est, Scottum genere, ut Nicolaus papa primus diserte explicat, et apud Scottos genitus;' he never calls himself priest or monk, in the prefaces of his books, nor is so called by his contemporaries; he reached the pontificate of John VIII. (872), but appears not to have outlived it (Dec. 882): he was a mere sophist, nonnisi sophisticam artem calluerit; he seems to have written nothing later than some verses which must be dated before the end of 875. Whereas John, Alfred's friend, was both priest and monk: was from the old Saxon stock, that is, took his origin from Old Saxony. 'Eald Saxonum genere, id est, e veteri Saxonia oriundum,' therefore, was a German Saxon; yet alive in 895, being then killed yet in his strength; and was not inexpert in the warlike art. Of these reasons, Mabillon considers the place of Erigena's birth quite conclusive against his identity with Alfred's friend, the one being undoubtedly a native of either Ireland or Scotland, the other of continental Saxony. 'Hac vel una ratione omnino distinguendus est hic Johannes a Johanne Scotto.' But although Old Saxony undoubtedly means the former continental home of the Saxons, Asser's words do not necessarily imply that Alfred's friend John was born there, only that his family came from that country, which it might well do, and live notwithstanding, when he was born, either in Scotland or Ireland. The omission of his description as a priest and monk, in some contemporary books, and in his own, is not conclusive. He might have been neither, when first known to the world, but both subsequently; or the omission might have been merely accidental. Nor is the argument from dates conclusive. He appears to have come into France in the early part of Charles the Bald's reign, which began in 840, and he is thought to have lived until 895, having been strong enough to struggle, some time before, with two assassins. He might, however, have gone to France a mere lad, some time after 840, and been quite able to struggle for his life nearly, or quite, fifty years afterwards. Mabillon's reasons, therefore, though carrying considerable weight, are not sufficient to prove that Malmesbury and Hoveden were mistaken in calling Alfred's friend John Scot, and that Spelman, Abp. Ussher, Fuller, Collier, and other moderns were to blame for following them. Undoubtedly, these latter were anxious to make out a case against transubstantiation, of which doctrine John Scot was an early opponent. If, therefore, Alfred was his patron, he too must be numbered among opponents of that doctrine. On the other hand, Mabillon, with others, was

An

anxious to make out a case in favour of transubstantiation. Each side, consequently, has its own bias, and it need not be supposed that Mabillon has completely overthrown the opinion, that, until his time, generally prevailed. In fact, he ultimately pronounced it not clear whether John Scot might not have gone to Alfred uninvited ofter the death of Charles the Bald. vero Johannes Scotus ad Elfredum, quem literarum amantem noverat, mortuo Carolo Calvo, ultro ipse accesserit, mihi non liquet.' Acta SS. Ord. S. Bened. iv. pars 2, p. 519. Only Mabillon will not admit that Erigena could be the John sent for by Alfred from Gaul. This is, however, for polemical purposes, immaterial, the whole dispute being raised upon the possibility of Alfred's patronage to a strong opponent of transubstantiation. Trithemius makes John Scot and Erigena two different persons. Alfred's John and Erigena are also distinguished by some of the moderns. But Oudin contends for their identity, and with arguments that are a thorough match for Mabillon's on the other side. De Scriptor. Eccl. ii. 241. S.-The weight of testimony is overwhelmingly against the identity. Ed.]

The

[There were two eminent men in this century, of the name of Remigius. one, bishop of Lyons, and active from 850 to 875, in several councils, in behalf of Augustinianism and Godeschalcus. He wrote De tribus Episcoporum Epistolis Liber, seu Responsio Ecclesiæ Lugdunensis nomine facta adversus Hincmari, Rabani, et anonymi Episcopi Epistolas (in defence of Augustinianism); Libellus de tenenda Scripture veritate, et SS. Patrum authoritate sectanda; and Absolutio quæstionis de generali per Adamum damnatione, et speciali per Christum ex eadem ereptione elictorum. These tracts are in the Biblioth. Patrum, t. xv.; and in Mauguin, Collectio Scriptor, de Predestinatione, &c. t. i.-The other Remigius was a Benedictine monk of St. Germain's of Auxerre, and hence called Autissiodorensis. In the year 882, or subsequently, he was called to Rheims to take charge of the bishop's school. He died about A.D. 900. His works are Commentaries on all the Psalms of David; on the eleven last minor prophets; on the Epistles of St. Paul (sometimes ascribed, though falsely, to Haymo of Halberstadt); and an exposition of the mass. these are compilations from the fathers. Tr.] 2 [St. Bertharius was of noble French origin, and first a monk, and then abbot of Monte Cassino in Italy, from 856, till his death in 884. The Saracens frequently plundered that monastery, and at last slew Bertharius at the altar. See Mabillon, Acta

