Lucrinum ad saxum Rutupinove edita fundo which is the meaning of 'alias fames,' a second and a third appetite. Ruperti thinks Henninius is right in explaining it as "famem Veneris." I think he is wrong. 141. Rutupinove edita fundo] Rutupiae is now Richborough near Sandwich, on the Kentish coast. At Richborough there is a strong Roman wall, which encloses three sides of a space of several acres. The foundation walls of an amphitheatre have also been discovered here. There is a note upon oysters on Hor. S. ii. 4. 32, and another on Epod. ii. 49. 147. Tanquam de Cattis aliquid] In A.D. 84 Domitian led an army against the Catti and other German nations without much success. But when he came back to Rome he celebrated a triumph, and had himself called Germanicus. The territories of the Catti or Chatti lay north of the Main, west of the modern kingdom of Saxony, including the principalities of Saxe Coburg, Meiningen, and Gotha. The Sigambri, who were a people on the east side of the Rhine, north of the Ubii, were threatened by Caesar, and left their country for a time with all their goods. (See Caes. B. G. iv. 18, Long.) They afterwards with other Germans defeated, in B.C. 16, M. Lollius in Gallia, but they were subsequently completely subdued by Tiberius, the stepson of Augustus. 148. tanquam diversis] Many MSS. have 'et' after tanquam,' which with others Achaintre and Heinrich do well to omit. It is wanting in many of the old editions, and 140 145 150 among them the Editio Princeps. [Ribbeck has 'ec diversis.'] 149. venisset epistola penna.] The Scholiast has the following note: Antea si quid nuntiabant consules in Urbem per epistolas nuntiabant. Si victoriae nuntiabantur laurus in epistola figebatur; si autem aliquid adversi pinna figebatur." And Servius (on Virgil, Aen. ix. 473, "Interea pavidam volitans pennata per urbein Nuntia fama ruit ") says, that messengers who bore tidings of war were said 'epistolas pennatas afferre.' Heinrich and some others suppose that there is an allusion here to litterae pennatae.' Casaubon (on Suetonius, vit. Aug. c. 27) denies this, quoting from Aristides the rhetorician a like expression with Juvenals: μικρὸν φθάνουσι (αἱ ἐπιστολαὶ) γραφεῖσαι καὶ πάρεισιν, σep ind πтηvŵv pepóμeval. There were soldiers who had to do the work of informers in the camp, named from their duty speculatores,' and called by the Greek writers πτεροφόροι, but these it appears were different from the 'tabellarii' or lettercarriers. I think Casaubon is right, and that the Scholiast's note and that of Servius are not worth much. [Ribbeck has 'pinna.'] 153. cerdonibus esse timendus] "When the noble citizens were all destroyed, and there were none left but the lowest sort for him to practise upon," is the Scholiast's explanation. What Juvenal means is, that he had murdered the noblest citizens with impunity; but when he began to practise upon the vulgar, they got rid of him. He was murdered A.D. 96 by certain conspirators whom he had resolved to put to death. He took away and married the wife of one Aelius Lamia, and then murdered the man himself (Sueton. Vit. Domit. c. 1 and 10). The Lamiae were an old plebeian family of the Aelia gens. Horace had a friend Aelius Lamia, to whom he addressed two odes, i. 26 and iii. 17. SATIRA V. INTRODUCTION. THIS satire professes to be addressed to one Trebius, the representative of a class of men, who being poor and exquisitely servile, were willing to part with their independence and put up with all sorts of contemptuous treatment for the sake of a dinner at the tables of the rich. A specimen of such a dinner is given, at which Virro the host reserves for himself and his rich friends the best of every thing, meat and fruit and wine, and the parasites are sulkily served with the worst, by slaves too fine to make up to the guests for the master's neglect. Juvenal's conclusion is, that they who will put up with such treatment deserve it; and the rich man is not much to blame if he despises those who are only drawn to his table by the nose, that is, by the savour of his kitchen. The satire has its moral for modern society, in which, if the relation of host and guest is prevented by good breeding from taking the form here represented, eating and servility are scarcely less prominent features than they were at Rome in its worst days. If the rich look down upon the poor, it is usually because of the homage rank and riches meet with; and that this homage comes of selfishness none know better than those who