In this tense, what change is made in the crude form to produce the first person singular? What is done to make the second person singular? What is done to make the third person singular? Explain the formation of each of the persons in the plural. Write out the forms of this tense for all the verbs in the vocabulary of this lesson. 9. In Latin there is no article, so that a Latin noun may be translated-1. Without an article, as mulier 'woman;' 2. With the indefinite article, as mulier 'a woman;' 3. With the definite article, as mulier 'the woman.' 10. If the subject of a verb is a personal pronoun, it is not expressed in Latin, unless for the sake of emphasis. Thus aras means thou ploughest; arant means they plough. Therefore, if a verb has no subject expressed, we must supply one of the first, second, or third person, singular or plural, according to the person and number of the verb. Examples.* 11. 1. Nauta ambulat. 2. Nos ambulamus. 3. Clamat. 4. Poetae ambulant. 5. Vos pugnatis. 6. Tu pugnas. 7. Pugnamus. 8. Nautae pugnant. 9. Poeta certat. 10. Certamus. 11. Nautae ambulant. natis. 13. Ego certo. 14. Ambulo. 12. Pug Notice the two ways in which the Latin present tense may be translated in English. See Key 575, 576; Smith 87. Exercise 1. 11. He 12. 1. The poets shout. 2. The sailors fight. 3. We are striving. 4. Ye are walking. 5. The sailor is shouting. 6. I am walking. 7. Ye are fighting. 8. They strive. 9. We shout. 10. We are fighting. strives. 12. The poet is striving. 13. We are walking. 14. The sailor is fighting. 15. The poets are walking. 16. Thou strivest. 17. I walk. 18. We are fighting. 19. The sailors shout. 20. Thou art shouting. LESSON II. Second Declension. 13. Learn the declension of dominus 'master' (C. F. domino-), * or of hamus 'hook' (C. F. hamo-). Key 88; Primer 19; Smith 19. What letter is added to the crude form to make the nominative singular in this declension? Is the vowel in the last syllable the same as in the last syllable of the crude form? Explain how the accusative singular is made from the crude form, showing what letter is added, and what letter is changed. Look at the quantity of the last vowel in each case, and see if the dative and ablative singular are exactly like the crude form or not. How is the dative case made from the crude form? What case in the first declension is made from the crude form in the same manner? What * The English of the examples will be found at the end of the book. It is intended that the pupil should master the examples so thoroughly as to be able both to translate the Latin examples into English, and also to translate the English back again into Latin before proceeding to do the exercises. change is made in the crude form to produce the vocative case? Is a similar change made in the first declension? What change must be made in the crude form to produce the nominative and vocative plural? How is the genitive plural formed? (Attend to the length of the vowel, and see whether the final vowel of the crude form is lengthened or not.) Is the genitive plural in the first declension made in the same way? How are the dative and ablative plural made from the crude form? Is the formation in the first declension the same? What letter is added to the crude form to make the accusative plural? What change is made in the final vowel of the crude form? Is this formation the same as in the first declension? Which cases in the second declension are alike? Write out the declension of amicus 'friend' (C. F. amico-) and equus 'horse' (C. F. equo-). Direct Object of a Transitive Verb. 14. The Direct Object of a verb is the word which stands for the object of an action or feeling denoted by a verb in the Active Voice. The Object of a verb in Latin is put in the Accusative Case. Key 888; Smith 234; Primer 95, 96. Verbs which admit of a Direct Object are called Transitive Verbs. Examples. * 15. 1. Amicus nuntium vocat. 2. Servus epistolam portat. 3. Dominus servum vocat. 4. Equi servum delectant. 5. Nuntius amicos vocat. 6. Insula poetam delectat. 7. Epistolae nautam delectant. 8. Servum voco. 9. Amicum. vocat. 10. Amicos vocamus. 11. Servus dominum vocat. 