All

Sanctor. Ord. Bened. vi. 472, &c. He wrote several discourses, poems, and lives or eulogies of saints; most of which remain unpublished in the archives of his monastery. Tr.]

[Ado, a French monk, born about A.D. 800, made archbishop of Vienne A.D. 860, and died A.D. 876. He was much esteemed, and active in several councils, in favour of Augustinianism. He wrote a Martyrology before he was a bishop, and afterwards, a brief chronology, from the creation to about A.D. 870; also the lives of some saints. See Mabillon, L. c. vi. 278–290. Tr.]

[Aimoin, a Benedictine monk of St. Germain, at Paris, near the close of this century. He wrote the history of the miracles and of the removal of the relics of St. Germain and St. George; which is extant in Mabillon, 1. c. iv. 96, &c.; and vi. 45, &c. This Aimoin must not be confounded with Aimoin the Benedictine monk of Fleury, in the eleventh century, the author of the Historia de Rebus gestis Francorum. See Labbé, de Scriptor. Ecclesiast. ad Bellarminum, p. 305, &c. Tr.]

[Herricus or Erricus, born at Hery, a village near Auxerre, and a Benedictine monk at Auxerre, near the close of this century. He wrote six books of poetry, on the life of St. Germain; and two books of prose, respecting his miracles; besides numerous Homilies, some of which are now inserted in the Homiliarium of Paul Diaco

nus.

See Cave, Hist. Iatter. t. ii. Tr.] [Regino was a German, a monk of Prüm, in the diocese of Treves, chosen abbot there A.D. 892; opposed, and induced to resign A.D. 899. He died A.D. 908. His Chronicon, from the Christian era to 907, and continued by another hand to 972, relates chiefly to the Franks and Teutons. It is printed among the Scriptores Rerum German. ed. of Pistorius, t. i. His two books, de Disciplinis Ecclesiasticis et Religione Christiana, (a collection from councils, and the fathers, relating to ecclesiastical law,) are best edited by Steph. Baluze, Paris, 1671, 8vo. Tr.]

[The Latin writers omitted by Mosheim are the following:

Benedictus Anianensis, born in Lower Languedoc, A.D. 751; educated at court, and for some years employed in civil life. In the year 774 he retired to a monastery: and six years after, to avoid being made abbot, withdrew to a cell near the river Aniane, where monks gathered around him, and he became abbot of that, and a dozen other monasteries propagated from it. He died A.D. 814. See his life, written by

Ardo, his disciple, in Mabillon, Acta Sanctor. Ord. Bened. v. 183–215. He wrote Codex

Regularum Monasticar. (a collection of the rules of most orders of monks previous to his time); edited by L. Holstenius, 1661, and Paris, 1664, 4to.- Concordia Regularum ; a collection of exhortations to monks; Modus diversarum Pænitentiarum; and some epistles.

Ludger, a monk of Utrecht, who spent some time in England, and travelled in Italy, became abbot of Werden, and bishop of Munster, 802, and died 809. See his life, written by Altfrid, the second bishop after him, in Mabillon, 1. c. v. 14-33. wrote the life of St. Gregory, bishop of Utrecht, and some letters, still extant.

He

Smaragdus, abbot of St. Michael, in the diocese of Verdun; flourished about 810, and wrote commentaries on the Lessons from the Gospels and Epistles; Diadema Monachorum; a commentary on the Rule of St. Benedict; Via Regia; a letter for Charles the Great to the pope; Acts of a conference at Rome, A.D. 810; and a grammatical commentary on Donatus, in fourteen books.

