Page images
PDF
EPUB

the English in England and that of the Europeans can be no doubt as to the meaning of this in America is not a very happy one. The difference Nottingham street name, for it was a street in the new borough that arose after the Conquest, known in civilization, race, complexion, habits, &c., certainly marked off the red man from the invaders as the French Borough, and this street, which is more strongly than the Britons were distinguished now known as "Castlegate," led from the English from the English. But with certain reservations Borough to the Norman Castle. I have said that the parallel is useful. A comparison of the English there is a possibility that Frankish field derived MR. ADDY thinks local names with those of the United States proves its name from a Mr. Frankish. Brittain's piece that the Briton receded before the Angle as has probably a similar origin. He is quite wrong completely as the Red Indian has done before the that the names of common fields could not be European. The English in America, like their derived from personal names. forefathers in England, have conferred local names in this. In Nottingham there was a town meadow of their own upon almost every natural feature and known as Ingollsteneres in 1416 (Borough Resettlement, retaining only the native names for a cord,' ii. 114). It occurs in 1435 as Yngold Stener. few great rivers, mountains, or stretches of country. This can only be the O. Norse personal name We know that the red man has, owing to the Ingjaldr. I have dealt with the word stener in This meadow, then known as differences above indicated, kept himself distinct 7th S. i. 196. from the white man for more than three centuries, Inggerstener, was leased by the burgesses in 1450 but I cannot imagine an isolated Welsh village on to raise money to pay the town soldiers dispatched English soil retaining its Celtic character unim-with the king to suppress Cade's rebellion. The paired for over four centuries. For this is what burgesses subsequently borrowed money upon this MR. ADDY'S etymology of Wales-by and Bright meadow from the Gild of St. George in St. Peter's Holm Lee presupposes, since in both names we Church. From this circumstance this meadow have a word of Danish origin.* Therefore these acquired its present name of St. George's Close. It names cannot be older than the Danish settlement was also known in the early part of the sixteenth of the ninth century. The Welsh population of century as Easingwold Stener, a name no doubt such a village, if it ever existed, must have become derived from that of the Town Clerk, William absorbed into the surrounding English population Easingwold. This history suggests that fieldat least as rapidly as the Frank and Goth merged names are not permanent, and proves that they were sometimes derived from personal names. into the Gaul and Iberian. There is ample proof of both these propositions to be found in the Nottingham records. In the case of Nottingham I have been able to trace the field-names from the thirteenth century downwards, and the result is that I find very few of the thirteenth or fourteenth century names existing in the seventeenth century. In the interval almost every field had been renamed, in several cases after persons that we are able to identify. I do not suppose that Nottingham was different from other places. Hence it seems to me that any historical inferences drawn from seventeenth century field-names must be as unsound as MR. ADDY'S scheme for discovering the original racial constituents of the English population from the pages of the 'London Directory.'

MR. ADDY challenges me to disprove that the seventeenth century field-name Frankish field does He finds not record a settlement of the Franks. further evidence of such a settlement in the common compellation in twelfth century charters "omnibus hominibus suis Francis et Anglis." MR. ADDY must surely have lost his sense of historical perspective when he can regard this compellation, instances of which are almost as common as blackberries, as evidence of the existence of a separate Frankish population at this date. William the Conqueror's charter to London is similarly addressed ealle pa burhwaru binnan Londone Frencisce and Englisce." So, according to MR. ADDY's views, there must have been a colony of undiluted Franks in London. I thought everybody knew that the Franci meant the Normans, who were generally called French by the English. If Frankish field be not derived from some Mr. Frankish, it must refer to the Normans, and not to the Franks. There is a Frenchgate in Doncaster and some other towns, and there was formerly a Frankish-gate or French-gate (the first is the oldest form) in Nottingham. It is called Fraunkisshgate in 1365. There

to

[ocr errors]

That is assuming that the holm of Bright Holm Lee is original. I may here state that I did not derive this zame from Beorht-helm, as MR. ADDY asserts. The conjunction of holm and lee presents more difficulties to me than it does to MR. ADDY. I should like further evidence of their coming together.

