LESSON XV.

Third Declension-Nouns with stems ending in i-.

102. Learn the declension of avis 'bird' (C. F. avi-), nubes 'cloud' (C. F. nubi-), and of the neuter noun mare 'sea' (C. F. mari-). Key 88, 148; Smith 26, 29; Sch. 61.; Primer 22.

Explain how each case is made from the crude form. In the genitive plural avium, how much of the word is the case-ending? Is this case-ending the same as in consonantnouns? In what class of nouns will be found before um in the genitive plural? Observe that when the crude form ends in i, the accusative plural may end either in -is or in -es, the former being in fact the preferable form. See if the accusative plural ever ends in -is when the crude form ends in a consonant. Explain how each case of mare is made from the crude form. Do the terminations added in the plural to the crude form differ at all from those added in other neuter nouns of the third declension?

The verb sum 'I am.'

103. Learn the present, past imperfect, and future tenses of the indicative mood of the verb sum 'I am.' Key 722; Smith 90; Sch. 137; Primer 50.

What would be the form in the present tense of this verb, if the ordinary terminations of a verb of the third (or consonant) conjugation were added to the root es-? Write down beside them the forms actually in use, and show how they differ from the former. In which persons has the initial vowel of the root been omitted?

104. The verb sum (C. F. es-) is usually a verb of incomplete predication; that is, it requires to be accompanied by an adjective or noun to make the sense complete. The adjective or noun which is so used is called the complement of the predicate, and equally with the verb itself stands in the predicative relation to the subject of the verb. (Eng. Gram. 391, 393.) The verb of incomplete predication and its complement form the complete predicate. As both the predicate and the subject are spoken of the same thing, they must agree in those points which they have in common. Hence the complement of any part of the verb sum must agree with the subject of the verb in gender, number, and case. This is usually expressed by the rule that the verb sum takes the same case after it as before it. The same principle holds good in the case of other verbs of incomplete predication, such as fio 'I become;' videor 'I seem;' vocor I am called;' habeor 'I am regarded,' &c. Key 875, 878; Smith 232; Sch. 240; Primer 93, 2.

Examples.

105. 1. Oppidum magnum est. 2. Pueri sunt boni. 3. Fossae erant altae. 4. Naves magnae sunt. 5. Laetus sum. 6. Moestus eras. 7. Moesta eris, O puella. 8. Laeti eratis. Laetae eritis. 9. Fossa magna est circum oppidum. 10. Aurum multum est in oppido. 11. Milites in oppido sunt multi. 12. Laeti sumus. 13. Doctus es. 14. Docti estis, O magistri (voc.). 15. Saevus es, O domine. 16. Laetae estis, O mulieres. 17. Pisces multi sunt in mari. 18. Pisces multos e mari retibus capiemus.

Exercise 37.

106. 1. The wall of the town is high.* 2. The javelins of the soldiers are sharp. 3. The difficulties will be great. 4. The river is broad. 5. The ships of the Gauls were large. 6. [There] is a large town in the island. 7. The soldiers are in the ships. 8. The children's books are new. 9. The brother of the honest centurion was wicked. 10. The soldiers' shields are small. 11. We shall be joyful.+ 12. Ye are sad.+ 13. The boy's father is learned. 14. [There] are large towns in the island. 15. The king's sword is sharp. 16. We were in the small ship. 17. Thou art joyful, O girl. 18. Ye will be joyful, boys. 19. We were in the camp of the enemy. 20. They were in the meadows.

Exercise 38.

107. 1. Aves multae sunt in densis silvis. 2. Laetae erunt mulieres. 3. Altitudo muri magna erat. 4. Flumina multa sunt in provincia. 5. Pila militum sunt acuta. 6. Moesta es, O puella. 7. Laeti eritis, O cives. 8. In prato cum pueris eratis. 9. Multae aves in silva densa erant. 10. Stulti eramus. 11. Stultus est puer ignavus. 12. Mulieres timidae erant. 13. Mare latum est. 14. Multi milites sunt in eastris. 15. Mali cives multi sunt in oppido.

Exercise 39.

108. [The beginner must remember that when the verb be is employed in English as an auxiliary verb in forming the present and past imperfect tenses, and the future tense of either the active or the passive voice, it must not be translated in Latin by any part of the verb sum. It is always an auxiliary verb when followed by an imperfect participle, and usually when followed by a perfect participle.]

