CALDCLEUGH.-Who was this Mr. Caldcleugh? I am quoting from Mr. Bettany's 'Life of Darwin,' p. 45. This life of the great naturalist has lately appeared in the series of "Great Writers," now being edited by Prof. Eric S. Robertson. I ask this question on purely family grounds, and any kind replies may be sent to me direct. The quotation from Mr. Bettany's interesting little work is as follows: "On the 10th of April Santiago was again arrived at, and Mr. Caldcleugh most hospitably welcomed the traveller, delighted with his expedition. Never,' he says, 'did I more deeply enjoy an equal space of time."" Darwin's visit was in 1835. My maternal grandmother's maiden name was Caldcleugh, and her brother died suddenly at Valparaiso in 1809, without, we have always understood, leaving any issue. Now what astonished me was the fact that two persons of an uncommon name such as that of Caldcleugh should be living in such close propinquity as Valparaiso and Santiago without being in some manner connected. This great uncle of mine, Alexander Caldcleugh, who was heir to the Manor of Croydon, in Surrey, died, as I have said before, in 1809, without leaving any discoverable will. Before leaving England in 1803 he had occasion to borrow money to, I believe, the extent of 3,000l. from the Messrs. Drummond -then, as now, the leading solicitors in Croydon -in a form of mortgage on the Croydon property. The death of Mr. A. Caldcleugh being unascertainable, the mortgagees foreclosed, with the result that they obtained for a mere song property on which are now built considerable portions of New and East Croydon, to the detriment of those who would have been his heirsat-law. Any information on the subject of the identity of Darwin's Mr. Caldcleugh will very greatly oblige. EDWARD R. VYVYAN. 231, Elgin Avenue, Maida Vale, W. "O SAPIENTIA," OR GREAT O's OF ADVENT.Can any reader add to my list of these magnificent antiphons for Magnificat' or 'Benedictus' from the "Proper" of Advent and of St. Thomas the Apostle, from breviaries in their possession ?— 1. O admirabile commercium. 3. O beata Infantia. 6. O Bone Pastor qui. 12. O decus apostolicum. 13. O Domine fac. 14. O Eloii gyrum. 15. O Emanuel. 16. O Gabriel. 17. O gloriose tactor. 20. Orietur sicut sol. 26. O Sancte Sanctorum. 27. O sapentia. 28. O speculum. 29. O summe artifex. 31. O Virgo Virginum. Of these thirty-one only eleven find a place in the Pian-Roman Breviary in use to-day, and the remaining twenty are, I fear, in abeyance or dormant, but I trust not extinct. EVERARD GREEN, F.S.A. Reform Club, Pall Mall. P.S.-In the British Museum, in Add. MS. 17,353, are eight great O's which are not deemed to be liturgical, but merely O's for private devotion. They are in an Hora B.V.M. of the fifteenth century. The headings are very curious and interesting, and are as follows: 1. O bone Jesu. 2. O Adonai. 3. O Messyæ. 4. O Rabbi. 5. O Eloy. 6. O Emanuel. 7. O Agyæ. 8. O Tetragrammaton. T. ONWHYN: PETER PALETTE.-I have many illustrations signed by the above artists. Where can I find particulars of their lives and principal works? I cannot trace any mention of either in Gentlemen vellan ical and Befor Using A & stated to be the ancient name of Battle, not only great part of it was taken down. As it was t in Hamilton's 'National Gazetteer,' but in the burial-place of the Cumberworths, and had beeIm most recent issue (1886) of the 'Post Office Direc- enriched by Sir Thomas Cumberworth in 1440 and 1659 tory of Sussex. Now this notion appears to be with many valuable ornaments, it is probable that. D. Puz wholly founded on the expression "in epitumo this act of destruction swept away much that the Senlac" (words put into the mouth of the Con- present age would value. In some alterations queror himself on his death-bed) in the seventh which were made in this church a short time ago, book of Orderic's Ecclesiastical History.' To fragments of an effigy were discovered. The figure Orderic we owe the preservation of the name is in complete mail, except the knee-caps, which Senlac as the scene of the contest, which he are of plate. The legs are crossed, the feet rest on several times calls the battle of Senlac, stating a lion. On the left side, near the tail of the lion, that it was fought in a place "qui Senlac anti-is a little dog curled up asleep. The figure has quitus vocabatur," and "in campo Senlac." What, a shield charged with