With regard to DR. HYDE CLARKE's note. He has clearly misunderstood the drift of my note. I was not endeavouring to trace English tribal influences, for the conclusions that I reached rather cut against any such view. I have never been able to accept Kemble's rash conclusions about gás and tribes. It seems to me that in this instance W. H. STEVENSON. Kemble's warm imagination has dissipated his critical powers.

[blocks in formation]

isolated passages, and that any attempt to do so
can become little short of a "leap in the dark." A
reference to the context might make the whole
thing light.
EDMUND TEW, M.A.

tree, three miles from Liverpool, standing in the
centre of a small triangular green at the inter-
section of three roads. It is octangular, about
15 ft. in diameter, built of hewn stone, having a
conical slated roof, which, however, is modern.
From the style of the masonry I should judge it to be
about a hundred years old, but I am not aware of any
records commemorating its erection. Each plane
of the octagon has sunk panels, but there are no
windows, the only opening being the entrance-
door. Within the memory of persons living it was
used as a temporary lock-up for culprits, pending
their removal to the nearest gaol. It is now used'Orig. Paroch. Scot.'
as a tool-house. The name by which it ordinarily
went was the Bridewell.

The other instance is at Everton, an ancient village now absorbed into the city of Liverpool. This structure is much more ancient than the former. It stands, like that at Wavertree, in the centre of a small green. It is circular in plan, with a conical stone roof, coeval with the walling, which is rubble-work, built with small, flat, thin stones well set in mortar. The walling and roof are entirely plain, without any opening except a small door. Some years ago it was barbarously coated with stucco and a stucco cornice run round the eaves. This is, however, peeling off, and the original work shows itself perfect. It was formerly used for the purpose of a lock-up, but is now unoccupied, and is spared simply for its antiquity. The name it usually

went by was the Roundhouse.

I believe that formerly a pair of stocks graced the exterior of each of these buildings.

J. A. PICTON.

Sandyknowe, Wavertree.
[Many communications acknowledged with thanks.]

[ocr errors]

Murray's 'New English Dictionary,' p. 255, explains this word: (1) The revenue arising from oblations at the altar. Quotations from 'Paston Letters,' Stephens's 'Procurations,' and Bateman's Agistm. Tithe'; (2) A fund or provision for the maintenance of an altar and a priest to say masses thereat. Quotations from Row's 'Hist. Kirk' and DE V. PAYEN-PAYNE.

University College, W.C.

Bailey's Dictionary' (1737) gives, "Altarage (Law Term), the Free Offerings made at the Altar by the People; also the Profits that arise to the Priest by serving at the Altar." given in Moderne World of Words,' by E. P., The meaning 1696, is, "Altarage (Law Word), the Free Offerings made upon the Altar by the People; as also, all the Profits that arise to the Priest, upon account of the Altar, viz., small Tithes of Wool, Lamb, Colt, Calf, &c." J. ST. N.

LYLY'S 'EUPHUES AND HIS England' (7th S. iv. 88).

1. P. 217. Olde Helena.

cannot follow the senses of Lyly's wordy wordings Confessing that I yet take his drift to be contained in this: that he from "Appelles" to the end of the paragraph, I

not because "he wants matter to make them, but did not furnish the lower limbs of his portrait, [wants] might to mantein them "; that is, his strictures would have been so severe that he feared that he could not stand up against the counter strictures that would be hurled at him Du-write of conny-catching and other vices. In other and do him ill. He dared not, as Greene in 1591, speaking of the appearance of the double Castor words, such strictures would be as bad an omen of ill to him as is the single meteor of which Pliny, and Pollux (St. Elmo's fires), in his 'Nat. Hist.,' tells us (I quote North's translation, 1. 2, c. xxxvii.):

ALTARAGE (7th S. iv. 49).—On altaragium cange says 66 Obventio altaris," and under the analogous word " "Altagium," Altari, seu Ecclesiæ, tam ex agris, vineis, pratis, Quidquid obvenit consibus, &c., quam et quotidianis oblationibus." Speaking, therefore, off the book, I should say that the expressions 66 de panno altaragio " or pannis altarg" refer to some charges on property "de or voluntary donations set apart for providing furniture for the altar, very much akin to the "Holy Breads," an instance of which we have in this parish, but which for centuries has been lost to the Church; and, although absorbed into the estate of the great landed proprietor, is as distinctly marked off as it possibly could be.

