1. The Augustinian order, i. e., the order of Augustinian Hermits, claims to have been founded King's end by St. Augustine of Hippos; the Canons Regular of St. Augustine, who are sometimes, though inaccurately, styled Augustinians, claim to have been founded in the Apostolic College, and to have been reformed by St. Augustine, who reduced their rule to writing, and is therefore called their legislator. The rule of St. Augustine was made binding on all regular canons in the eleventh century.

CLAIBORNE, OF WESTMORELAND.-Will any of your readers kindly mention the title of a history of Westmoreland, or other book containing the early records of the family of Claiborne, who formerly belonged to that county? EVELYN.

GALILEO.-A paragraph has been going the "rounds of the press" to the effect that "a monument has been erected in Rome, on the Via Pincio, fronting the old Medici Palace, now occupied by the French Embassy, where he was kept a prisoner in 1637, during his prosecution by the Inquisition." Is this date correct? According to the Encyclopaedia Britannica,' Galileo read his recantation June 22, 1633, and on July 6 was permitted to depart for Siena to the Archbishop's residence. In December he returned to Florence, where he spent the remainder of his life, and died Jan., 1642. EXTIRP TO RAIL.-This verb is used in this peculiar sense in Samuel Rowley's When You ee Me You know Mee; or, the Famous Chronicle Historie of King Henry the Eight' (F 3, back):

A. L. L.

Has set this foole a worke, Thus to extirpe against his holinesse. And (H 2, back):—

-

She did extirpe against his Holinesse. The meaning seems to be "to speak censoriously" "abusively," "to rail." As it occurs twice, and in the same phrase, it is evidently not a misprint. I cannot find any such signification given to the word in any dictionary. Can any of your readers furnish any instance of a similar use of this verb? F. A. MARSHALL.

8, Bloomsbury Square, W.C.

THE STOCKS AND THE PILLORY.-The names of any villages in England or Wales still retaining the obsolete instruments of punishment the stocks (with or without the whipping-post) or the pillory, will be gratefully received by ALLAN FEA. Bank of England, E.C.

IRISH PRIVY COUNCIL RECORDS.-I shall be grateful to any one who can and will give me any information as to the present custody of the records of the Irish Privy Council about the year 1610. I have made inquiry here at the Public Record Office and at the Privy Council Office, and in Dublin at the Dublin Record Office and at the State Paper Office, Dublin Castle; but no one seems to know anything about them. P. EDWARD DOVE.

23, Old Buildings, Lincoln's Inn.

THE REPRINT OF THE FIRST FOLIO SHAKSPEARE OF 1807.-I should be much obliged if a copy of Upcott's list of 368 errors in this reprint. any of your readers could tell me where I can see I believe it was never published; but copies have been made in MS. at various times, and I am told are found sometimes at the end of this reprint.

E. B. H.

native of Newport. Can any reader of N. & Q.'
JOHN FROST, THE CHARTIST.-Frost was રી
kindly give me the exact date of his birth? For
many years after his return to England he resided
1877. I shall be glad to know where he was
at Stapleton, near Bristol, and died on July 29,
buried, and if his age is given on his tombstone.
G. F. R. B.

CARGO.-In Ben Jonson's 'Poetaster,' V. iii., we have, "A couple of condemn'd caitive calumnious cargo's." Gifford explains, "Bullies or bravoes." He notes that the word is sometimes used by our old poets as an interjection. Of this use I have two examples :

But cargo! my fiddlestick cannot play without rosin,
Miseries of Enforced Marriage,' IV.
Twenty pound a year
For three good lives? Cargo! hai Trincalo !
'Albumazar.'

Gifford says the word has been referred to Italian
the military word of command, cargo (?)=charge!
coraggio. He himself inclines rather to see in it
Can any one either supply further examples, or
suggest any other account of the word? May I
ask for direct replies?

14, Norham Road, Oxford.

C. B. MOUNT.

"THE COUNTRY BOX, BY ROBERT LLOYD, A. M." -What is known of this "ingenious writer"? I

lately came across a poem, with the above title and signature, in a book styled 'Poems on Various Subjects,' by Thomas Tomkins, "London, printed for the Editor and J. Wallis at Yorick's Head, Ludgate Street, 1780." Tomkins would appear, from an advertisement at the end of the volume, to have been a writing-master in Foster Lane, Cheapside; and the book is said to be printed by the Etheringtons. The poem itself is a description of a rural retreat about a mile from "Cheney Row, Chelsea," lately bought by a rich cit named 'Thrifty." In it occurs a couplet illustrating what I have written about Piccadilly in my 'Old and New London' (vol. iv. p. 287) as being at that time the headquarters of sculptors and statuaries, like the New Road in our own day :

And now from Hyde Park Corner come
The Gods of Athens and of Rome.

