421. nunc, i.e. in fair weather, opposed to dum, etc. 422. hinc, from these physical causes.

424. rapidum: a kind of stock epithet not necessarily appropriate here, cf. Ecl. ii. 10. — lunas sequentes, the moon's successive phases.

428. nigrum, i.e. without the dimly-bright complete orb as it appears at new moon, being illuminated by the light reflected from the earth.

431. vento, etc., has the tone of a proverb, or may be some obscure mythological allusion.

432. ortu, the fourth day of the moon's age. - is, the phenomenon explained below, but taking as usual the gender of the predicate, auctor. 433. obtusis, blunted, as in a thick atmosphere the fine points would

become obscured.

436. votaque, etc., i.e. the weather will be good for sailing.

437. Glauco et Pano|peae, et | Ino o Meli certae, an imitation of a Greek rhythm, as the verse is Greek, but in the Greek there is no occasion for the o of Glauco to be shortened. The gods are sea-deities. 440. surgentibus astris, at night, cf. Æn. iv. 352.

442. refugerit, withhold his light, showing the rim of his orb, while the inner part is to be clouded.

446. diversi, etc., the phenomenon of the sun drawing water, so called.

450. hoc, the fact stated in nam saepe, etc.

456. fervĕre, iv. 409.

458. condet, cf. Ecl. ix. 52.

460. claro, clearing.

461. quid vesper serus vehat, a proverb among the Romans, as its tone would indicate. — unde, from what quarter.

463. falsum, doubtless an allusion to the identification of the sun with Apollo, the god of divination.

-

464. ille etiam, etc., even other events are foretold by such signs. caecos tumultus, secret plots for uprising, as opposed to operta bella, war broken out.

466. ille etiam, etc.: the illustration chosen leads to the glorification of the Julian house and to a noble close of the book. There was an eclipse of the sun the year of Cæsar's murder.

468. saecula, age, in our modern sense.

469. quamquam, "though, as to that, it was not the sun alone," &c. 472. Aetnam: an eruption of this volcano is recorded about that

time.

474. Germania: the phenomena mentioned were noticed by the Roman troops on the Rhine.

475 Alpes: the precise phenomenon is not recorded, but some cases are mentioned by Pliny.

477. simulacra, ghosts.

478. pecudes, etc., one of the most commonly observed portents among the Romans; see Livy passim.

480. ebur: the statues of the gods, which often gathered moisture, thus formed a common prodigy.

489. ergo, in accordance with these portents. — paribus, because in a civil war.

490. iterum: not to be taken strictly, as the first time was at Pharsalia, which was also in Thessaly in the same general region, cf. Emathiam and Haemi, v. 492; being so far away, these different places are all identified.

493. scilicet, doubtless.

497. grandia, as of ancient heroes.

498. patrii, the Penates and the like, such as were brought from Troy, including Vesta; the examples (connected by copulative conjunc- tions) being added chiastically.—indigetes, the native heroes raised to divinity, including Romulus; see preceding note.

500. hunc, Augustus, as opposed to Julius Cæsar, who perished.
505. quippe ubi, in a world where, &c.

507. abductis, to serve as soldiers.

509. Euphrates, referring to the Parthian and Eastern nations.

513. addunt in spatia, consume the space, throw themselves into one space after another.

514. currus, the coursers, as often of the team.

BOOK II.

2. silvestria: with the vine are included all kinds of trees whose fruit yields subsistence.

6. floret, is aglow. - spumat, of the vats in which the new wine is left to ferment.

7. nudata: the god himself is invited to come and "tread the winepress," as the custom was in those times. (See Fig. 127.)

9. arboribus, in prose, arborum.

15. maxima: regularly the partitive adjective takes its gender from the whole, but here the main subject overrules; cf. Æn. vii. 83.

17. pullulat, i.e. the growth of others is by suckers.

20. primum, at the outset.

22. aliae, in opposition to the inartificial ways of growth.

23. hic, one. - plantas, i.e. settings or cuttings.

24. stirpes, etc., various forms of stocks, which retain vitality enough in the wood to sprout, as in the willow.

26. arcus, i.e. what is called "pegging," when the shoot is bent over and takes a new root from being buried in the ground; hence the word propago.

27. viva sua, i.e. they cannot be separated from the parent stem till they have a root.

28. nil, etc., the kind referred to in v. 23.

30. caudicibus, as in v. 25.

32. alterius, as in case of budding and grafting. 35. generatim, each after its kind.