a chevron between three then, does he mean by "in epitumo Senlac," in the martlets. The head rests on a cushion supported passage referred to above? "Whatever epitumo by angels. may mean" (to use Prof. Freeman's expression), it is evident that it has nothing to do with the name of the place, which is Senlac. We are thrown upon conjectures for the meaning of epitumo, and it appears to me that Mr. Forester's, in his translation of Orderic's Ecclesiastical His tory' for Bohn's "Antiquarian Library," is exceedingly probable. He thinks that epitumo should be epithymo (a word adapted from the Greek for thyme), and that the word refers to the odoriferous plants found on heaths, so that we may translate "in epitumo Senlac" by "on the heath of Senlac." The word Senlac itself has been sufficiently discussed in the ninth volume of the Fourth Series of N. & Q.' Its form, as Prof. Freeman says, "may possibly be corrupt," and the resemblance to Sanguelac is probably only a coincidence, giving occasion for a French pun on the word. DR. CHARNOCK suggests (4th S. ix. 306) that it is of similar origin to Shenley or Shelley, meaning "beautiful field or place." W. T. LYNN. Blackheath, HALF SEAS OVER.-Dr. S. G. Green, in his 'Sketch of the Life of William Wilberforce, the Philanthropist,' published by the R. T. S. (p. 16), states that he (Wilberforce) would say, "I have often heard that sailors on a voyage will drink 'friends astern' till they are half way over, then 'friends ahead.'" The italics are mine. Could this custom be the origin of the phrase "half seas over"? By the time the sailors had got half the distance of their voyage, and changed their toast, some would probably be also "half seas over," in the sense of being half drunk. Though the phrase is now used, I believe, to denote a person completely intoxicated, it originally, I always understood, implied semi-intoxication only. ALPHA. SOMERBY, LINCOLNSHIRE.-Somerby is a small village about three and a half miles east of Brigg. The church was, as we gather from a petition of the year 1603, a cruciform structure, but, being then, as it appears, much larger than was required, a Is this p Somerby was, in the middle of the seventeenth century, the residence of Col. Edward Rossetter, the Parliamentarian officer who defeated the Pontefract raiders at the battle of Willoughby and did other useful work. He was one of those who helped in the work of the Restoration, and et was knighted in consequence. The following notes from the Somerby pamarrfegister relating to the Rossetter family are my fou of a place in 'N. & Q.':s the "Edward ye son of Sir Edward 'marter Knt. and ye Lady Arabella his wife baptized 29ti May in ye year 1662." "Horatio the son of Sir Edward ren the Lady Arabella his wife baptized thle 3d day of May f Oseter Knt, and [1663].' "Richard the son of Sir Edward Reter Knt._and the Lady Arabella his wife baptized e 2d of June [1664]." the Lady Arabella his wife baptized ye 24th of October [1667].' "Vere the daughter of Sir Edward Rosseter Knt, and "Mr. Thomas Rosseter buried ye 2d day of July [1668]." 'Sir Edward Rosseter Knt, buried ye 30 day of Jan. [1668-9]." Edward Rosseter Knt, deceased died ye 30th of August "The Lady Arabella Rosseter widow and relict of Sir and buried the 7th of September [1670].” EDWARD PEACOCK. LADY HAMILTON.-The renewed interest in this lady called forth by Mr. Cordy Jeaffreson's volumes is my reason for referring to an interesting autograph in my possession. This autograph is an inscription written by Lady Hamilton upon the inside of one of the covers of a volume of Miss Edgeworth's 'Popular Tales,' and reads as follows: "A present to my much Loved Dear Horatia Nelson whom God will I Hope Bless, protect succour & comThat she will be Religious virtuous amiable & good and fort, and I Hope she will be an ornament to Her Sex and that Her Education will be solid free from any affecta tion, that she will have the fear of God before her eyes, the Christian ane perhaps this was a mistake of the would-be read. The antler. Was there a smaller edition of these Jeafreen, volumes, or were some of the copies destroyed? cover is in I notice that these three parts are advertised for may rely tuch more frequently than any others. Q. V. Belfast [The parts after which you inquire are out of print, mention it, but he explains mi-carême as the day BROWNE.