receive it. The coveting of what is called good society is the vice of a rotten system; and the man who seeks company which does not want him has no reason to complain if his pride is galled and his expectations are disappointed. If there were no Trebiuses in the world there would be no Virros: so Juvenal thought; and he does well to lay the chief weight of his satire upon the parasite. The parasite, or diner-out, of later times had no resemblance to the client of the republic. He was no more than one of many in the train of a rich man, or of as many rich men as he could get attached to in that mean capacity. The old relation of 'patronus' and 'cliens,' so far as we can understand it, was simple and natural. The other was the mere refuge of poverty, preferring the bread of idleness and a false tongue to a life of honest labour and the rewards of an independent mind. The student will only be misled if, following some of the commentators, he looks upon the latter condition as only another phase of the former. The old institution died out with the republic it belonged to; the modern practice was the fruit of human corruption, and has its analogies in all ages of society, such as is called civilized. ARGUMENT. If you are not yet ashamed of the life you have chosen, living at other men's charges, and submitting to any thing for a dinner, I would not believe you on your oath. The stomach wants but little; but suppose you have not that little, why can't you beg? That were more honest. V. 12-75. In the first place, when you have had your dinner you have got your full reward; for though it comes but seldom, the great man puts it down to your account you may be sure. Once in two months he has a vacant place at his table, and bethinks him of his client. "Come and dine," says he-the height of your ambition! the 66 reward for which you are ready to break your rest, to anticipate your brother parasites at uncouth hours of the morning. The wine is such that wool refuses it. It turns the guests to Corybantes, squabbling first, and then throwing cups to break each other's heads; the host meanwhile is drinking the oldest wines, of which he'd grudge a cyathus to a friend who'd got the heartburn. He has fine cups of amber set with stones; if the like is given to you, a watch is set to see your nails are not too busy. There's some excuse for him; for Virro, like his neighbours, sticks his finest jewels on his cups. But long-nosed earthenware and cracked is good enough for you. The master gets his water iced, not you. A black slave hands your cup, such as you'd fear to meet among the tombs: the flower of Asia waits on him, bought at a price beyond the wealth of kings. He's much too great to mix a poor man's wine. His beauty and his age become his pride. He's angry at your sitting while he stands. Every great house is full of these proud menials. One hands you sulkily a crust of hard and musty bread to try your teeth; the fine white loaf is kept for the master's eating. There's one stands by to see you keep to your own bread-basket. V. 76–106. And this, you cry, was what I left my home for and braved the rain and winds of the Esquiline! See that great lobster on a noble dish, that looks down scornfully upon the guests-that goes to the master. You get a scanty crab with half an egg -a sort of funeral dinner. He oils his fish with fine Venafran; while your poor cabbage stinks of the lantern and such stuff as Libya sends, and such that Romans will not bathe with blacks, and snakes turn from them. The master gets his mullet from the provinces (for craving bellies sweep them from our seas) and lampreys caught by venturous fishermen in the Sicilian strait: while you must put up with an eel like a long snake, or river fish all spotted with the frost and fattened in the sewers. V. 107-113. But now a word with the rich man himself. Nobody asks of you the bounties good rich men of old would send to their poor friends. In those days to be counted bountiful was more esteemed than fasces and inscriptions. We only beg you'll dine as a citizen should; then spend your money as you please. V. 113-124. See before the host is a fat goose's liver and a fowl as big as a goose, a boar that Meleager might have killed, and truffles if 'tis spring. (Keep your corn, Libya,' the glutton cries, but send us truffles.') To make one angry as can be, you see the carver flourishing his knife and dancing till he goes through all his lesson. 