lost the money foolishly entrusted to him* by my father. 4. We are eating fish caught in yonder river, and we are drinking water drawn out of this well. 5. Water was given to the wounded [men] asking [for it] most eagerly. 6. Teaching others we teach ourselves. 7. We shall finish these works more easily. 8. Works easily finished" do not deserve a large reward. 9. Having been-presented with much gold and silver, the soldiers' joyfully departed out of the winter-quarters into Italy. 10. Beingabout to send a letter to his + father, the boy prudently showed it to the master. 11. I saw the king holding a sword in his right hand. 12. We saw a man' cruelly beating a little boy. 13. The enemy were savagely devastating the province far and wide (longe lateque) with fire and sword (iron). 14. Ye were pursuing the fleeing soldiers too eagerly (comp. degree). 15. The shepherds basely left the sheep to the wolves, and fled swiftly into a house" surrounded" by a wall. 16. The shepherd”, seeing” a lion' devouringo a sheep, bravely killed him with a sword. Exercise 81. 226. 1. Barbari hoc genere pugnae territi celeriter trans flumen fugerunt. 2. Mulieres in oppido turpissime relictae a barbaris atrociter trucidatae sunt. 3. Imperator propter bellum feliciter gestum a civibus suis praemiis maximis donatus est. 4. Oppidum incensuri cives omnia sua cum mulieribus liberisque in silvas miserunt. 5. Mulieres ex oppido missae aedificia incensa viderunt. 6. Aquam e puteo altissimo haustura, puella magnam urnam secum portavit. 7. Epistolam pulcerrime scriptam a filia accepi. 8. Epistolae quas a filio accepi pessime scriptae sunt. 9. Hiberna capta incenduntur. 10. Milites oppidum turpiter relicturos imperator saevissime punivit. 11. Barbari superati in fuga salutem petebant. 12. Lapides de muro dejecti milites graviter vulner averunt. LESSON XXIX. Deponent Verbs. 227. There is a peculiar class of verbs in Latin which have the meaning of verbs of the active voice, but are conjugated like verbs in the passive voice, except that they have present and future participles like verbs of the active voice. The perfect participle and the gerund are active in meaning, but the gerundive is passive. Some deponent verbs are transitive, some are intransitive. It is of course impossible to make a passive of a deponent verb.‡ Key 399, 400; Smith 84; Sch. 126; Primer 40. * Does him stand for the same person as the subject of the sentence? + What is the subject of the sentence? Does his denote what belongs to the person for whom the subject stands? Many deponent verbs have the sense of the middle voice in Greek; that is, they denote an action done by the agent upon himself. Thus, glorior 'I boast,' means, in fact, 'I make myself glorious;' vescor, 'I eat,' means 'I feed myself;' proficiscor, 'I set out,' means 'I begin to make (or set) myself forward.' Ablative Absolute. 228. An attendant circumstance connected with an action or event is often denoted in Latin by a noun or pronoun in the ablative case with an attributive adjunct-a noun, adjective, or participleagreeing with it. When the substantive in the ablative has a participle agreeing with it, or when consule or consulibus is attached to a proper name, the construction is usually called the ablative absolute. In English the nominative case is used absolutely, like the ablative in Latin. Eng. Gram. 372, 5; Key 1013; Smith 332; Sch. 309; Primer 125. Examples. [In a few of the following examples and exercises the substantives that are in, or that have to be put into, the ablative absolute, are printed in Italics. Of course, the participles and adjectives that qualify them are also put in the ablative case.] 229. 1. Paucis militibus interfectis* reliquos hostes in fugam dederunt. 2. His rebus cognitis, iidem principes civitatum qui ante ad Caesarem fuerant, reverterunt. 3. Patre suo mortuo maximum passuri sunt dolorem. 4. Vineis incensis, multis hostium vulneratis et occisis, consulum quoque alterum gravi vulnere ex equo dejectum prope interfecerunt. 5. Bello jam confecto consul in Italiam profecturus est. 6. Cognito Caesaris adventu Ariovistus legatos ad eum misit. 7. Sole oriente ex oppido profecti sumus. 8. Sole orto duces per campum secuti sumus. 9. Lucio Domitio, Appio Claudio consulibus, Caesar conventibus Galliae peractis in Illyricum proficiscitur. 10. Caesar una aestate duobus maximis bellis confectis in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum duxit ; ipse in Italiam profectus est. 11. Hac oratione habita mirum in modum conversae sunt omnium mentes. 12. Bello Helvetiorum confecto, totius fere Galliae legati ad Caesarem venerunt. Exercise 82a. 230. 1. The plan having-been-changed, he led the cohorts across the river into the territories of the Sequani. 2. The soldiers + having set out from the camp, were following the guides through the woods. 3. The guides having already set out from the camp, we will follow them quickly. 4. The sun having risen, we shall endure great heat. 5. The citadel having been taken, the citizens will set the town on fire. 6. The general,† having exhorted the soldiers, gives the signal for battle. 7. The king having exhorted the soldiers, the general gave the signal for battle (say of battle'). 