1. The sisters of Lucius will be sorrowful. 2. The boys are delighted with the new books. 3. The brother of the honest centurion was wicked. 4. The freedom of the citizens is preserved by the valour of the soldiers. 5. The sons of the good centurion are idle. 6. The javelins of the Romans were sharp. 7. The boy's new book is delighting the sister. 8. The inhabitants of the little state have many ships. 9. Many fish are caught in all seas. 10. We are catching fish. 11. The soldier's shield is small. 12. We are the sons of Publius. 13. Thou wilt be the friend of Publius. 14. [There] were many citizens in the town. 15. The state will be preserved by good laws. 16. The sea is great. 17. The height of the wall was great. 18. Ye will be sorrowful, O women. 19. The boy's father is a poet. 20. Idle boys are foolish.

Exercise 40.

109. 1. Lucii soror Caii mater est. 2. Boni cives libertatem civitatis cupiunt. 3. Miles pilum acutum celabat. 4. Mulieres moestae naves magnas scandunt. 5. Libertas civitatis virtute civium servatur. 6. Fossa magna a civibus circum oppidum fodietur. 7. Altitudo fossae hostes terret. . 8. Castra Gallorum a militibus expugnabantur. 9. Ignavi pueri a magistro docto

* Those adjectives only are in italics which are in the attributive relation to nouns, and may be omitted in translating the sentences for the first time. See note on Ex. 33. This may be translated in two ways, according to the gender of the subject.

spernentur. 10. Frumentum hostibus ab incolis improbis oppidi venditur. 11. In mare cades. 12. In silvas densas fugiemus. 13. Silvae densae circum oppidum sunt. 14. Mulieres timidae maris periculis terrebuntur. 15. Navis magna hostium a nautis laetis capitur. 16. Captivi laeti a rege liberantur. 17. Opera nova cives delectabunt. 18. Leges malae a civibus stultis laudabantur. 19. Carmina laeta cano. 20. Centurionis servi onera magna in capite portabant.

LESSON XVI.

Adjectives in er (C. F. ero-) and is (C. F. i-).

110. Learn the declension of the adjectives asper, aspĕra, asperum 'rough' (C. F. aspero-, aspera-, aspero-), and ater, atra, atrum (C. F. atero-, atera-, atero-). Key 214; Smith 56; Sch. 85; Primer 32.

If ater were declined exactly like asper, how would the forms differ from those actually used? Compare with the masculine forms the declension of puer 'boy,' and liber 'book.' See § 19.

111. The following adjectives retain the ĕ in the second syllable: asper 'rough,' těněr 'tender,' liběr 'free,' miser 'wretched,' lăcer mangled, torn,' prosper 'favourable,' and the compound derivatives from fero and gero, as aurifer 'gold-producing,' belliger 'belligerent.' Dexter 'on the right hand,' is declined both ways. All other adjectives in er are declined like ater.

112. Learn the declension of the adjective tristis 'sad' (C. F. tristi-). Key 217; Smith 59; Sch. 87; Primer 33.

Compare the masculine and feminine genders of tristis with avis, and the neuter gender with mare, and see if there is any difference between them.

113. Adverbs serve the same purpose in Latin as in English (Eng. Gram. 259, 260). They are indeclinable words, and qualify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs, and are usually placed before the words that they qualify.

Examples.

114. 1. Pueri nuces multas in silva aspera hodie legebant. 2. Mulieres miserae omnes cras ex oppido mittentur. 3. Servi miseri ossa omnia legebant. 4. Non omnes pueri libros bonos legunt. 5. Longum iter cras conficiemus. 6. Milites fortes iter per silvam heri faciebant. 7. Opera omnia cras conficientur. 8. Canis saevus crus pueri heri mordebat. 9. Cives miseri hiemem propter frigus metuunt. 10. Mulieres miserae videntur.* 11. Via longa videbitur. 12. Viri boni videmini. 13. Canes nigri ossa vorabant. 14. Servi miseri onera gravia in capite portabant. 15. Crura longa habes. 16. Lapis gravis in pueri caput cadit. 17. Classem hostium prope insulam conspicimus. 18. Pueri lapides graves in altum flumen jacient.

*Notice this meaning of the Passive Voice of video. Read again § 104.