E. WALFORD, M.A.

Hyde Park Manions, N.W. KING'S END CAR. What is a car"-used, apparently, in Ireland.

3. Is not "Black Monks of the Angels" a mistake for "of the English" (Anglorum)?

4. Canons Regular are Austin Canons living under a quasi-monastic rule; Canons Secular are canons of non-monastic cathedral and collegiate churches. "Black Monks" are Benedictines, and "Black Canons," Augustinians. Is "Fratres de Sacra" a mistake for "de Sacco," referring to the order of friars "de pœnitentia," who went about in sacks?

5. Marmoûtier, Mont St. Michel, the two great abbeys at Caen, Bec, and St. Bertin, were Benedictine; Fontenay and Savigny, Cistercian; Tironeaux, Cistercian; Hautpays I cannot find.

6. The Order of the Holy Trinity was instituted in 1197 as a branch of the Augustinian order. Bp. Hatfield's Hall, Durham.

J. T. F.

1. The Augustinian order, i. e., the order of Augustinian Hermits, claims to have been founded "King's end by St. Augustine of Hippos; the Canons Regular of St. Augustine, who are sometimes, though inG. A. A. accurately, styled Augustinians, claim to have been founded in the Apostolic College, and to have been reformed by St. Augustine, who reduced their rule to writing, and is therefore called their legislator. The rule of St. Augustine was made binding on all regular canons in the eleventh century.

AUTHORS OF QUOTATIONS WANted.—
First worship God, he that forgets to pray
Bids not himself good morrow, nor good day;
Let thy first labour be to purge thy sin,
And serve Him first whence all things did begin.
Long do they live, nor die too soon,

Who live till life's great work is done. S. M. P.
The unfinished window in Aladdin's tower
Unfinished must remain.

Replies.

RELIGIOUS ORDERS.
(7th S. iii. 449.)

JUNIUS.

1. The Austin Canons became organized in their medieval form after the Council of Lateran in 1139, when Innocent II. gave them a rule which St. Augustine drew up for nuns. They had further rules which they attributed to St. Augustine, whom they regarded as their founder, and they may have been in some sort of organic continuity with some order established by him. The Austin Friars, or Eremites, were at first hermits, but became a mendicant order in the twelfth century. They also observed the so-called rule of St. Augustine, and probably claimed him as their founder.

2. The Præmonstratensians were an offshoot

from the Austin Canons, and were called White Canons, from their white cassock, that of the Austin Canons being black. "White Bernardines" were either some sub-order of the Cistercian or White Monks, or the Order of Mount Olivet, instituted by Bernard (not Berrardine) of Sienna, A.D. 1320. Their habit was white.

2. "White Canons" are such canons regular as wear a white tunic, e. g., those of the Lateran congregation. "Premonstratensians" are white canons; they were founded early in the twelfth century by St. Norbert, afterwards Archbishop of Magdeburg. "White Bernardines" are probably Cistercians, who are sometimes called "Bernardines," after their founder St. Bernard, and wear a white habit.

4. "Canons Regular" are the canons of a collegiate or cathedral church who are bound by the "Secular Canons" are rule of St. Augustine. canons who do not belong to a religious order. "Black Monks" are Benedictines. "Black Canons are canons who wear a black tunic instead of a white one; the "Black Canons of Martiall" were probably members of a congregation of canons regular thus distinguished. Were not "Victorines" the canons of the celebrated congregation of St. Victor

in Paris?

5. Marmoutier, Mont St. Michel, Caen, and Bec belonged to the order of St. Benedict. 6. The order of the Holy Trinity was not an offshoot of any other.

I am writing from memory, being out of reach will find the above, so far as it goes, authentic. of any reference library, but I think HERMENTRUDE

Liskeard, Cornwall.

E. W. BECK.

St. Augustine of Hippo founded several monas teries in Africa, which were destroyed by the Vandals; but though governed by strict rules, the

order was very different from the one called, after him, Augustine, or Augustinian. The Augustines were governed by rules, said to be those of St. Augustine, but in reality the work of several Popes, notably Pope Alexander IV. They were called "Black Canons," and according to Fuller were established in England in 1105. For particulars of the order and the pretended rules of St. Augustine see Hook's Church Dictionary' (art."Augustines"), seventh edition, pp. 71 and 72. E. PARTINGTON.