8. The signal for battle having been given, the general exhorts the soldiers. 9. Many of the enemy having been killed, the soldiers returned into the camp. 10. The arms having been thrown down into the ditch, the soldiers of the fourth legion filed into the woods. arms. Exercise 82b. 11. Great slaughter having been made, the barbarians threw down their 12. The letter having been well written, the boy will receive a reward. 13. The letter,+ being very well written, will delight the master. 14. This * Attend carefully to the different ways in which the ablative absolute may be translated in English. Why is this noun not to be put in the ablative absolute? very wise advice having been given, the consul will not give the signal for battle. 15. Wise men follow counsel wisely given. 16. Very severe wounds having been received, the unfortunate men will suffer most cruel pains. 17. At sunrise (the sun rising) we will set out from the town. 18. Water having been drawn out of the well, we will gladly drink. 19. The cause of these things having been ascertained, we shall change our plans. 20. The enemy having been put-to-flight, the soldiers were praised-highly by the general. Exercise 83. 231. 1. Copiis e castris ductis barbari audacter in eas impetum fecerunt. 2. Provincia longe lateque vastata, barbari praedam trans flumen in silvas secum portaverunt. 3. Pueri canem celerius sequentes in puteum ceciderunt. 4. Aqua e puteo hausta oves bovesque bibent. 5. Aquam e puteo haustam non bibemus. 6. Epistola male scripta, puer punietur. 7. Pueri propter epistolas pessime scriptas punientur. 8. Prima luce ex oppido proficiscemini. 9. Priore aestate maximum passi sumus calorem. 10. Epistolis acceptis lectisque imperator nuntium secutus est. 11. Arboribus in silva caesis domum aedificaturus sum. 12. Consilio mutato castrisque incensis milites in oppidum reversuri sunt. 13. Praeda in silvis celata pastores oves bovesque trans flumen acturi sunt. 14. Bobus ovibusque ex agris actis pastores se in silvis celabunt. 15. Boves ex agris acti in silva celabuntur. LESSON XXX. Infinitive Mood. 232. Learn the imperfect and perfect tenses of the infinitive mood, active and passive, of all the four conjugations, and the infinitive mood of the verb sum. In the infinitive regere what termination is added to the crude form of the verb? If the same termination were added to the crude forms ama-, doce-, and audi-, what forms would result? What are the actual forms? Explain how the latter are formed from the former, and account for the length of the vowels ā, ē, and î, in the last syllable but one. Compare the perfect infinitive active with the perfect indicative active, and see what is added to the tense-form of the latter to make the former. Is the termination thus added like any part of the verb sum? In what other instances have you seen that the terminations of perfect tenses resemble parts of the verb sum? What is the last letter of the imperfect infinitive passive? What consonant precedes it in three of the conjugations? In which conjugation is this consonant not found? Of what parts is the perfect infinitive passive formed? Possum-Volo-Nolo-Malo. 233. Learn the irregular verbs possum 'I can, or I am able,' vŏlo 'I wish or will,' nōlo I do not wish or am unwilling,' and malo ‘I wish more or prefer.' Key 728, 733, 734, 735 ; Smith 112, 113; Sch. 170-174; Primer 79, 80. The verb possum is a compound of pot (shortened from potis, 'able') and the verb sum. What becomes of the t when it is followed by a syllable beginning with s? If the perfect tense of the verb sum were simply added to the syllable pot, what forms would result? What letter has been dropped in the forms actually used? What would be the full form of the imperfect infinitive if pot- were prefixed to the infinitive of sum? The form that results is actually used by the more ancient writers. What letters are omitted in the usual form? In which tense of the subjunctive mood is there the same contraction? Take any ten verbs, and write down side by side the imperfect infinitive and the past imperfect subjunctive of the active voice. You will always find them correspond in form, even in the irregular verbs. Thus we get posse and possem, velle and vellem, malle and mallem, nolle and nollem, ire and irem, &c. The crude form of the verb volo is vol. What would the third person singular and the second person plural be, if formed regularly? In vult and vultis what vowel has been omitted, and what has the o of the root been changed into? What is the o of the root changed into in the present and past imperfect subjunctive? If the past imperfect subjunctive were made from the stem vel in the ordinary way, what would the forms be? For what letter is the second in vellem a substitute. Do you find a similar substitution in any other part of the verb? The syllable nōl- in nolo is a contraction of nevol-, made up of the negative ne and vol. In malo the syllable mal is a contraction of mavol- or magvol, made up of mag the root of magis 'more' and vol- the root of volo. Infinitive Mood. 234. The infinitive mood is the verb used as a substantive. It may form either the subject or the object of another verb.