to tell Sir William Cecil that the commission was mainly indebted to Aubrey for the successful termination of its labours. 66 Although I had some knowledge of Mr. Aubrey before this journey,' said he, "(as of one who, now and then, was content to take parte of a peece of beefe with me,) and that by such communication as I then had with him, I perceyved well the man to be learnyd, yet had I nothinge such knowledge of him as I have had now havinge had dyvers goode occasion to trye his witte and his learninge. So that nowe, may bouldlye testifye of him, that for his witte, learninge, discretion, diligence, and paynefulnesse, he deserveth my greate commendacion; and, as I verily thinke, he will answer to my greate expectation: and therefore, whensoever her majestie shall have neede of such servantes, I take it, her highnesse shall fynde very few meeter for it than this man is. Whereof I thought meete to certifye you, not onely for that his service might be knowne to you, but also that by you, (yf you thinke it so goode,) his rare qualities and vertues may be knowne to her majestie."

To great learning and wisdom, Aubrey united a singular affability of speech, and sweetness of deportment, which won him many friends. Queen Elizabeth used to call him her little doctor; and continued him in the enjoyment of all his titles and offices (the mastership of Chancery, which seemed not compatible with the office of master of Requests, only excepted) until the time of his death, which occurred in 1595. He left behind him, when he died, by Wilgiford his wife, with whom he had lived in great love and kindnesse by the space of 40 yeares," three sons and six daughters,—all of them married and having issue.

to which justice has probably never yet been done; that he purchased Abercum vrig, the ancient seat of his family, of his cousin; and built the great house at Brecknock, where he contrived for himself a study, which looked on the river Usk; and that he left an estate worth 2500l. per annum, whereof after a few generations nothing remained in the family.

Dr. Aubrey died on the 25th of June, 1595, and on the 23d of July was buried in St. Paul's cathedral. The exact spot of his interment is minutely described by his son-in-law, and his epitaph has been printed, but the effigy on his monument, says his namesake," is not like him,—it is too big." He was of ordinary stature, rather inclining to stoutness, without being a fat man. In his youth, he had been extremely handsome; and even when wasted by sickness, and impaired by age, his countenance retained to the last such comely and decent gravity, that his personal dignity became increased, rather than diminished with advancing years. "I have his originall picture," says his descendant, with accustomed quaintness. "He had a delicate, quick, lively, and piercing black eie, a severe eie brow, and a fresh complexion." To which he simply, or perhaps slily, adds-" he engrossed all the witt of the family, so that none descended from him can pretend to any." (Lipscomb's Bucks, i. 72, 74; Aubrey's Lives, ii. 207, 221; and Burgon's Life and Times of Sir T. Gresham, ii. 98, 99.)

AUBRI DE MONTDIDIES, a French knight, celebrated in many romances of the middle ages. He was murdered in 1371 by his companion in arms, Richard de Macaire. His faithful dog persisted in following the assassin, and the foul deed was finally detected. King Charles V. ordered Macaire to fight with the dog, and in this singular battle the dog remained the victor. This legend has been made by Apel the subject of a ballad, and finally dramatized under the name of "The Dog of Aubri."

AUBRIET, (Claude, 1651-1743,) a painter of plants, flowers, butterflies, birds, and fishes, was born at Châlons

He accompanied M. de Tournefort to the Levant, and illustrated the works of that traveller. On his return, he succeeded Jean Joubert as painter to the king at the Jardin Royal des Plantes at Paris, and continued the magnificent collection of drawings of plants on vellum, which Nicolas Robert had