Amalarius, a deacon, and perhaps rural bishop of Metz. He flourished from 812 to 836; and wrote de Divinis sive Ecclesiasticis Officiis Libri iv. (both in the Biblioth. Patrum, t. xiv.); also some epistles, Ecloga in Canonem Missæ, and Regula seu Institutio Canonicorumт.

Hatto, abbot of Reichenau, and bishop of Bâle, A. D. 811-836. He wrote some capitula for his diocese, and an account of the visions of Wettin, Hildegard, and other monkish saints.

Hettius or Hetto, archbishop of Treves, A.D. 814, &c. has left us two Epistles.

Frotharius, abbot of St. Aper, and bishop of Toul, A.D. 817--837. He wrote Epistolarum Liber, addressed to various bishops; published by Duchesne, among the Scriptores Rerum Francicarum, ii. 719.

Ebbo or Ebo, a German, educated at the imperial court, employed some time in civil affairs, then abbot of St. Remi, and A.D. 816 archbishop of Rheims. In 822, he went to Rome, and obtained a commission to convert the northern nations; in consequence of which he made two journeys to Denmark. In 833 he joined the revolt of Lothair against his father Lewis; for which he lost his bishopric, and was kept in custody at Fulda and other places. In 840 he was restored to his see, but lost it the next year. In 844 he was made bishop of Hildesheim; and died A.D. 851. Of this restless prelate, we have nothing remaining but his Apolo

geticus, presented to the council of Hildesheim; and published in the Concilia.

Halitgarius, bishop of Cambray and Arras, A.D. 816. He accompanied Ebbo in one of his excursions to Denmark. In 828 the emperor Lewis sent him as envoy to Constantinople. He returned the next year with abundance of relics; and died in 831. He wrote Opus de Vitiis et Virtutibus, Remediis Peccatorum, et Ordine et Judiciis Pænitentiæ, sex Libris absolutum; published by H. Canisius, and in the Biblioth. Patrum, xiv. 906.

Paschal II., pope A.D. 817-824, has left us several Epistles; which are in the Concilia. [Jaffe, 222. Ed.]

Sedulius, a Scot, who flourished about 818, and compiled from the fathers a Collectaneum, seu Explanatio in Epistolas S. Pauli; which is extant in the Biblioth. Patrum, vi. 494. He is to be distinguished from Sedulius the poet. See Labbé, de Scriptor. Ecclesiast. apud Bellarminum, de Scriptor. Ecclesiast. p. 149-152.

Dungal, a monk of St. Denys, near Paris, A.D. 821. He wrote a confutation of Claudius of Turin, in vindication of imageworship; which is in the Biblioth. Patrum, xiv. 196, and a letter to Charles the Great, de Eclipsi Solari.

Jonas, bishop of Orleans, A.D. 821-843. He was much employed on councils; and wrote three books against Claudius of Turin, in favour of retaining images, but without worshipping them; also de Institutione Laicorum, libri iii. and de Institutione Regia Liber; extant in the Bibliotheca Patrum, xiv. 166.

Eugenius II., pope, A.D. 824-827, has left us two Epistles, and nine Decreta; which are extant in the Concilia. [Jaffé, 224. Ed.]

Gregory IV. pope, A.D. 828-844. Three of his Epistles are in the Collections of Councils; and another, concerning the monastery of Fleury, in Baluzii Miscel. ii. 145. [Jaffé, 226. Ed.]

Ansegisus, abbot of various monasteries in France, from 807, till his death in 833. He collected the Capitularia Caroli Magni de Rebus præsertim Ecclesiasticis, in four books; best edited by Steph. Baluze, Paris, 1677, 2 tom. fol. His life, written by a contemporary, is in Mabillon, Acta Sanctor. Ord. Bened. v. 593, &c.

Ardo, called Smaragdus, abbot of Aniane, and author of the life of his predecessor Benedict of Aniane; which is in Mabillon, 1. c. v. 183, &c. Several other works have been ascribed to him, but some adjudge them to another of the same name.

Theganus, a learned French gentleman, and suffragan to the archbishop of Treves. He flourished about 837; and wrote Annales de gestis Ludovici Imp. ab ann. 813 usque

ad ann. 837; extant among the Scriptores Rerum Francicar. ed. Duchesne, t. ii.