† Key 1232, &c.; Smith 505, 506; Sch. 371, 373, 374 ; Primer 140. The Infinitive Mood is always treated as being of the neuter gender. The infinitive mood may itself govern an object or have adverbial phrases attached to it whether it be used as the subject or as the object of another verb. 235. The Infinitive however is not a substantive and nothing more. When it is used predication is implied though not expressed. Abire volo implies that what 'I will' is that 'I should go away.' Scribere possum implies that what I can bring about is 'that I should write.' Examples. [In the following examples (s) is placed after the verb in the infinitive mood when it is the subject of a verb, and (o) when it is the object.] 236. 1. Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori (s). 2. Et legere (o) et scribere (o) possum. 3. Non facile est bene scribere (s). 4. Milites urbem defendere (0) non possunt. 5. Pulcrum est digito monstrari (s). 6. Cupit scire (o). 7. Non volumus vobiscum ludere (o). 8. Ego legere (o) volo, frater meus ludere (0) mavult. 9. Se ipsum laudare (s) non decet. 10. Juvat epistolas ab amicis accipere (s). 11. Hunc locum duabus ex partibus oppugnare (0) contendit. 12. Poterisne tantos dolores pati (s)? 13. Haec durum fuit pati (s). 14. Juvabit hoc dulce vinum bibere (s). 15. Non tutum est noctu per silvas In possim the first s is the softened form of the t in pot. In possem (shortened from potessem), both the s's should be considered as belonging to the verb, the t of the prefix being dropped. Observe that it is quite a mistake to suppose that the preposition to is always used before the infinitive mood in English, or that it forms an essential part of it. In such phrases as I can write, I must go, the verbs write and go are in the infinitive mood. The to is no more a part of the infinitive mood than à is in the French à faire, or zu in the German zu lesen. (See Eng Gram. § 189.) When a simple interrogative sentence does not begin with an interrogative word such as quis who?' quantus 'how great?' &c., the little particle ně is often placed after the first word of the sentence. It must not be confounded with the negative në. iter facere (s). 16. Nolo pecuniam a te acceptam reddere (o). 17. Eadem velle (s) atque eadem nolle (s) firma est amicitia. 18. Non decet sibi soli divitias quaerere (s). 19. Scis pugnare (o). 20. Nolumus hunc ducem sequi (o). Exercise 84. 237. 1. Can you ascertain the cause of this thing? 2. To hate one's (suo-) parents is not becoming. 3. I cannot read the letter which you have written. 4. Many [men] having been killed, the rest (reliquo) hastened to return into the town. 5. The cause of these things having been ascertained, you will easily be able to finish the business. 6. It is delightful in summer to walk through the thick woods. 7. Do you wish + to read this book? 8. Can we ascertain the causes of these things? 9. The barbarians were not able to storm the town. 10. We are unwilling to seek-for riches basely. 11. The boys are unwilling to show [to] me the book which they are reading. 12. I will (volo) drink water; do you prefer to drink wine ? Exercise 85. 238. 1. In hoc loco manere non poterimus. 2. In horto tecum ambulare volumus; pueri in prato ludere malunt. 3. Poterisne haec opera difficillima hodie conficere? 4. Omnes amari volumus. 5. Opus non potest hodie confici. 6. Non vis ex oppido discedere. 7. Homo occidi metuit. 8. Haec facile sciri possunt. 9. Non possum Graece loqui. 10. Potesne Latine loqui? 11. Nonne audebitis hoc facere? 12. Milites non ausi sunt cum hostibus contendere qui jam equites fugaverant. 13. Non ausi eratis hostes sequi. 14. Opere male perfecto servi ad dominum revertere non audebunt. Exercise 86. 239. 1. It will be hard to endure such (tanto-) pains. 2. I do not choose to give back to you the horse which you sold me. (See § 67.) 3. Do you know [how] to finish this work? 4. To seek carefully [for] wisdom is becoming. 5. You wish [for] the same things that (rel.) I wish [for]. 6. That nation will not dare to carry on war with the Roman people. 7. The war being finished, the inhabitants will venture to return into the fields. 8. [It] is not easy to ascertain the cause of this thing. 9. To be praised by wise men is delightful. 10. To be punished on account-of another [man's] fault is hard. 11. I do not choose to sell the horse which I bought yesterday. 12. A brave soldier does not fear to be killed. Exercise 87. 240. 1. Urbs non potest a civibus defendi. 2. Sapientes odisse non decet 3. Cur heri nobiscum in horto ambulare noluisti? 4. Hostes facillime vincere poterimus. 5. Comites nostri nondum in domum reverterunt, in agris manere maluerunt. 6. Homo improbus non poterit aequo animo§ mori. 7. Sapientes vitam aequo animo relinquere possunt. 8. Nolumus oriente sole proficisci. 9. Vir fortis sapiensque dolores aequo animo pati poterit. 10. Nolo salutem fuga quaerere. 11. Aquam ex hoc flumine haustam bibere nolumus. 12. Arce capta milites oppidum facile expugnare potuerunt. • See note on § 236, 12. ↑ See note on § 236, 12. Express the pronouns, because they are emphatic. The ablative is here used to mark an attendant circumstance. See 228. |