commenced at Blois, by order of Gaston, duke of Orleans, the brother of Louis the Thirteenth. Louis the Fourteenth having inherited the collection, it was continued and deposited in the king's library. After the revolution, it was taken to the Museum of Natural History, where Aubriet added to it twelve drawings annually, and in 1811 it consisted of sixty-six volumes folio. The plates of Tournefort's Elémens de Botanique were engraved from drawings by Aubriet. After his return from the Levant, he was employed by Sebastian Vaillant to draw the plants which compose the Botanicon Parisiense, 1727, folio, and executed many other important works. Under the direction of Tournefort, Aubriet became an able botanist. In his drawings he neglected no details, but inserted the most minute parts, particularly of flowers, and always expressed the number, form, and relative proportions, with greater exactness than had ever before been done. Even Tournefort himself sometimes did not think it necessary to give any further account of them in his descriptions. Aubriet died at Paris, at the great age of ninetytwo years, and was succeeded by Mlle. Basseporte, as painter to the Jardin Royal. M. Heinecken, who states the period of his death to have been 1740, speaks of a collection of water-colour drawings by him of butterflies in all their progressive stages, from the worm to the fly, both male and female, in front, side, and back views, with manuscript explanation, which were collected in three volumes elephant folio, and sold by auction at Amsterdam in 1765. (Biog. Univ. Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes.)

AUBRION, (Jean,) a man actively engaged in the political affairs of Metz in the fifteenth century. He wrote a journal of all that passed at Metz and its environs, from 1477 to 1501. He died in the year 1501. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.) AUBRIOT, (Hugo,) provost of Paris, built the Bastille, by order of Charles V. of France, in 1369, as a fortress to defend Paris against the English. He also designed many public buildings and works for that city. In the Bastille which he built, he was confined for some time, in consequence of a quarrel with the university. The Maillotins broke his prison to make him their leader, but the day after he escaped out of their hands, and retired to Burgundy, where he died in 1382. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBRY, (Jacques Charles,) born about the end of the seventeenth cen

tury, and died in 1739; was an eminent French lawyer. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBRY, (Jean-Baptiste, 1736-1809,) a French Benedictine, of the congregation of St.Vannes, at Moyen-Moutier. The suppression of the monastic orders in France reduced him to great distress. He was a pious and an amiable man. He was the author of L'Ami Philosophique, 1776, which was much praised by D'Alembert, and of Questions Philosophiques, which likewise received his commendations. He published also, Théorie de l'Ame des Bêtes, and some metaphysical works. (Biog. Univ. Dict. Hist.)

AUBRY, (Jean François,) a French physician, who died in 1793. He published a work entitled, Les Oracles de Cos, 1775, which serves as a good commentary to Hippocrates.

AUBRY DU BOUCHET, was born about 1740, and was one of the deputies to the States General in 1789. He was a commissaire à terrier, and occupied himself principally in matters relating to his employment. He proposed a new geographical division of France, and also a general registry. He died soon after 1790. His brother, Charles Louis, (1746 -1817,) was also a commissaire à terrier, and published some tracts relating to that employment. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUBRY, (Philippe Charles,) was born at Versailles, in 1744. He translated the Sorrows of Werter, from German into French, and also made some other useful translations. He died in 1812. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUBRY, (François,) was born in 1750, at Paris. He entered the French army in his youth, which, however, at the time of the revolution he quitted, and was elected a member of the National Convention, in 1792. In 1796, he was made a member of the committee of public safety, and took a very active part in political matters. He was one of the anti-directorial party in the five hundred; and on the fall of that party in 1797, he was condemned to transportation. He escaped with Pichegru, and others, from Guiana, and died at Demerara, in 1798. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUBRY. The name of three German engravers, who were probably members of the same family; and of one French painter.

1. Abraham, a native of Oppenheim, who resided chiefly at Strasburg, and flourished about the year 1650. He engraved eleven of the twelve plates of

Y

the Months of the Year, after Sandrart; the other, the Month of May, being executed by F. Brun; but his works are of little merit. He was also a printseller. (Strutt's Dict. of Eng.)

2. Peter, born at the same place, about 1596, was also a printseller at Strasburg. He seems to have engraved, but in a very indifferent style, a prodigious number of plates. M. Heinecken gives a list of upwards of two hundred and sixty of his portraits; but most probably he employed many hands to assist him. (Strutt's Dict. of Eng. Heinecken, Dict. des Artistes. Bryan's Dict.)

