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used for great religious gatherings and out-door preaching.

Tin is usually associated in the same localities with copper, and is found likewise in the granite and metamorphic rock. It is also procured in small quantities from alluvial deposites, like gold. This "stream-tin " was what the ancient Britons of Cornwall probably sold to the Phoenicians, though they may have mined to some little extent. Since visiting Cornwall, I have thought that the parable of the man finding "treasure hid in a field," was not that he found money or jewels, but a vein of silver or copper, for which he sells all to buy; and to seek truth as hid treasures, was it not, in fact, to mine for it with resolution, skill, and success? The 28th chapter of Job, especially the 3d and 4th verses, literally translated, are a wonderfully correct description of mining operations even at this day. This chapter certainly goes to prove the exceedingly great antiquity of mining.

Tin is found in other parts of the world, but the grand source of tin is Cornwall. Our New England bright tin pans, and flashing Connecticut tinpeddler's ware, were all once hundreds of fathoms deep and dark under the Cornish hills. Tin in the ore is any thing but bright and promising. It has to undergo a vast deal of crushing, stamping, rolling, puddling, dressing, and smelting, before it comes out a shining metal. Tin ore must be, by law, smelted in Cornwall, where there is no coal. The greatest smelting works are in the neighbor

hood of Truro. A beefsteak cooked on a red-hot bar of tin, is the common treat of a visitor after inspecting a mine.

The same vessels that bring coal from the North, bear back copper to the North. Copper ore is smelted mostly out of Cornwall, at Swansea and Neath, in South Wales. But I am not writing a book on mining, and my reader can find a thoroughly scientific treatment of the subject in the little volume I have recommended. Few subjects are more curiously interesting from the force of mind, the will and courage, the ingenuity of invention, the singular geologic phenomena, and the fresh and novel facts developed by the every-day working of the whole stupendous system.

coasts.

From Redruth, the railway passes by and over a portion of sandy-shored St. Ives' Bay, at Hayle. St. Ives is a great point for the "pilchard fishery." This fishery is almost altogether confined to the shores of Cornwall. Once a year these little fish swarm up from the Southern seas to the English When they approach land in vast shoals, they are eagerly watched and taken in great seines. The net is one hundred and ninety fathoms long, and costs some £170. The author of "Cornwall Mines and Miners says that at the town of St. Ives, no less than 1000 hogsheads of pilchards were once secured in three casts of the seine. And in the little town of Trereen, 600 hogsheads were taken in a week. As 2400 fish make a hogshead, no less than 1,400,000 pilchards were caught.

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These are salted and sent to the southern countries of Europe, to supply good Catholics with fish in their Lenten season! The pilchard is somewhat smaller than a herring, and does not compare with it for eating.

Pilchard fishing is said to be a very picturesque and stirring sight, especially if it take place at night by torchlight. The nets then look like masses of molten silver.

St. Ives in Huntingdonshire, and not St. Ives in Cornwall, is probably the famous one of the nursery rhyme. It is strange to think how slender the neck of England is here; one can almost see across it. We are fast coming to the end of all things.

The people one meets here in the little one-track junction railway, are of a very plain, frank, sociable cast. London superciliousness and reserve have altogether vanished, and you talk freely with your neighbor. Everybody is acquainted with everybody, and a stranger is looked upon as one to whom all are bound to be polite and entertaining. I gathered a great number of facts about mining and pilchards, which, I am sorry to say, I do not retain. The general impression I received was, that the zeal for mining is on the decline; that it is too unhealthy, dangerous, and above all pecuniarily uncertain business. It is heart-breaking in its crosses and disappointments. One fact I recall. An enterprising "adventurer"- so all are termed who speculate in mines — had spent £94,000 upon a mine and died of disappointment; while his suc

cessor a few weeks after began to realize to this excellent Americanism

tune from the same mine.

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A young Episcopal clergyman sat opposite to me, with the most approved pre-raphaelite cut to his coat and visage, with whom I fell into conversation and found him an intelligent and genial man. At parting he gave me a line of introduction to his father-in-law, a distinguished clergyman living at Pendeen, with whom he made me promise that I would pass the next Sabbath.

The first sight of "St. Michael's Mount” gilded with the fires of a lurid sunset, and of the foamfringed expanse of "Mount's Bay," had to me a touch of the romantic; for I had ever associated the "Mount" with a certain dreamy undefined antiquity, and with Milton's poetry.

It was storm and shine during my stay at Penzance, though the former predominated. There is a saying that there is a shower every day in Cornwall, and two on Sunday. But the temperature in this autumn season was much milder and softer than I had experienced further north. The changes are sudden from dark to bright, from rainy to clear. This part of England has a Mediterranean climate. Around Penzance, on its sloping hill-sides, there was a pleasing girdle of green gardens and fields, though almost everywhere else sand and rock, and a scantling of grass, were the monotonous features of the scenery. The myrtle and hydrangea, and other Southern European plants, grow

freely in the open air. The winter temperature of Penzance is 42°, while that in the neighborhood of London is 35°. The summer is cooler and the winter warmer. Penzance is also well protected from the tremendous westerly gales which are the most severe of any in England; though in the spring of the year its easterly exposure makes it somewhat uncomfortable. It is becoming quite a health-resort. It were worth a visit to make the evening promenade along the sounding beach, and to see the Atlantic billows roll into "Mount's Bay," and the sun sink behind the stern rocks and barren hills toward Land's End.

"Mount's Bay" is a singular example of the geological theory, of the comparatively recent sinking of the land to form an ocean floor. Evidences of the submerged forests frequently make their appearance. "St. Michael's Mount was once, by tradition, a rock in the midst of a great internal forest.

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One should not forget while in Penzance to visit the Serpentine Stone Works. This beautiful igneous stone which takes such an exquisite polish, is procured mostly from the Lizard near by; it has for its basis the silicate of magnesia, with oxide of iron, chromium, and manganese. The silicate of aluminum gives it a golden gleam. Few antique marbles, such as one picks up amid the ruins of Rome or Baiæ, may compare with the richness of this dark red and green variegated stone, as if it still held the fires that hardened it. The end of

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