Manchester.

1. "The foundation of the order was......confidently referred to St. Augustine of Nippo (Catholic Dictionary,' Addis and Arnold, p. 56). But the article seems to assert without reason.

2. "Premonstratensians" were commonly called in England "White Canons," from their white habit. They were founded by St. Norbert in 1119 at Prémontré, in the forest of Coucy, near Laon. 4. Black Canons" are Augustinian Canons. "Black Friars" (not Monks) are Dominicans. "Canons Regular" are Augustinian Canons.

66

6. "Trinitarians" were founded at Rome in 1198 by St. John of Matha and St. Felix of Valois. The rule was that of St. Austin.

St. Andrews, N.B.

GEORGE ANGUS.

HERMENTRUDE's first question, and the second so far as relates to the White Canons and White Bernardines, can be answered in the affirmative. Most of the information required may be found in Dr. Littledale's elaborate article on "Monachism" in the ninth edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica' and in Haydn's 'Dictionary of Dates,' s. v. each order. EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M. A. The Library, Claremont, Hastings.

also in alphabetical order, and extended beyond P, but not, I think, complete; in it, however, was an epitaph for which I searched, the name commencing with T.

gone.

In regard to the Cromwells, I wish to convey my thanks to MR. CROMWELL RUSSELL for the information he imparts in reply to my inquiry. I have visited the tombs (two altar tombs, standing about three yards apart), on one of which the inscriptions are yet partly, but very faintly, visible. On the smaller tomb, that which was found seven feet underground and restored to its position by the City Corporation, the inscription is entirely It is here MR. CROMWELL RUSSELL says that the old lady who died at Ponder's End in 1813 and her daughter Susan, the last of the Cromwells, were buried, and this is evident from the absence of their names on the other tomb, which only had Dr. Rippon's notice, although, as Susan Cromwell was buried in 1834, it is difficult to believe that her tomb was out of sight before "Henry Crom1836, when Dr. Rippon died. well" has been inscribed on the tomb reinstated by the Corporation; "Richard Cromwell his vault" appears on the other, recently cut. The "Henry Cromwell" was, I should think, Richard's brother; he died unmarried in 1769, æt. seventyone. MR. CROMWELL RUSSELL appears to think the vault was that of Major Henry Cromwell, father of the above brothers; but in that case the wife of the major (he himself died and was buried at Lisbon) would most probably have been buried in it, whereas she was consigned to her son Richard's tomb, as the inscription on it states. There was another brother, Thomas (husband of the old lady of Ponder's End, and who died sixty-five years before her), buried in Bunhill Fields in 1748; his tomb is no longer to be found, but Dr. Rippon has preserved the inscription; he was buried with his first wife and her parents, whose name was Tidman.

BUNHILL FIELDS AND THE CROMWELL FAMILY (7th S. iii. 268, 413).-To any reader of 'N. & Q.' interested in Bunhill Fields, and who may have I may be allowed to add that a nice little guidebeen puzzled by my stating that I found Dr. book or History of the Bunhill Fields Burying Rippon's copies of inscriptions at the British Ground,' published this year, is to be obtained Museum, while at the same time MR. ROBERTS from the very civil keeper of the ground; it conBROWN writes that they are preserved in the tains a plan and some good sketches of the princilibrary of Heralds' College, I would say that we pal tombs. In the account there is an interesting are both right. The British Museum volumes con- quotation from the diary of a lady who had seen tain the inscriptions-apparently the original notes Dr. Rippon at work, "laid down upon his side made on the ground-from A to P, with the ex-between two graves, and writing out the epitaphs ception of H. Those from Q to Z, not being at Great Russell Street, may be with the Heralds, or there may be a complete transcript at the College; but as to this, on inquiring there, I failed to obtain information because I was unwilling to pay five shillings for it. At the British Museum, besides the inscriptions pasted into the large volumes, the names arranged alphabetically but not extending beyond letter P, there is a small book containing inscriptions, apparently copies of original notes,

word for word. He had an inkhorn in his buttonhole, and a pen and book," &c. A veritable "Old Mortality," as the writer of the account calls him, "dwelling much among these tombs, and doing a work for which his memory ought to be kept for ever fresh and green." Finally the worthy Dr. Rippon was himself laid to rest among the graves on the record of which he had bestowed so much patient labour. He died in 1836, in his eighty-sixth year. W. L. RUTTON.