AUSTRALIA 87,652,000 ARGENTINA 67,212,000 UNITED STATES 56,315,000 RUSSIAN EMPIRE 46,753,000 PERSIA 45,000,000 UNITED KINGDOM 27,119,000 SIBERIA 23,356,000 INDIA 21,824,000 FIGURE 350. Number of sheep kept in eight leading countries. What have you learned about the manufacture of wool? Name a city that leads in woolen goods. (See page 133.) Swine. Name the four countries that lead in swine. Can you give any reason why the United States is the leading country? What are the chief food products obtained from swine? What use is made of their bristles? Sheep. What have you learned about | climate, the wool is coarser and less valuable. sheep-raising? What climate is most suitable? What country leads in sheep? Sheep are useful for food, and for their wool and skins. Notice that the two countries which lead in sheep are thinly settled. They have plenty of grazing land which is not needed for farming purposes. The sheep and the wool, which these countries produce, is largely exported to more thickly settled countries. For purposes of export, the mutton is usually frozen, the wool pressed into bales, and the skins are salted and dried. FIGURE 352. Number of swine kept in six leading countries. In preparing swine for food it is necessary to fatten them. In thinly settled countries or countries having extensive forests, they are allowed to roam in the pastures and forests under the care of a herdsman, and, in the fall, they fatten upon nuts and acorns. In the United States, corn is used for fattening the animals. In Germany, France, and Austria, the refuse beets from the sugar factories are fed to swine. Coal. Coal is the most useful of the nonmetals, and is found in every part of the world. It is useful not only for fuel, but in the form of coke, it is used in the manufacture of iron. The coke is made by heating soft coal in an oven which drives out the gas and oil. When coke is mixed with iron ore and limestone, and smelted in a blast furnace, liquid iron is obtained. Coal is FIGURE 354. The principal coal regions of the world, shown by dots. countries with those that produce iron. Why are they the same? Iron. What uses of iron are suggested by the picture? What other uses can you name? In what form is iron found in the earth? Which of our states lead in iron manufacturing? Iron is quite as necessary Iron is quite as necessary to a manufacturing country as coal, because nearly all the machinery used in factories is made of iron or steel. Steel is made from iron by hardening it. This is done by mixing other metals with iron or by forging. How many articles can you name that are made of steel? Compare the coal-producing Railroads. The most useful method of land transportation is land transportation is the railroad. In order that trade may be carried on, there must be some means of transporting materials and goods. Farming cannot be profitably conducted unless the crops can be sent to market. The growth of the United States both in wealth and population has been brought about largely by its railroads. In deciding whether one country has more railroads than another we divide the miles of railroad which it contains by the area of the country; this gives us the length of railroad per square mile. By this method we find that the United States has about one-fourteenth of a mile of railroad to the square mile, while Germany has about one-fifth. Find the length of railroad per square mile in Russia and Canada and compare with the United States. Russia has the longest railroad, extending from the Baltic Sea in Europe to the Pacific Ocean in Asia (page FIGURE 356. The dotted areas are principal regions where iron ore is mined. 264). INDEX AND PRONUNCIATIONS Key to the Diacritical Marks (From Webster's International Dictionary):-A:ă, as in ǎt; ā, as in āle; ä, as in ärm; â, as in senate; d, as in sofa; ă, as in account; ȧ, as in ȧsk; â, as in câre. E: ĕ, as in end; ē, as in ēve; ê, as in event; ẽ, as in fern; ě, as in recent. I: ī, as in Ice; I, as in ill. O: ō, as in ōld; ŏ, as in odd; ō, as in ōbey; ô, as in ôrb; o, as in connect. U: ū, as in use; ŭ, as in ŭp; û, as in ûrn; u, as in circus; û, as in ûnite. 00: 00, as in food; oo, as in foot. OU: ou, as in out. OI: oi, as in oil. G: g, as in go. CH: ch, as in chair. N: ŋ, as in iŋk. NG: ng, as in sing. TH: th, as in then; th, as in thin. Y: y, as in yet. ZH: z, as in azure. The primary accent is indicated by the mark ('). All numbers refer to pages; when in parentheses they refer to illustrations; where several references are given the main treatment is indicated by heavy type. A Abyssinia (ǎb-I-sÎn'I-a), 274 Albania (ăl-bā'nl-α), 246 Albany (ôl'ba-ni), N. Y., 138 Alexandria (al-ég-zăn'drl-a), Egypt, Baltimore (bôl'ti-mor), Md., 130 273 Algeria (ǎl-jē'rl-a), 273 Alps Mts., 39, (215), 241. Anniston (ǎn'Is-t'n), Ala., 148 Antwerp (ǎnt'werp), Belgium, 239 Baluchistan (bå-loo-chi-stän'), 261 Bangkok (băŋ-kõk'), Siam, 259 | Bokhara (bō-kä'rä), Central Asia, 264 Bolivar (bō-lē'vär), Venezuela, 206 Bolivia (bo-liv'I-a), 210 Bombay (bom-bā'), India, 255 Brahmanism (brä'măn-Iz'm), 253 Bridal Veil Fall, 168 Brisbane (briz'bân), Australia, 279 British Isles, 218-222 Brockton, Mass., 133 Broncho, 165 Brooks, (21), 43 Brussels (brus'ělz), Belgium, 239 Budapest (boo'dȧ-pěst), Hungary, 235 Buddha (bood'a), 260 Buddhism (bood'Iz'm), 253 Buenos Aires (bō'nus ā'riz), Argentina, 201, 207, (208) Belize (bě-lēz'), 192 Benares (běn-ä'rěz), India, 255 Appalachian Highlands (ǎp-a-lach'I-ăn), Bering Sea, 172 Butte (būt), Montana, 164 C Calgary (kål'ga-rf), Canada, 186 Callao (käl-yä'ð), Peru, 210 Camel, (14), 15 Canada (kǎn'a-da), 183-187 Canals, 45, 124; St. Mary's ("Soo"), 155, 237 Canton (kǎn-ton'), China, 252 Cape Town, So. Africa, 275 | Caravan, (14), 15, (270) Carbonic acid gas, 26 Cartagena (kär-ta-jē'na), Colombia, |