3. John Philip, an engraver and printseller, who resided at Frankfort about the year 1670, and who also engraved a prodigious number of portraits, as well for the booksellers as for his own collections. Like those of the two preceding, they are very inferior in execution. (Strutt. Heinecken.)

3. Etienne, (Jan. 10, 1745-July 25, 1781,) a painter, born at Versailles. He was the brother of Philippe Charles Aubry, mentioned above. Having copied, in his youth, several portraits at the king's palace, he embraced that style, and perfecting himself in it, he was elected into the Academy of Painting in 1774. Wishing to give a higher proof of his abilities, he painted after the style of Greuze, pathetic and moral scenes, taken from domestic life. The Interrupted Marriage, painted in 1777, did him great credit. Decided to adopt historical painting, he removed to Rome, under the auspices of the Count d'Angiviller. It is believed, he had a disease of the heart, notwithstanding which, he continued greatly to improve, as is seen in a posthumous work of his pencil, the Parting of Coriolanus and his Wife, a picture justly admired at the exhibition of 1781. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBRY, (Mademoiselle,) a dancer at the opera at Paris, remarkable for the beauty of her form, in consequence of which she was chosen to personify the goddess of Reason, in the impious ceremonies which, in 1793, were intended to supplant christian worship in the French dominions. This character, however, was attended with less danger than that of Glory, with which she was usually entrusted at the theatre; for a cord, by which she was suspended in her aeriel car, breaking, she was precipitated from a considerable height upon the stage, by which her arm was broken. As the victim of Glory, she obtained a retiring

pension, but it is not known whether she gained anything by playing the part of Reason. (Biog. Nouv. des Contemporains.)

AUBUSSON, (Pierre d',) grand master of the order of St. John of Jerusalem, was born in 1423. He served in his youth in Hungary, then the scene of the ravages of the Turks. On his return to France he attracted the favour of the dauphin, afterwards Louis XI., and was with him in his expedition against the Swiss, and at the siege of Montereau. A state of repose and peace being distasteful to him, he went to Rhodes, and enrolled himself a knight of the order of St. John. He was made a commander of the order, and was afterwards sent to France, to ask for succours against the Turks. He succeeded in obtaining large sums from Charles VII. directly, and by his means from the clergy. In 1476, with the unanimous approbation both of the knights and the people, he was made grand master. In 1780, Mahomet II. appeared before Rhodes with a vast fleet, and great preparations for reducing the island. For two months Aubusson defended it, and during that time never left the ramparts; and, as a reward for his great exertions, he had the satisfaction of seeing the Turks sail away hopeless of success. The death of Mahomet prevented another attack. About 1489, a league was formed by the christian princes, with Charles VIII. at their head, for a crusade against the Turks, but various circumstances prevented it from being carried into execution. The disappointment is supposed to have so affected Aubusson, as to bring on a mortal disease, of which he died in 1503. There is in the collection De Scriptoribus Germanis, a short account of the siege of Rhodes in Latin, supposed to have been written by him. (Biog. Univ.)

AUBUSSON, (François d'.) See FEUILLADE.

AUBUSSON, (Jean d',) a troubadour of the thirteenth century, who has left a poem on the expedition of the emperor Frederic II. against the Lombardic league. (Millot. Biog. Univ.)

AUBUSSON, (Jean d', de la Maison Neufve,) was born about 1530. He wrote, among other small pieces, one called The Adieu of the Nine Muses, to the princes and princesses on their departure from the nuptials of Francis and Mary of Scotland; and a Colloquy of Peace, Justice, Mercy, and Truth, on the

agreement between the kings of France and Spain. (Biog. Univ.)