-Where can one find anything about Sir John Edmund Browne, an eccentric, who CONVENTION OF BRIGHAM.-Some historians turned night into day, drank water only for thirty peak of the convention of 1290 in reference to years, and would not use a fire? He died at eightyon family he succession of the Scottish Crown as "the eight. C. A. WARD. Walthamstow. reaty of Brigham." As to what person or place was the name of Brigham applied, and why? names and a Bowery may "HIGHER THAN GILROY'S KITE."-Can any of your readers tell me the meaning or the allusion in this phrase? I have only heard it used by Americans, who speak of a thing being "Knocked higher than Gilroy's kite." CHAS. WELSH. CHATRA-AUTHOR OF BOOK WANTED. "My Brother can suggest an old author. London, Sampson Low, 1855." of the former ho is the author of this? Oddly enough, though Fontaines, olished by Messrs. Sampson Low, I cannot find in their most useful-nay, indispensable-Eng-Ross, the tragedian, who was born May 1, 1728; Sa-lish Catalogue.' and where is the register of his baptism to be found? F. N. R. Сад I am RALPH THOMAS, PRIME FAMILY.-In the year 1638 came to America from England James Prime and Mark Prime, brothers. James settled at Milford, in PConnecticut; Mark settled at Rowley, in Massappchusetts. From these two brothers are descended being ilies well known in American financial, literary, quest church histories. It is believed that the DAVID ROSS.-Who was the mother of David Replies. (7th S. iv. 407.) eplie brothers came from Yorkshire, in England; In a query or noting on this, et quibusdam no aid towards tracing the family history is ob- aliis, it is said that some nations call this plant tained from the Autobiographical Recollections of a fennel. This is somewhat ambiguous, and a Prof. George Prime,' published Cambridge, 1870, phrase more likely to be taken in its incorrect sense. It is Faniculum marinum, sea fennel, nor from any other known works. If any gentle-finocchio marino in Italian, and similarly in men who have had occasion to investigate family histories in Yorkshire, especially in Hatfield, near Doncaster, and thereabouts (or elsewhere in England), can furnish any information which will enable us to connect the American families with their European ancestry, a great service will be rendered to American biographical research, and gratefully appreciated. Replies may be addressed; without_prepayment of postage, to RALPH E. PRIME. French, Spanish, German, and Dutch, "for so," umbels and whole face thereof it doth assimilate says Parkinson, in his "Th. Bot.," "in the a Fennel." We speak in like manner of a seahorse, or of a porpoise or sea-hog, but neither we nor our ancestors had any intention of classing the one under the genus Equus, nor the other with to be Cr. maritimum, or rock samphire, for the pigs. Neither is Shakespeare's samphire supposed sole reason stated. This rock-samphire, this Herbe de St. Pierre, readily became in English sampier, sampire, sampere, or samphire, though the golden samphire, Inula crithmoides, and locally the marsh samphire, Salicornia herbacea, were also used in the same way, the latter probably getting its name from its use and reputed virtues, much as Parkinson speaks of Alchemilla arvensis being "pickled up as a samphire." If, too, we look into the Var. Sh.,' 1821, we find that Smith, in his 'History of Waterford,' 1774, speaks of the same dreadful trade"; that Heywood gives among the cries of Rome, i. e., London, "I ha rock samphier"; that Drayton, in his 'Polyolbion,' has :— Rob Dover's neighbouring cleeves of samphire to excite His dull and sickly taste, and stir up appetite; and that Venner, 1622, says, "Samphire is in like Yonkers, Westchester Co., New York, U.S. CARNIVAL This word is very variously explained in dictionaries, English, French, and Italian. Some make it to mean the last day before Lent, i.e., Shrove Tuesday; others say the last three days; others, again, the last week before Lent; while some extend it to the whole period from Twelfth Day to Ash Wednesday, or even from Boxing Day to the latter date. I should be glad to know what is the common application of the word. How long does the Carnival last at Rome or at Naples? Further, I see in a newspaper a reference to the "Mid-Lent Carnival," or "Carnaval de la Mi-Carême," which, it is said, is the great festival of the Parisian blanchisseuses. What is this; and what is its history? Littré does not 66 manner