In corroboration of my view I may quote a bequest from the will of a certain Bishop of Marailles, dated ann. 1344, 66 Lego ecclesiæ Massilieuse......duos Pannos cartarinos, cum quibus soepe jussit parare altare B. Mariæ " sub" Pannus Cartarinus"). (Ducange,

Your correspondent must understand how difficult it is to give any satisfactory "explanation" of

bring comfort with them, and foretell a prosperous course "But if they appeare two and two together, they in the voiage, as by whos comming, they say, that dreadfull, cursed and threatening [diram ac minacem] meteor called Helena is chased and driven away.'

most desire them, just as they act who put away 2. P. 288. Women, he says, hate those that edition here more incorrectly spells it a" stacke". from them into the fields a stake-or as the later which they should apply to their bosoms as a busk for their corset, making it, I might add, both a support and a corslet.

3. P. 324. The changing of so-called friendships butcher, and a lean cof[f]er, or in our phrasing a will make thee a foolish calf, fat and fit for the lean purse.

4. P. 337. The Caleni, or Calenes, were a rural people of Campania, who made wine, and, I believe, good wine, and who, for both reasons, were likely to have been boisterous in their mirth and songs.

5. P. 409, not 439. Both the folk-lore and the word Catherismes had puzzled me in Greene's 'Anatomie of Fortune,' 1584, and still after some search puzzles me; but, thanks to PHILAUTUS, I now find that Greene copied three of the clauses of his sentence from Lyly and gave the sense of the fourth clause. As Prof. Arber writes me, Lyly has a great deal of fabulous natural history in his book, and here I think he may have manufactured it. But why Catherismes? Can κalapioμos, a cleansing, have been applied to the Jewish scape-goat, cf. kalapμa; and can there be any Talmudic assertion as to the disease-giving eyes of such?

BR. NICHOLSON.

2. Stacke. Lyly wrote stake for his first edition. Halliwell, s.v. "Stake," quotes, "The stake in the syde," from a Lincoln MS.; "The brest with the stak," from Archæologia, xxx. 413; and says, "The tightness of the chest, producing difficulty of breathing, is called staking at the stomach." In Sir Kenelm Digby's Choice and Experimentel Receipts in Physick and Chirurgery" (London, 1675) I find a preparation of herbs for external application with this heading, "To strengthen the stomach use the following stomacher." Did Lyly use the word in this sense? If so, "making a stake of what they should use for a stomacher" would be equal to "making more of a soare then a plaister," which, on p. 248 (Arber), Euphues accuses Philautus of doing. Lyly's inveterate habit of repeating himself gives some colour to this explanation. 3. Cofer coffer. See 'Euphues to Philautus,' C. C. B. p. 112 (Arber).

SCOTLAND AND LIBERALISM (7th S. iv. 8).—The phrase "Vous devez être Écossais puisque vous êtes libéral," has, I suspect, no political significance, but is to be referred to the period when "le bon David" was a favourite in the cultured circles of Paris. Of course David Hume, as well as Adam Smith, was, politically speaking, a specimen of as distinctive a Scottish type as the Scottish Liberal, the common-sense Tory, who followed William Pitt The answer to the question and Hal Dundas. which produced the dicter is, of course, a non sequitur, which forgets Sir Walter Scott, Drummond of Hawthornden, cum plurimis aliis, as well as the fact that the terms Scotchman and Tory were once synonymous to the English mind. If Scotland has produced an uncompromising Radicalism in days when real national features are fading while nationality is much spoken of, it is also as indissolubly associated with another type of high-souled Toryism which well illustrated the other continental dicter, "Fier comme un Écossais.”