12. Nautas vocatis. Exercise 2. 16. 1. The slave praisest the sailor. 2. The sailors praise the slave. 3. A horse is carrying the sailor. 4. The island charms the sailors. 5. The poet loves the friend. 6. I am carrying a letter. 7. The slaves are carrying letters. 8. The horses carry the messengers. 9. Ye are carrying letters. 10. Ye love poets. 11. The friends call the slaves. 12. Thou art calling the slave. 13. We love sailors. 14. We are ploughing the island. 15. Ye are ploughing the islands. 16. Thou lovest the slave. 17. Thou art praising the sailor. 18. Ye are praising the messengers. 19. The slaves are ploughing the plain. 20. A messenger is carrying the letters. Exercise 3. In translating Latin sentences, remember that the subject of the sentence must be in the nominative case, and that it does not always come before the verb. It must be found out by its form and not by its position. If no subject is expressed in Latin, see in what number and person the verb is used, and put in the English personal pronoun of the same number and person. 17. 1. Servi amicos laudant. 2. Nautam insulae delectant. 3. Servus equum laudat. 4. Amici poetam amant. 5. Poeta nuntios laudat. 6. Amicus servum vocat. 7. Servi insulam arant. 8. Ego poetam laudo. 9. Tu servos laudas. 10. Poetas laudat. 11. Nuntios vocatis. 12. Amicum amo. Amicum laudas. 14. Servos vocamus. * Observe where the verb is placed in these examples. + In these exercises place the verb at the end of the sentence. 13. LESSON III. Present Tense, Indicative Mood, Active Voice in the 18. Learn the Present Tense of the Indicative Mood, Active Voice, of the verb doceo 'I teach' (C. F. doce-), or of moneo 'I warn (C. F. mone-). Key 556; Primer 52; Smith 92; Sch. 138. Point out what is done to the crude form to make each person singular and plural. Compare them one by one with the forms of the same tense of the verb aro 'I plough.' Are they all made in the same way in both verbs? Is doceo made from doce in the same way as aro from ara? Masculine Nouns in ero- and ro-. 19. Learn the declension of puer 'boy' (C. F. puero-), vir 'man' (C. F. viro-), and liber 'book' (C. F. libero-), or magister 'master' (C. F. magistero-). Key 104, 123; Smith 19; Sch. 58; Primer 19. What is done to the crude form in this variety of the second, or o declension, to make the nominative singular? If liber or magister were declined exactly like puer, what would the forms of the cases be? In which of them is a vowel struck out? Notice the forms of liberi 'children.' 20. Besides puer, the following nouns retain the e in all cases singular and plural. Socěr, gěněr, armiger, adulter, vespĕr, signifĕr. Write out the declension of two of these nouns, and that of liběr and măgister. Examples. 21. 1. Magister pueros laudat. 2. Vir nuntium vocat. 3. Libros habeo. 4. Liberos habemus. 5. Servi dominos timent. 6. Servos pueri terrent. 7. Magistrum timetis. 8. Liberi magistros timent. 9. Magistri liberos amant. 19. Puer librum habet. 11. Pueros libri delectant. 12. Nautae servos habent. 13. Nuntium vides. 14. Insulam tenetis. 15. Equum terret. Exercise 4. 22. 1. We fear the master. 2. We love the masters. 3. The master praises the boys. 4. The boys praise the master. 5. The masters praise the slave. 6. Ye fear the man. 7. The slave loves the children. 8. The boy holds a book. 9. The children have books. 10. The master frightens the children. 11. Thou seest the island. 12. The books charm the master. 13. He sees the poet. 14. He holds the letter. 15. The boys are shouting. 16. The children are walking. Exercise 5. 23. 1. Liberos terres. 2. Libros tenet. 3. Magistrum videmus. 4. Equum timet. 5. Epistolam habet. 6. Pueri servum vocant. 7. Nuntius epistolam 8. Magistri pueros vident. 9. Viri equos timent. 10. Liberos tenet. laudamus. 11. Viros laudatis. 12. Libri poetam delectant. 13. Equos 15. Nuntios videtis. 16. Liber magistros terretis. 14. Libros habetis. delectat. 17. Nautas videmus. 18. Liberi epistolas habent. 19. Liberos habemus. 20. Liberi equos timent. LESSON IV. Second Declension-Neuter Nouns. 