arrival at Rome Vespasian restored order [55, 40], and made good use of the money which he raised from various forms of taxation. He had many great qualities and some mean ones. Tacitus says that, unlike any of his predecessors, he was improved by empire [11, 100]. His jesting humour did not forsake him even on his death-bed [2, 42].

Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro), b. B.C. 70 near Mantua in Cisalpine Gaul, di. B.C. 19. Author of the Eclogues, the Georgics, and the Æneid. For Bacon's references to Virgil see QUOTATIONS.

Virginia, tobacco in [33, 55].

Vitellius, Aulus, b. A.D. 15, who pandered to the vices of Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero in succession, was notorious for his gluttony, and popular with the soldiers for his easy good-nature. Two of Galba's generals of the army on the Rhine prompted the legions to proclaim Vitellius emperor, A.D. 69, and hastened to Italy, where they defeated the army of Otho (g.v.) at Bedriacum. Vitellius reached Rome when the victory was secured, but gave himself up to the pleasures of the table, while his generals governed in his name. Meanwhile Mucianus in the East had stirred up disaffection among the troops by spreading a report that Vitellius intended to move them from Syria to Germany [Fame, 32], and encouraged Vespasian to take up arms against Vitellius [6, 9]. Thus within the space of little more than a twelvemonth the Roman empire had witnessed the death of Nero, the accession and death of Galba and Otho, the accession of Vitellius, and the proclamation of Vespasian as emperor. In a second battle of Bedriacum Vitellius's generals were overthrown, and Vespasian's officer, Antonius Primus, pushing on to Rome, slaughtered the Vitellians there. Vitellius was dragged from his hiding-place and buffeted to death, A.D. 69. His reign had lasted not quite a year.

William II., surnamed Rufus, king of England A.D. 1087-1100. On the death of Lanfranc, Abp of Canterbury, A.D. 1089, William laid his hands upon the revenues of vacant sees and abbeys, and appointed no successor to Lanfranc until 1093, when Anselm was made primate. A violent quarrel with Anselm ensued [19, 122], in the course of which the archbishop was forced to go into exile.

Xerxes, king of Persia, succeeded his father Darius, B.C. 485. Since the defeat of Darius at Marathon, B.C. 490, preparations had been constantly in progress for another invasion of Greece. In B.C. 480 Xerxes began his march from Sardis and was defeated at Salamis. Fearing that the bridge of boats across the Hellespont might be destroyed [Fame, 47] he hurriedly left Greece. He was assassinated by one of the great officers of his court, B.C. 465.

Zanger (Tzihanger or Djihangir), the eldest of the sons of Solyman the Magnificent by his wife Roxolana. When he found that his halfbrother and heir to the throne, Mustapha (q.v.), had been strangled by his father's orders, A.D. 1553, his distress was extreme, and is said to have caused his death; but whether he died of grief, of poison, or by his own hand, is uncertain. Zanger is mentioned by Bacon as an instance of deformity combined with excellence [44, 39].

Zeuxis, one of the most celebrated painters of antiquity, was at the height of his reputation about the year B.C. 400. He painted the king of Macedon's palace at Pella. Cicero and other ancient authors tell the story of his selection of five beautiful maidens of Croton to serve as models for his picture of Helen. Bacon erroneously attributes this incident to Apelles [43, 20].

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