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glad to find, yet exists, and, though degraded to secular uses, is, we gather, in structurally good order. We trust that it may soon be found possible to restore it once more to public use, and to relieve it from the surrounding modern buildings which at present clog it on every side. The book before us is not a history of the abbey, but a series of short papers, most of which, we gather, have been printed elsewhere. Such a miscellany cannot in any way supply the place of a history, but it has its own uses. Any future historian will be glad to possess the information which it enshrines. Many plates of ancient floor-tiles are given. One of them gives a rude representation of the west front of a church, with a central and two western towers. It was found on the site of the abbey, and may be a representation of the church before its desecration. Twenty-two other tiles are figured, all of which have been turned up during recent excavations within the abbey precincts. Many of them are of types which are not uncommon in England, but some seem new in treatment. No. i., four lions' heads crowned within a circle, is quite new to the present writer. Nos. v., vii., xiii., and xiv., all extremely beautiful patterns, are of unfamiliar types. No. xxii. is very curious. It is quite plain, consisting only of the letter V four times repeated. What the symbolism of this may be it is, perhaps, vain to speculate. These tiles suggest an interesting inquiry. Are they of native manufacture, or have they been imported from England? Our impression is that some of them (and if some, probably all) are Irish; but before any definite conclusion can be arrived at it will be necessary to examine and compare other examples discovered in Ireland, and to learn, if it be possible, if any manufactory of ornamental paving tiles existed in Ireland. It was the opinion of the late Mr. Walbran, the learned Yorkshire antiquary, that tiles of this sort were commonly made on or near the spot where they were to be used. It is therefore possible that the monks of St. Mary's may have imported English makers to design and bake their flooring tiles. Historic Towns. Edited by E. A. Freeman and W. Hunt. Oxford. By Charles W. Boase. (Longmans & Co.) Manchester. By George Saintsbury. (Same publishers.) THESE two books are strangely dissimilar, both in matter and style. Oxford, as Mr. Green has told us, was among the first of English municipalities, and "had already seen five centuries of borough life before a student appeared within its streets." The materials for the history of Oxford are consequently large; and Mr. Boase's great difficulty has been to compress his account within the prescribed limits. Some querulous persons may, perhaps, complain that some particular incident, in which they are specially interested, has been inadequately treated. But in series of this kind no reasonable being can expect to find more than a general historical sketch of a town possessing such a lengthy record as Oxford boasts of. We can congratulate Mr. Boase on the happy manner in which he has accomplished a task far from easy, for though the mass of information which he gives us is necessarily condensed, it would be difficult to find a dull page in his book.

Although originally written for the series of "Historic Towns," Mr. Saintsbury's book is published independently, in consequence of differences of opinion having arisen between Mr. Freeman and the author. Unlike Oxford, Manchester has no early history. It is true that it is mentioned in the Domesday Book, and that Thomas Gresley, in May, 1301, granted a charter to the town, under which it was governed for some five hundred years. But though we learn incidentally, from an Act passed in the thirty-third year of the reign of Henry VIII., that Manchester " is, and hath of long time

been a town well inhabited, and the King's subjects inhabitants of the same town well set awork in making cloths as well of linen as of woollen," Mr. Saintsbury is unable to tell us when it first became a manufacturing town. Practically, the history of Manchester commences with the beginning of the Civil War. In order, therefore to fill up the regulation number of pages, Mr. Saintsbury descants somewhat at length on such subjects as the rise of the modern cotton trade, the anti-corn law league, and the principles of the Manchester school of politics. We venture to think that he has committed a grave error in judgment in going out of his way to attack the principles and leaders of the Manchester school in the vehement manner he does. Such polemical disquisitions as Mr. Saintsbury indulges in are as much out of place in a book of this character as they would be in the pages of N. & Q.'

Both books are illustrated with a couple of plans. Each is furnished with an index, but even here the dissimilarity of these books is curiously illustrated, for while Mr. Boase's copious index occupies nearly twelve pages, Mr. Saintsbury's apology for one does not fill four.

Miscellanea Genealogica et Heraldica comes out with a double part for June and July, containing, among other features of interest, a very good specimen of sixteenth century heraldic writing and illumination, in the shape of a grant of arms by Hawley, Clarencieux, to Thomas Ffletewood, of London, gentleman, Auditor of our Lord the King's County Palatine of Chester and Flint. In the same number the Dalison notes are illustrated by a couple of facsimiles of letters of Roger Dalyson, 1601 and 1602, while an elaborate pedigree of Thorold of Marston is communicated by Mr. H. Farnham Burke, Somerset, and there is a valuable note on the arms of Bartlett of Marldon, in Devonshire, and of other Bartletts and Bartelotts. We remark that the College of Arms is several times referred to in the current number under the unfamiliar designation of the "College of Heralds," which, so far as our memory serves us, is not the style used in official documents when drawn up in English. In Latin the style used may possibly be "Collegium Fecialium," though the King of Arms is described as "Rex Armorum," and not as July Misc. Gen. et Her. Fecialis," in the very grant printed in the June and

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9. The MINISTRY and the COUNTRY.

OUERIES.

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