'Tis of the first importance with what gestures hares and fowls are carved. V. 125-131. You'll be dragged by the heels and put out of the door if you venture to open your mouth, as if you were a freeman born. Do you suppose the great man will ever drink to you? Is any of you so bold as to pass him the cup and say 'Drink?' There are many things a man dare not say with holes in his coat. V. 132-145. But if the gods or some good man gave you a fortune, what a friend you would soon become of Virro's! "Here, help Trebius, put it before Trebius: allow me, my dear brother, to help you from the loin." It's the money that is dear brother. But if you want to be the master's master, you must not have a little son or daughter. A barren wife makes pleasant friends. But if your wife presents you with three fine boys at a birth, there's no offence. The Virros will adore your little brood. V. 146-155. Suspicious mushrooms are for the poor friends, boletus for the master. Phaeacian apples, stolen you'd think from the Hesperides, are for the host and favoured guests: you feed but on their smell, and eat such rotten fruit as the monkey gnaws on the goat's back learning his drill. V. 156-173. Perhaps you think 'tis stinginess in Virro. He does it all to vex you. What fun so great as a disappointed belly? He wants to see you cry with rage and gnash your teeth. You think yourself a freeman and the rich one's guest: he thinks the smell of the kitchen draws you, and he's right. What freeman is so poor that he would bear such treatment twice? You're cheated with false hopes of a good dinner. He serves you You sit in silent expectation, ready for the scraps that do not come. right. If you can bear all kinds of treatment, you ought to bear it. come upon the stage to be flogged, you so worthy of such feasts and such a friend. Some day you'll Si te propositi nondum pudet atque eadem est mens, Ut bona summa putes aliena vivere quadra; Si potes illa pati, quae nec Sarmentus iniquas Nulla crepido vacat? nusquam pons et tegetis pars 1. propositi] He speaks as if this was the one purpose of his life. 2. aliena vivere quadra ;] Forcellini says 'quadra' means here a table, quoting Varro (de Ling. Lat. iv. 25): "Mensam escariam cibillam appellabant: ea erat quadrata ut etiam nunc in castris est." In Virgil (Aen. vii. 114) there is "Et violare manu malisque audacibus orbem Fatalis crusti patulis nec parcere quadris.” On which Servius says, "aut mensis; et est antonomasia, nam supra orbem dixit: aut quadris fragmentis accipimus, ut Juvenalis Ut bona summa putes," &c. Heinrich calls it wíva, a dish. The Romans had loaves of bread marked off into quarters like our hot cross buns, each part of which was called 'quadra.' Scaliger takes' quadra' here for bread; and Grangaeus follows him, explaining the words by 'impensis alienis.' The expression seems to be proverbial. Erasmus has among his proverbs," vivere quadra propria." Horace says, "Et mibi dividuo findetur munere quadra" (Epp. i. 17. 49), where a fourth part is not meant, but a bit of the man's property. Martial has "sectae quadra placentae" (iii. 77; vi. 75). This may be the origin of the expression; and aliena vivere quadra,' may be to live on the crumbs from another man's table. Servius so understood it. 3. quae nec Sarmentus iniquas] 'Iniquas mensas,' unequal tables,' are those to which little men are invited by their betters, taking their chance of the fare they will get. The parasite Sarmentus mentioned by Horace in the account of his journey to Brundisium (S. i. 5) has been confounded by the Scholiast and others with this man; who, Plutarch says in his life of M. Antonius (c. 59), was a young favourite of Au 5 gustus at the time of the battle of Actium. This does not agree with the account given of Horace's man in a note on the above place. Galba is called Aulus by Quintilian who mentions several of his good sayings (Inst. vi. 3). Plutarch (Erot. c. 16) tells of him an anecdote which is referred to on Hor. S. i. 2. 46, how he entertained Maecenas, and pretended to be asleep while he took liberties with his wife. The same sort of story has been told of others, and the proverb, "non omnibus dormio," arose out of some such case (Cic. ad Fam. vii. 24). Galba appears to have been proverbial for his humour as well as his servility, and Martial refers to him twice (i. 42. x. 101). The Scholiast says "Apicius Galba sub Tiberio Scurra nobilis fuit." Gabba is the reading of three good MSS., but it is only a Greek corrupted form, as Heinrich shows. Jahn has it in his text [and Ribbeck]. Heinrich and Schopen take 'Apicius' to be a mistake of the copyist, for Aulus, the name Quintilian gives him. 5. Quamvis jurato] This is a proverbial way of speaking common and obvious. The commentators quote Cicero ad Att. xiii. 28, "jurato mihi crede ;" and Plautus (Amphitr. i. 1. 