AUCHMUTY, (Robert,) a lawyer, of a Scottish family. He was educated at Dublin, and studied law in one of the temples. Early in life he went to America, and settled at Boston, where he received the valuable appointment of judge of the Court of Admiralty in 1703, but continued in this post for only a few months. In 1740 he became one of the directors of the Land Bank Bubble, or manufacturing company. Being sent to England as agent for the colony, he suggested the expedition to Cape Breton, in a pamphlet which was entitled, The Importance of Cape Breton to the British Nation, and a Plan for taking the Place. On the death of Byfield, he became again judge of the Admiralty Court. He died in April, 1750.

AUCHMUTY, (Samuel,) a distinguished British officer, the son of the preceding, was born about the year 1762. În August, 1776, he entered the army as a volunteer in the 45th foot, then in America, under General Sir William Howe. He served throughout the campaigns of 1776, 1777, and 1778, being present at many of the principal engagements. He obtained his lieutenancy, and soon afterwards returned with his regiment to England. He thence went to India, and was (8th November, 1778) promoted to a company in the 75th, and obtained his majority, September 2, 1795. While in India he was chiefly employed in staff duty, acting as adjutant to the 52d; major of brigade; military secretary to Sir Ralph Abercromby; deputy quarter-master-general to the king's troops; and finally adjutant-general. He saw much active service while in the east, being in two campaigns on the Malabar coast and in Mysore, as well as one against the Rohillas. He was present also at the siege of Seringapatam, under Lord Cornwallis. Returning to England in 1797, he soon received the brevet rank of colonel, and was appointed to the lieutenant-colonelcy of the 10th. In 1810 he was ordered to take the command of a corps intended to attack the French ports at Cossier and Snegand. Arriving at Judda, he found General Baird with the Indian army, of which he was forthwith nominated adjutant-general. Leaving Cossier, the troops passing through the desert, entered Upper Egypt, and proceeding down the Nile, reached Alexandria; at the surrender of which place Auchmuty was present. In 1802 he

returned to England, in 1803 was created knight of the bath, and in 1806 went to South America, where he took the command of the troops in the Rio de la Plata, which he found in a situation exceedingly critical. On the 18th of January, 1807, he approached Monte Video, which place he carried by storm on the 3d of February. This success was attended with severe loss on both sides. Auchmuty was present after this at the attack on Buenos Ayres, the result of which operation was the evacuation of the territory of La Plata by the British troops, and the dismissal from the army of lieutenantgeneral Whitelocke, who commanded in chief. In 1807, Auchmuty returned to England, and was afterwards appointed commander-in-chief of the troops at Madras, in which capacity he assisted at the reduction of Java in 1811. In 1813 he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, and in the same year arrived in Europe. He was then nominated to the command of the forces in Ireland, and died suddenly at Dublin in August, 1822. He was at his death colonel of the 78th regiment, and a knight grand cross of the bath.

AUCLAND, (Baron.) See Eden.

AUCLERC, (Gabriel André,) a French advocate, born at Argenton, about the middle of the eighteenth century. He was a violent revolutionist. He was distinguished by his pertinacious attempts to restore paganism, and substitute it for Christianity. He died in 1815, after having, it is said, abjured his errors. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUCOUR. See BARBIER.

AUDÆUS, a heresiarch of the fourth century. He was a native of Mesopotamia, and was distinguished for his zeal and austerity. Having rendered himself intolerable by his bitterness of character, the treatment he received in consequence determined him to separate himself from the church. At first he differed from the church in no point of doctrine, but afterwards he and his followers fell into errors. His death has been placed about 372. His sect had ceased to exist before the end of the fifth century. (Biog. Univ.)

AUDE, (Joseph,) knight of Malta, porn in Provence, 1755, wrote first a vaudeville for the court of Versailles. He was afterwards five years secretary of Caraccili, viceroy of Sicily. In that capacity Aude superintended the correspondence with D'Alembert, Marmontel, Madame Necker, &c. Aude complimented Frederic II. on his decision

concerning the miller in Sansouci, to which the king wrote a reply, which is reprinted in the Life of Buffon, into the employ of whom Aude had passed, also in the capacity of secretary. His works and publications are numerous. Amongst the more important are- -La Vie de Buffon, 1 vol. 1788; Offrande à la Religion Catholique, Paris, 1802; Tribut des Arts à la Ville de Lyon, 1790; and a number of comedies, L'Héloise Anglaise; St. Preux et Julie d'Etanges; Scènes Héroïques; La Naissance du Roi de Rome, &c.