preserved in pickle......It is a very pleasant Hamlet say, "We shall obey, were she ten times our mother. Have you any further trade with us?" and when Cleopatra says, "Give me some music; music, moody food of us that trade in love." In the 'Paraphrase of Erasmus,' 1548, we have "trade of religion" repeatedly. The true meaning of the word is a way or course, habit, practice, business. R. R. Boston, Lincolnshire. The truth of Shakespeare's words was illustrated by a paragraph in the Morning Post so lately as March, 1886 "As a lad, about fifteen years of age, was gathering samphire on the cliffs at Dover, he slipped, and fell a distance of over 300 feet. His body was picked up on the rocks by the coastguard." Hastings, EDWARD H. MARSHALL, M.A. [MR. MANSERGH quotes from Parkinson's Theater of Plants,' 1640; MR. DEWICK from Gerarde; MR. BIRKBECK TERRY from Grindon's 'Shakespeare Flora,' and use of the word (sampere) earlier than any in Skeat. MR. H. F. MORLAND SIMPSON gives an early instance of the use from Cooper's Thesaurus,' 1578, and supplies some interesting information at the service of MR. HALL. MR. WM. MARTIN says the collection of samphire for hawking purposes was common in the Isle of Man some years ago.] Why should the "popular" belief that Shakspeare's samphire is the rock samphire, the Crith-supplies from Wm. Turner's 'Names of Herbes,' 1548, a mum maritimum of botanists, be questioned? It is described over and over again in old herbals, with a particularity that seems to leave no room for doubt; it is spoken of as having been in common use in pickles and " sallets"; directions are even given as to its cultivation. Gerarde, in 1633, only seventeen years after Shakspeare's death, thus writes of it : "Sampier is thought the pleasantest sauce, most familiar, and best agreeing with man's bodie, both for digestion of meates, breaking of the stone, and voiding of gravele." was 7th Royal Fusiliers), Hounslow; the Adjutant, REGIMENTAL COLOURS, WINCHESTER CATHEDRAL (7th S. iv. 429).-I venture to refer MR. NEWNHAM to Messrs. Cox & Co., army agents, Craig's Court, Charing Cross, London, S. W., who are the agents of the three regiments mentioned He says it "groweth on the rocky cliffs of Douer, in his query. Should Messrs. Cox not be in Whinchelsey, by Rie, about Southampton, the Yle a position to give the desired information, I of Wight, and most rockes about the west and would suggest that MR. NEWNHAM should then southwest parts of England." "The Expert Gar- apply to each of the following officers: the Officer dener' (1640) directs that "Hartshorne and Sam-Commanding, Depôt, the Royal Fusiliers (late phire" be "sowne in February, March, or April, when the moone is old." Culpeper laments that it wont to be more used than it is now: the more is the pity"; and adds, "If people would have sauce to their meat they may take some for profit as well as pleasure." He describes the plant carefully, and says it grows on rocks moistened, if not overflowed, by the sea. All these references are to the rock samphire, but my old 'Eng.-Lat. Dictionary' (1693) mentions another variety. Samphire is defined as Crithmum batis; goldenflowered samphire as Crithmum chrysanthemum. The latter is, I suppose, the Mula crithinoides. From what I can gather I take the Salicornia herbacea to be a comparatively recent substitute for true samphire. C. C. B. In answer to the question, "What commercial use did Shakespere imply by the 'dreadful trade' he so graphically described?" I reply, He was not alluding to any "commercial use," but he used the word "trade" in the same sense as when he makes 'SOLON AND CRESUS' (7th S. iv. 166, 312).— Considering the uncertain state of our knowledge with regard to the redaction of the Gesta Romanorum,' it is scarcely safe for MR. ED. MARSHALL to assert that Berchorius is the author. Sir Frederick Madden was of that opinion, but the latest and best authority on the subject, Herr Oesterley, comes to the conclusion that the claim of Berchorius to be acknowledged as the author of the 'Gesta 'is not based upon sufficiently satisfactory grounds, and that the only other name which has been suggested, Helinand, has still less claim to the title, thus leaving the point unsettled, and, in his opinion, one impossible at this day to determine satisfactorily" (Gesta Romanorum,' ed. Herrtage, E.E.T.S., Introduction, p. xii). The story of the king who purchased three maxims from a merchant, whereby he saved his life, is one of the commonest of folk-tales, and is own brother to the equally wide-spread story of the servant who received three counsels from his master in lieu of wages. W. F. PRIDEAUX. Calcutta. MARRIAGE ALLEGATIONS, THEIR CUSTODY AND PRESERVATION (7th S. iv. 425).