Exercise 41.

115. 1. All the soldiers are being worn out with wounds. 2. The master will not teach all the boys to-day. 3. The dishonest slaves will sell the black horse to the centurion's brother to-morrow. 4. [There] are many black men in the town. 5. The soldiers will march through the territories of the enemy (pl.). 6. The boy throws a heavy stone into the river. 7. The boy has a large stone in [his] mouth. 8. The black dogs have bones in [their] mouths. 9. The hearts of all the boys are joyful. 10. All the hostages will be sent to-morrow with the prisoners into the town. 11. We were gathering nuts in the woods yesterday. 12. The soldiers receive severe wounds. 13. Ye will all carry heavy loads. 14. The fleet of the enemy is perceived near the island. 15. Ye were marching yesterday through a rugged wood. 16. We shall finish all the works to-morrow. 17. He seems * a brave man. 18. They are all brave men. 19. The tender girls will accomplish a long journey to-day. 20. The foolish boys often throw heavy stones into the river.

Exercise 42.

116. 1. Cras nuces in silva legetis. 2. Longam epistolam a Caii fratre legemus. 3. Os cani a servo jacitur. 4. Gravia vulnera multa in capite conspiciuntur. 5. Equi nigri improbis servis a centurionis fratre vendebantur. 6. Crura magna habent pueri. 7. Puellae tenerae itineris periculis terrebuntur. 8. Iter per fines hostium faciemus. 9. Ossa canum + in fossam jacientur. 10. Naves hostium prope insulam conspicitis. 11. Lapides asperi sunt. 12. Lapides asperi in flumen altum jaciuntur.

LESSON XVII.

Third Declension.—Mixed Forms.

117. Learn the declension of urbs 'city' (C. F. urb- and urbi-), mons 'mountain' (C. F. mont- and monti-), pars 'part' (C. F. partand parti-). Key 148; Smith 21; Primer 21.

Compare the declension of mons with that of lapis, and explain how the nominative singula is made from the crude form, pointing out what letter is added to the crude form, and what letter of the crude form is struck out. Does the crude form ending in i make its appearance in the singular or in the plural? What would be the genitive plural, if it were formed from the crude form mont-?

118. Learn the declension of praesens 'present' (C. F. praesentand praesenti-), and of felix 'fortunate' (C. F. fēlic- and fēlīci-). Key 219*; Smith 60; Sch. 88; Primer 33.

Compare the declension of the masculine and feminine of praesens with that of mons, and the declension of felix with that of urbs. Is there any difference between them? Of what two letters is the x of felix made up? What parts of the neuter of these adjectives are the same as in the masculine and feminine?

Compare the plurals of praesens and felix with that of tristis. Is there any difference in the way in which the various cases are made from the crude form?

Perfect Tenses.

119. The personal inflexions of the Perfect Tenses are the same for all the conjugations. The stem, or tense-form, to which the suffixes Notice this meaning of the Passive Voice of video. Read again § 104. See Key 137 respecting this irregular genitive plural.

are added in the Active Voice may always be obtained by striking off the final - of the first person singular in the present perfect tense of the indicative mood. The following suffixes are found in the perfect tenses of the indicative mood, active voice, of all verbs:

Learn Key 584, 588, 590, 561; Smith 91, 92, 93, 94; Sch. 136, 138. Respecting the names and arrangement of the tenses see Eng. Gram. 205, 207; Key 439-447.

120. The Present Perfect Tense is in some Grammars erroneously called the Preter-perfect tense (Praeteritum perfectum), and the Past Perfect Tense is called the Pluperfect or Preter-pluperfect_tense (Plusquamperfectum or Praeteritum plusquamperfectum). The Future Perfect Tense is called by the unmeaning name Second Future.

121. In Latin there is only one form to answer to the Present Perfect Tense, and the Past Indefinite, or Aorist Tense, in English. Thus amavi means both I have loved and I loved; scripsi means both I have written and I wrote. Key 473, 584, 585. In translating from Latin into English, we must be guided by the general meaning of the sentence in determining whether we must use the Present Perfect or the Past Indefinite Tense. In an isolated sentence both modes of translation are allowable.

122. Write out the following present perfect tenses (with the two corresponding English forms) at full length :—that is, write down the three persons in both the singular and the plural number :