J. F.

BISHOP SPARROW'S RATIONALE' (7th S. iv. 49).-It is asked to what edition of Bp. Sparrow's 'Rationale upon the Book of Common Prayer' Bp. Andrewes's Consecration Service is first appended. And it may be answered, To no one of the editions on authority, if to any one of them at all, as Bp. Sparrow died in 1685, and the 'Rationale,' London, 1704, has not the addition. It belongs to quite a different publication of the bishop's, namely, his Collection of Articles, Injunctions, Canons, &c.,' first published in 1661, Lond., R. Norton. It occupies from p. 375 to p. 486, in fourth ed., Lond., 1684. As the consecration of the chapel and burial ground in the parish of Weston, near Southampton, by Bp. Andrewes took place in 1620, there is no reason why it should not have been inserted in the first edition of the 'Collection.' The petition for conseWATCHET PLATES (7th S. iii. 247, 296, 434).—cration, pp. 374 seq., has some interesting notices Perhaps MR. TURNER may be glad to have pointed out some instances of the use of watchet by a neighbour in Devonshire :

(Just in the middle of the Altar)
Upon an end, the Fairie-Psalter,
Grac't with the Trout-flies curious wings,
Which serve for watched Ribbanings.

Herrick's Hesperides,' 1648, p. 103,
"The [Fairie's] Temple."

The Silken Snake.

For sport my Julia threw a Lace. Of silke and silver at my face: Watchet the silk was; and did make A shew, as if 't'ad been a snake: The suddenness did me affright; But though it scar'd, it did not bite. Herrick, p. 133. I killed one of those "watchet" or steely" coloured snakes at Woodhall Spa the other day, hastily, without thought, as it rushed past me, for which I was sorry immediately after, as they are R. R. perfectly harmless.

[ocr errors]

of the dangers then attending the crossing of "the
great river of Itchin," which made it desirable to
build the new church. If the inserter of the query
is interested in ancient consecration services gener-
ally, he will like to see, if he is not acquainted with
it, The Form and Order of the Consecration and
Dedication of the Parish Church of Abbey Dore
upon Palm Sunday, 1634, by Theophilus Field,
Bishop of St. Davids,' edited by the Rev. John
Fuller Russell, Lond., Pickering, 1874. It is also a
good specimen of the neat printing of the Chiswick
Press, with an ornamented border to each page.
ED. MARSHALL.

This form is not to be found in the editions of 1661, 1676, 1684, 1704, and 1722.

G. F. R. B.

I do not find Bishop Andrewes's "form for the consecration of a church or chapel" in my copy of Bishop Sparrow's 'Rationale,' second edition, but I find it at the end of his edition (Latin) of

the Articles, Canons, Orders, Ordinances, and
Constitutions Ecclesiastical, &c., of the Church of
England' (1684).
EDMUND TEW, M.A.

EPITAPH (7th S. iii. 426; iv. 34, 106).-MISS BUSK's addition to this epitaph is not complete. A second brass, a little lower down from the one I quoted, contains these lines :

Here allso lyeth the body of
Elizabeth Raynsford wife
of George Raynsford Gent:
who departed this life the
Tenth day of June in the
yeare 1672. And in the 58th
yeare of her age. Shee lived
and dyed a virtuous matron.
That with full lamp like virgin wise
Was still prepared for this surprise.
And now departed hence to dwell
Unto a place where joyes excell.

The last four lines, unlike the rest, are not in capitals, and form one verse.

University College, W.C.

DE V. PAYEN-PAYNE.

SIEGE OF BOLTON: HORRIDGE (7th S. iv. 8, 71). -Various contemporary accounts of the siege of Bolton are to be found in the volumes of 'Civil War Tracts,' edited by Dr. Ormerod for the Chetham Society. For the siege of Lathom House J. B. should consult the same and the following volumes :

History of the House of Stanley, including the Siege of Lathom House, with Notices of the Relative and Conto

secutive Incidents. By Peter Draper. 8vo. 1864.