281), “Nam injurato scio plus credet mihi quam jurato tibi." Juratus in these cases on oath,' sworn' is used, as in Horace (Epp. i. 17. 60), "per sanctum juratus dicat Osirim." 6. Ventre nihil novi frugalius.] He says the belly is very frugal, it can do with very little; but even if enough be not forthcoming to fill an empty belly, he had better beg than get his meals in that dirty way. 'Crepido' is a wall or a raised footpath by the road side, or, as Heinrich supposes, the steps of a house or public building, where poor people lay and often passed the night, as they do now in Rome and Naples. Dimidia brevior? tantine injuria coenae? Primo fige loco, quod tu discumbere jussus "Una simus,” ait. Votorum summa: quid ultra As to 'pons' see S. iv. 116. Teges' is a mat or rug (see below vi. 117; vii. 221). 'Dimidia brevior,' too short by half. · 9. tantine injuria coenae?] Is the insolence of a dinner worth so much? Is it worth while to accept a dinner only to be insulted ? "Injuriosa coena. Sic Virgilius, 'injuria caedis,' pro injuriosa caedes." This is Grangaeus' note. Heinrich says from 'tantine' to 'fames' is a gloss. He does not say why he thinks so. 10. possis cum honestius] The common reading is 'cum possis ;' but the last syllable in 'possis' is long. A few MSS., among which Ruperti quotes a very old one of Voss, have 'cum possit,' and my own judgment hesitates between that reading and the one in the text. Fames' might be the subject to 'possit;' and that way of speaking is not unnatural, nor too poetical as Ruperti says. If 'possit' be the true reading, 'possis' must have been introduced by copyists who did not see that 'possit' depended on fames,' and who preferred bad prosody to bad syntax. If possis cum honestius' be right, the words may have been transposed to avoid an unusual rhythm. But Horace has “cocto num adest honor idem ?" and Terence and Lucretius have the same combination frequently (see note on Hor. S. ii. 2. 28). Ruperti gives this last reading to the suggestion of Heinecke. Heinrich discusses and approves but does not adopt it. Such compounds of' circum' as circumago,' circumeo,' contain the same anomaly, if such it is. Ruperti has introduced 'quum pol sit' on his own authority [and Ribbeck has it]. Jahn has 'cum possit.' Henninius and other old editions have 'quin poscis ?' without authority. They mean why don't you beg? 6 illic] On the crepido' or 'pons.' Tremere' is to shiver with cold, or to pretend to do so. 'Farris canini' is bread such as 10 15 is thrown to the dogs. As to 'far,' see Hor. S. i. 5. 68, n. Martial has, upon a certain scurrilous verse-writer (x. 5) : "Erret per urbem pontis exul et clivi; Interque raucos ultimus rogatores Oret caninas panis improbi buccas." 12. Primo fige loco,] 'Fige' is stronger than 'pone. Set this down and don't forget it.' Heinrich says it is 'fige animo :' ἐμβάλλει θυμῷ. But Juvenal says put this in the foremost place.' M. and some other MSS. and some early editions have finge.' Discumbere' is a common word for reclining at meals (see Forcell.). 'Solidus' is that which has no hollow or vacant space (Hor. C. i. 1. 20, n., 'solido demere de die '). 'Merces solida' is a payment in full. Magnae amicitiae' is a common expression with Juvenal. See S. i. 33; iv. 20, 74. 15. Et quamvis rarum tamen] The Latin writers used tamen' much as the Greeks used %uws, as they might say, κal σnávιov buws (see note on Hor. C. i. 7. 22: cum fugeret tamen,' &c., and Long's note on Cic. Verr. ii. 2. 73). As to 'imputat,' see S. ii. 17, n., and on ‘rex,' S. i. 136. 16. adhibere clientem,] 'Adhibere,' 'to have in,' as we say, is the common word for invitations. Two MSS., M. and a Leipzig MS., have 'accire,' which is the reading of five of the old editions. The other is the more usual word, and has the best authority. 18. Una simus,] "Apud me sis volo" is a like phrase for an invitation to dinner in Terence (Heaut. i. 1. 110). The great man pays off his obligations to the little man by inviting him to dinner when he has a spare place, to fill up the gap; and he gives him the lowest place on his own couch, imus lectus,' on which the master of the house usually lay, with members of his family, or, in their absence, with his |