AUDEBERT, (Germain, 1518-1598,) a French lawyer, who had been in his youth the friend of Beza. He is the author of several poems in Latin, which have been praised by different writers. (Biog. Univ. Suppl.)

AUDEBERT, (Jean Baptiste,) an eminent French naturalist and painter. He was born in 1759, at Rochefort, and went at the age of seventeen to Paris, to study the arts of design and painting, where he soon made himself a proficient in miniature painting. M. Gigat d'Orcy, receiver-general of finance, known by his enthusiasm for natural history, and the munificence with which he encouraged it, took young Audebert under his patronage, and employed him in painting the rare objects of his large collection, and subsequently sent him to England and Holland, whence he brought numerous drawings, some of which were used in Olivier's Histoire des Insectes. Such occupations aroused a taste in Audebert for the study of natural history, which he henceforth followed with a love nearly enthusiastic. Striking out a path different from that of his predecessors in the same line, he undertook works, which were the first of that stamp in the zoological department of natural history. The first of his own works was the Histoire Naturelle des Singes, des Makis, et des Galiopithèques, large folio, Paris, 1800. This work shone forth like a new luminary on the horizon of science. The talents of a draftsman, engraver, and naturalist, were united in this magnificent production. He was the first who attempted to print in colours, which he effected most successfully, by having, for each picture, as many plates as there were colours required." He succeeded finally in even varying in his impressions the colour of gold, and com

It appears from a passage in Dodart's Memoirs pour servir à l'Histoire des Plantes, pub

lished in 1679, that this method was known, or at least (as is the case of many other discoveries) guessed at, previous to Audebert.

He

bining it thus with his other tints, so as to produce tints and shadows of a brilliancy and variety, not dreamt of before. All this he succeeded in realizing in his Histoire des Colibris, des OiseauxMouches, des Jacamars, et des Promerops, 1 vol. large folio, Paris, 1802. Audebert, not satisfied with imitating faithfully the colour, surpassed all who had preceded him, by the great spirit which he infused into the figures of his birds, which, under his hand, became, as it were, revived; he neglected not even the smallest detail. The diagnosis and descriptions are also of a masterly kind. Such a work could only be purchased by the few; consequently only 200 copies were printed, in which the names below the figures are in gold; 100 copies in very large 4to; fifteen in very large folio; the whole text being, in these latter, printed in gold. One copy on vellum, with the original drawings, remained in the hands of M. Desray, the editor. Scarcely had he commenced this work, before Audebert began to meditate others; he proposed to complete the history of birds and mammalia, and to follow it with that of man, in the different parts of the globe. prepared and stuffed animals with much skill, and had formed a fine collection in natural history. Not satisfied with studying nature in its inanimate state, he began to observe animate life, and kept for a long time a set of spiders, on the manners of which he made some interesting remarks. Thus Audebert had made preparations, the execution of which would have required a long enjoyment of life, and vigorous health, when death surprised him in his forty-second year. He was, in his latter days, occupied on a work entitled, Histoire des Grimpereaux et des Oiseaux de Paradis, &c., of which the materials were left in such good order, that M. Desray was able to publish it in 1802, under the collective title, Oiseaux dorés, ou à Reflets métalliques, 2 vols, in large fol. Mr. Veillot, the friend of the late naturalist, was charged with the completion of the text, (see VEILLOT.) The beautiful work of M. Le Vaillant, Oiseaux d'Afrique, owes its popularity, in a great measure, to the exertions of Audebert, he having superintended the impression of the plates up to the thirteenth number. The splendid, and we would say, proud impulse, which Audebert's works gave to zoology, were not lost upon the other branches of natural history; and Ventenan's Jardin de Malmaison, Redoute",