History of the House of Stanley from the Conquest the Present Time. By Seacombe. Edited by Jesse Lee. 12mo. Manchester, W. Willis. 1840.-This contains an account of the taking of Bolton and "A True and Genuine Account of the Famous and Ever Memorable

Siege of Lathom House."

A Journal of the Siege of Lathom House, in Lancashire, defended by Charlotte de la Tremouille, Countess of Derby, against Sir Thomas Fairfax, Knt., and other Parliamentary Officers, 1644. London, 1823.-Supposed to be written by Capt. Edward Chisenhall, of Chisenhall, one of the defenders.

I have looked through the last two, and find no mention of any one of the name of Horridge. E. PARTINGTON.

Manchester.

I have a volume entitled 'A Description of the Memorable Sieges and Battles in the North of England that happened during the Civil War in 1642, 1643, &c., chiefly contained in the Memoirs of General Fairfax and James, Earl of Derby, to which is added the Life of Oliver Cromwell; Likewise an impartial History of the Rebellions in the years 1715 and 1745,' Bolton, printed for the Editor, 1786. It contains (inter alia) an account of the siege of Lathom House and another of the siege of Bolton. The latter comprises three descriptions, one (and that a very poor one) pparently from the aforesaid memoirs," a cond

quoted from Rushworth's 'Collections,' and a third purporting to be by a Cavalier in Prince Rupert's army. In none of these does the name Horridge appear. J. B. will find further information in the works of the Chetham Society. Being out of reach of any library, I am sorry that I cannot refer him to the particular volumes; but I would suggest an application to the courteous librarian of the Bolton Free Library. JOHN P. HAWORTH,

MS. JOURNAL OF F. WHITE (7th S. iii. 513; iv. 52).- La Feuille,' written in 1815 by A. V. Arnault (1766-1838), will be found on p. 344 of Masson's 'La Lyre Française' (Macmillan's "Golden Treasury Series," 1867). Here is the original, I think, of the other poem by the Abate Jacopo Vittorelli :—

Il passato non è,
Cel pinge

La viva rimembranza;
11 futuro non è,
Cel finge

La credula speranza;
Il presente sol è,

Ma in un baleno

Fugge del nulla in seno:
Dunque la vita è appunto

Una memoria, una speranza, un punto.
C. DELAVAL COBHAM.

Larnaca, Cyprus.

BURNING QUESTION (7th S. iii. 495; iv. 50).—Is it possible that the origin of this phrase dates back to the days when the burning of heretics was not uncommon-when, in fact, religious difference was a question anent which burning might result, in the same way that people now speak of such or such thing being "a hanging matter"? The quotation from Longfellow given by MR. MARSHALL recalls Gray's lines:

Bright-eyed Fancy, hovering o'er,
Scatters from her pictured urn,

Thoughts that breathe and words that burn.

[blocks in formation]

"MUSIC HATH CHARMS," &c. (7th S. iii. 369, 466; iv. 53).-It seems clear from the replies of your correspondents that there is "no textual authority for the substitution of beast for "breast” in the above line, and that therefore the morning journal which spake so authoritatively on the subject was wrong. It is curious, however, how widespread the belief in the unorthodox reading seems to be. MR. PATTERSON'S dominie with his mistake is only another instance in point. I remember hearing how, when, once upon a time, the line was

quoted as MR. LEE would have it at a civic banquet, a well-known poet and critic who was present was heard to interpolate

'Tis therefore welcome at a Lord Mayor's feast. But whether this was in resentment of the quotation or for other reasons I cannot say.

Masseur and masseuse have also been introduced into England. Masseur, if it hold its own, will probably in time assume the Eng. form of masser, just as massage is already by many pronounced mis-like passage in English; but I do not see how masseuse is to assume an English form. It is not wanted, however, for rubber has no feminine, and female can be added to this and masser, if it is necessary to make the distinction of sex.