24. Learn the declension of bellum 'war' (C. F. bello-), or regnum 'kingdom' (C. F. regno-). Key 89; Smith 19; Sch. 57; Primer 19 b. In this declension, what letter is added to the crude form to make the nominative singular? What change is also made in the final vowel of the crude form? Are the genitive and dative singular made in the same way as in masculine nouns of this declension? Which cases are alike in the singular, and which in the plural? How is the nominative plural made from the crude form? Which cases in the singular, and which in the plural are made in the same way as in masculine nouns ? Can you distinguish the nominative case from the accusative by the form? Can you tell from the form of the accusative singular, whether a noun of the second declension is neuter? Can you tell this from the nominative case? Third Conjugation. 25. Learn the Present Tense of the Indicative Mood, Active Voice, of the verb seribo 'I write' (C. F. scrib-), or rego 'I make straight or rule' (C. F. reg-), and of acuo 'I sharpen' (C. F. acu-). Key 556; Primer 53; Smith 93; Sch. 138. Write down the forms in this tense of doceo and scribo side by side. Strike out in each the letters that belong to the stem or crude form. Are the terminations that are left the same in both verbs? If not, what difference is there? Can you see the reason of this difference? (Look at the final letters of the crude forms.) See what the forms would be, if you put the terminations of scribo after the crude form of doceo. Can you give the reason why the vowel e is long in docēs, docēmus, and docētis? Examples. 4. 26. 1. Aurum tango. 2. Pueri canunt. 3. Servus captivum ducit. Servum captivus caedit. 5. Captivos ducimus. 6. Ego aurum habeo, tu argentum habes. 7. Coelum videt. 8. Puer equum vendit. 9. Aurum pueros delectat. 10. Bellum timetis. 11. Coelum videmus. 12. Magistri scribunt. 13. Bella incolas terrent. 14. Servos vendimus. 15. Servum venditis. 16. Incolae bella timent. 27. 1. We are writing. 4. The prisoners have gold. 7. The boys write letters. Exercise 6. 2. The slaves sing. 3. The prisoner is singing. 5. Ye see the sky. 6. I am writing a letter. 8. Thou art touching the gold. 9. The silver charms the boy. 10. The prisoner sees the sky. 11. The slave sells the horses. 12. The masters are walking. 13. The sailors are singing. 14. The boy strikes the master. 15. Ye frighten the slaves. 16. We see the sky. 17. We are writing letters. 18. Ye are singing. 19. The slaves frighten the boys. 20. I have gold. 28. 1. Poetae canunt. Exercise 7. 2. Magistrum timeo. 3. Libros teneo. 4. Liberos video. 5. Argentum vides. 8. Nuntius epistolam portat. timent. 11. Equum laeditis. 14. Poetae libros scribunt. 10. Incolae bellum 13. Aurum habemus. LESSON V. Fourth Conjugation. 29. Learn the Present Tense of the Indicative Mood, Active Voice, of the verb audio ‘I hear' (C.F. audi-). Key 556; Smith 94 ; Sch. 138; Primer 54. What terminations are added to the crude form audi- to make the several persons of this tense in the singular and plural? Write down the terminations added to the crude form in the same tense of doceo or moneo. Are all the terminations the same in each verb? In which of the four conjugations isnt added to make the third person plural, and in which is -unt added? In which conjugations is —mus added to make the first person plural, and in which is -imus added? In which is ―tis added to make the second person plural? In which is —itis added? Nouns in ius (C. F. io-). 30. Learn the declension of filius 'son' (C. F. Alio-). Key 123; Smith 19, obs. 2; Sch. 58; Primer 196. Genitive Case. 31. The Genitive Case in Latin answers in part to the Possessive Case in English. It is most frequently joined to a noun, and serves to limit or define the noun to which it is attached. It is also equivalent to an Objective Case preceded by the preposition of, when 'of' indicates possession or partition, and sometimes when it marks the object of some action or feeling. It thus serves also to limit or define certain adjectives and verbs. Key 47, 920-927; Smith 262-269; Sch. 272-277; Primer 126-130. 32. The noun in the genitive case commonly (though by no means always) precedes the noun on which it depends. |