-I fear that what your correspondent MR. MASON states as to these records at Peterborough is only too true as regards those at many other places. We know that at York so little care was taken of them that they disappeared almost en bloc. Their great value may be gathered from Paver's copy or list in the British Museum, now being printed. At Ripon the allegations, together with the bishop's transcripts of parish registers and many other priceless records of the Archdeaconry of Richmond, which some fifty years ago were removed there, still remain in great confusion, and apparently there is no one in the district with either the leisure or inclination to put them into order or make them available for inquirers. It was left to one of our cousins from over the sea to show us the value of these marriage licences, and by his patient labour to make all genealogists, present and to come, his debtors; but we follow the example tardily. In saying this I do not forget the good work done at Worcester, and contemplated at Lincoln and Exeter. Anent these Ripon records, it is well known that the Archdeaconry of Richmond embraced nearly the whole of the North Riding of Yorkshire. This note will doubtless be read by some interested in the district. With any effort to amend the present condition of things the writer would be glad to co-operate. The first step should be to obtain a report on the records now existing. H. D. E. CHILDREN AS MEDIATORS (7th S. iv. 307, 417). -INQUISITOR may like to know that the German poet Adolf Stöber wrote some taking verses concerning the incident about which he asks. They are entitled 'Die Hussiten vor Naumburg,' and begin : Hilf Himmel, die Hussiten Sind vor den Thoren draus. I have them just now before me in an illustrated anthology, published as an 'Album für Deutschlands Töchter,' pp. 162-4. We are told that the skin of Zisha, stretched, according to his own dying wish, across the head of a drum, incites the Taborites to revenge on Naumburg the death to which her bishop had formerly condemned John Huss. Procopius has sworn to burn the city, and the fearful burghers consult together, and take means to avert this fate. They resolve to send their children to plead for them, and the little ones, decked out as lambs for sacrifice, depart, amidst to shout "We ADMIRAL BLAKE (7th S. iv. 468).-If MR. VYVYAN will refer to Chester's Westminster Abbey Registers' he will find the royal warrant, dated Sept. 9, 1661, for the exhumation of twentyone bodies, including that of "Coll. Robert They were reinterred under Blake" (pp. 521-3). the green on the north side of the abbey, between the north transept and the west end. The names of Oliver Cromwell, Bradshaw, and Ireton are not included in this disgraceful warrant, as their bodies had been previously exhumed, and, after being hung at Tyburn and decapitated, were reinterred G. F. R. B. under the gallows. Col. Chester says, in Westminster Abbey Registers,' p. 150, that "his bones were subjected to the indignity of disinterment, and removal to the common pit in the churchyard," but he gives no authority. Tegg's 'Dict. of Chronology' says removed and buried at Tyburn; but I think he C. A. WARD. gives no authority. Walthamstow. [MR. WM. GILMORE refers to the 'Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography' and the English Cyclopædia,' in both of which is a statement that the body was disinterred, which he thinks may be regarded as authentic.] LAYSTALL (7th S. iv. 464).—I have met with "layrestall" in a Ripon fabric-roll of 1541, and with "lairstall," "larestall," and other forms in church accounts in Durham and the neighbourhood from 1584 to 1700. Also with "larestone" 16091613, and I think later, for a grave-cover. "Layerstall," 1763, will be found in Longstaffe's 'Darlington,' p. 277, with explanations of both_it_and "layer-stone." Bp. Hatfield's Hall, Durham. J. T. F. I beg to refer MR. EARWAKER to 3rd S. vi. 418. In 1864 I met with the same term, but written Lairstall, in the parish of Pittington, in the county of Durham, and was favoured, in reply to a query, |