With regard to the derivation of masser, both Scheler and Littré, rightly, I think, reject the Gr. páσoev (to knead), and prefer the Arab. mass. But this does not seem to mean more than to touch, feel, or stroke (tetigit, palpavit-Golius); and, moreover, it is not the word used in Arabic for shampooing. Badger, in his 'Eng.-Arab. Lexicon,' renders to shampoo by three Arabic roots, but mass is not one of them. I prefer, therefore, myself to derive masser simply from masse=mass.* When we talk of massing troops (and masser in French is used in this sense also) we mean to press or crowd the troops together; and similarly, when a person is shampooed or massé'd, his flesh is pressed and squeezed, or, as we might say, massed into a smaller compass. If this is so, then to mass would be the exact equivalent of the Fr. masser=to shampoo, and should be adopted in medical Eng

J. H. MASSAGE AND SHAMPOOING (7th S. ii. 49, 113). -This is one of those cases in which a second word is introduced because the older one has become corrupted in meaning. Shampooing and massage (the first in England, the second in France) originally meant precisely the same thing, viz., the rubbing, pulling, and kneading to which one is subjected in a Turkish bath, and to which in Latin the name of tractatio (to judge from the names tractator and tractatrix given to the attendants) was applied. But during the last twenty or thirty years the word shampooing in England has become degraded, and though probably it is still used in its original sense in the Turkish baths, it is now much more commonly applied to the lathering of the head with a mixture into the composition of which the yolk of eggs largely enters, and to the subsequent brushing of the scalp and hair with a machine-brush; and I believe that the word shampoo is also often used of such lather-lish. Curiously enough, masse is supposed to be ing alone, when no machine-brush is applied.* When, therefore, quite recently, medical shampooing was introduced, it was found necessary or advisable to use some other term, and the word massage was borrowed from the French. In doing this, however, the meaning of massage was, no doubt unconsciously, extended, for this word is still used in France in precisely the same meaning in which we originally used shampoo in England, so that if a Frenchman wishes to speak of the medical application of the process he is forced to say massage médical. So far, therefore, we have obtained a distinct advantage over the French; but they have recouped themselves to a certain extent by forming the verb schampouert from our shampoo, and by using it exclusively of the head and hair in the degraded sense which I have noted above.

Thus the second definition given by Prof. Skeat is "to wash the head thoroughly with soap and water," and Webster expresses himself at greater length to the same effect. The original meaning of to shampoo, therefore, has in this case entirely disappeared.

And from this verb they have no doubt also formed the words schampouage, schampoueur, and schampoueuse. I have never seen any of these derivatives from shampoo in print-1 have only heard them; and I cannot say, therefore, whether I have spelled them correctly. Since writing this note, I have seen one of these French derivatives or adaptations in two hairdressers' shops in Belgium. In both cases the word began with ch (pronounced like sh in English), and not sch; and in one case I believe (for I took no note) that the form used was champooing.

connected with the Greek μáoσev given above;
but this is very different from deriving masser from
μáoσev straightway.
F. CHANCE.
Sydenham Hill.

66

HAMPSHIRE PLANT-NAMES (7th S. iii. 387, 479; iv. 19). In the Isle of Wight the foxglove is commonly known by the name of "poppy," while the scarlet poppy (Papaver rhæas) is called "redweed." As other examples of this popular interchange of flower-names, the large bindweed (Convolvolus sepium) is called hedge-lily"; the lungwort (Pulmonaria angustifolia), "blue cowslip"; the elecampane (Inula helenium), “wild sunflower "; and the broad-leaved garlick (Allium ursinum), " gipsy onion." In connexion with the first example, the following quotation from Turner's Herbal,' given in the English Dialect Society's 'Dictionary of Plant-Names,' shows that the name of "lily" for the bindweed is not confined to the Isle of Wight :

[ocr errors]

"There is a flower not unlyke to a lylye in the herbe which is called Convolvolus: it groweth among shrubbes

This

*The word masser in this sense is given by Littré as first used by B. de St. Pierre in his book called Les Harmonies de la Nature,' published in 1796. writer travelled, indeed, a great deal; but he does not appear to have come into contact with any Arabicspeaking race; neither had the French nation at that time, as they have now, any special connexion with such a race. Why, then, should an Arabic word have been introduced into France in a sense which it does not bear in Arabic?

« PreviousContinue »