37. segnes, as land which cannot be tilled to advantage. - Ismara, a mountain in Thrace, where grew a famous wine.

38. Taburnum, a mountain range in Campania and Samnium, famous for the cultivation of the olive.

39-46. These verses have been placed by some editors between vv. 8 and 9, but this seems unnecessary.

41. dare, for the imperative, in imitation of a Greek construction. 43. sint: our idiom prefers the contrary-to-fact construction, but the Latin often uses the less vivid future instead.

45. in manibus, close at hand.

50. mutata, merely in respect to their place.

53. sterilis, referring to useless suckers.

55. nunc, now, while they are attached to the trunk.

56. fetus, fertility, power to bear fruit. — urunt ferentem, exhaust it in the effort.

57. seminibus, etc.: self-sown plants grow slowly and degenerate, in accordance with the view in v. 61 that constant labor is necessary.

62. multa mercede, at heavy cost.

63. truncis, perhaps dative, though the construction changes in the next clause. The meaning is that the olive grows better from its own old trunks, the vine by "layers," and the myrtle from stakes, as in the case of the willow with us.

65. plantis, sets, regularly planted.

66. Herculeae, see Æn. viii. 276.

69. inseritur, by grafting is grown, the emphatic word.

70. steriles, i.e. before grafting.

73. nec... simplex, there is not one way alone, &c. The two ways described (chiastically) are budding and grafting.

78. enodes, budless.

87. Alcinoi: the orchards of Alcinous, king of the Homeric Phæacians, became proverbial from Od. vii. 112.

89. arboribus, see i. 2.

90. Methymnaeo: Methymnae was a city of Lesbos, which island was famous for its wine.

91. Thasiae, of Thasus, an island in the Ægean. - Mareotides: the region around Lake Mareotis, in Egypt, produced fine grapes.

96. nec contende, nor yet for all that must you vie.

100. tantum, in such plenty.

IOI. dis, etc.: the libation was made at dessert when the wine was brought on.

105. velit idem, might as well wish.

120. lana: the allusion is to the cotton tree of the East; not our cotton plant, but a tree of considerable size.

121. vellera: silk was anciently supposed to be produced in the same way, on trees.

122. Oceano propior, to the far East, implying a Homeric geogra phy; cf. the description of the zones, i. 240, &c.

127. mali, the citron, supposed to have many medicinal virtues. 129. Considered spurious, cf. iii. 282.

133. erat, see § 308, c; G. 599, R.2; II. 511, 1,

136. ditissima, though most fertile.

140. non tauri, etc., alluding to the fables about Colchis and the Argonautic expedition.

146. albi, the favorite, and in some cases the necessary, color for sacrifice.

- Clitumne, a river of Umbria, whose pastures produced fine

cattle, sought for sacred purposes.

149. alienis, not its own, when it ought to be over.

150. pomis, abl. of means.

158. supra, infra, cf. Æn. viii. 149.

159. Lari, Lacus Larius, now Como.

160. marino, like a sea.

161. claustra, barriers, the dikes of the great harbor, constructed by Augustus at the Lucrine lake near Baiæ, called the Portus Julius.

162. indignatum, spurning control.

165. haec eadem, this same fair land.

166. auro, with golden sands. · plurima, copiously, adj. for adv. 168. verutos, cf. Æn. vii. 665.

171. qui nunc, etc.: Augustus was at this time in the East, arranging affairs after the battle of Actium, in which the nations of the East took part with Antony.

176. Ascraeum, see Ecl. vi. 70.

178. rebus, abl. of respect.

179. difficiles, intractable. — maligni, that give grudgingly, unfruitful.

180. tenuis, light, not a thick, heavy soil; cf. the contrary sort, 7. 184.

181. Palladia, see i. 18.

188. editus austro, i.e. with a southern exposure.

189. curvis, see i. 169.

193. ebur, i.e. the pipe, used in religious ceremonies. -Tyrrhenus: the custom was said to have been Etruscan, and hence also pinguis, as the Etruscans were rather inclined to stoutness, if we may believe the evidence of their monumental effigies.

194. pandis, hollow, and so in a manner crooked or curved.

195. armenta, of horses.

196. urentis, as the gnawing of goats was considered poisonous.

198. amisit, see life of Virgil.

204. putre, friable.

206. iuvencis, abl. of manner, which is very widely extended in poetry and later Latin.

207. aut unde, etc., i.e. new land. — iratus, as he shows his wrath by destroying the trees, but the cause is brought out in ignava.