Amulo, Amulus, or Amularius, archbishop of Lyons, A.D. 841-852, or longer. He wrote Epistola ad Theobaldum, exploding certain relics and the vendors of them: ad Godeschalcum Epistola, disapproving his opinions: and three tracts, on free-will, predestination, and grace: all which were published by S. Baluze, subjoined to the works of Agobard, and in the Biblioth. Patrum, xiv. 329.

Nithardus, grandson of Charles the Great ; first a courtier and soldier, and then a monk. He flourished A.D. 843, and died in 853. He has left us four books, de Dissidio filiorum Ludovici Pii, from 814-843; published by Pithoeus, and by Duchesne, Rerum Francicarum Scriptores, ii. 259.

Sergius II. pope, A.D. 844-847, has left two Epistles. [Jaffé, 229. Ed.]

Prudens or Prudentius, a Spaniard, but bishop of Troyes in France. He flourished A.D. 846, and died in 861. He wrote several tracts on predestination, &c., against John Scotus, Hincmar, &c., which are extant in the Bibliotheca Patrum, xv. 598; and also in Mauguin Vindicie Gratie, t. ii.

Pardulus, bishop of Laon, A.D. 847-856. His Epistle to Hincmar of Rheims, is printed inter Opera Hincmari, tom. ii. p.

838.

Eulogius of Cordova, flourished from 847 to 859, when he was beheaded by the Saracens, for his opposition to their laws. He wrote Memoriale Sanctorum, sive Libri iii. de Martyribus Cordubensibus; Apologeticus pro Martyribus; Exhortatio ad Martyrium; and several Epistles; all extant inter Rerum Hispanicarum Scriptores, t. iv.; and in the Biblioth. Patrum, xv. 242.

Alvarus, a Spanish Christian of Cordova, the intimate friend of Eulogius. He wrote the life of Eulogius, several epistles, and a tract entitled Scintille Patrum; all of which, except the last, are published with the works of Eulogius.

Leo IV. pope, A.D. 847-855, has left us sixteen epistles, and fragments of several others; besides a good homily, addressed to presbyters and deacons on the pastoral duties; extant in the Councils, &e. [Jaffé, 230. Ed.]

Wendelbert, a Benedictine monk of Prüm, who flourished A.D. 850. He wrote the life and miracles of St. Goar (in Mabillon, Acta SS. Ord. Bened. ii. 269, &c.); also a martyrology, in heroic verse, published among the works of Bede, t. i. under the title of Ephemerides Beda.

Eneas, bishop of Paris, A.D. 854–869. He wrote Adversus Objectiones Græcorum Liber; published by D'Achery, Spicileg. t. vii. and a short epistle to Hincmar.

Benedict III. pope, A.D. 855-858. Five or six of his epistles are in the Concilia, &c. [Jaffé, 235. Ed.]

Herard, archbishop of Tours, A.D. 855871, has left us 140 Capitula, addressed to his clergy, and some other papers, in the Concilia.

Hinemar, bishop of Laon, A.D. 856-871, when he was deposed. This proud and tyrannical prelate quarrelled with his uncle, Hinemar, archbishop of Rheims, with the king, with his clergy, and others; appealed to Rome, and obtained support from the pope; but was finally put down. He died about 881. There remain of him several epistles, and documents relating to his contests: extant in the works of Hincmar of Rheims, and in the Concilia.

Angelomus, a Benedictine monk of Luxeuil in Burgundy, who flourished A.D. 856. He wrote Stromata, or Commentaries on the four books of Kings; and also on the Canticles; which are extant in the Bibliotheca Patrum, xv. 307.

Nicolas, pope, A. D. 858-867. He began the controversy with Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, and opposed king Lothair's divorce of his queen. He has left us about 100 epistles; a reply to the interrogatories of the Bulgarians in 106 Capitula, besides decrees and rescripts on various subjects. His letters were published at Rome, 1542, fol. and with his other works are now in the Councils, &c. [Jaffé, 237. Ed.]

Isaac, bishop of Langres, A.D. 859-878, or longer. He, or Isaac, abbot of Poitiers, wrote a long epistle, de Canone Missæ; published by D'Achery, Spicileg. t. xiii. He is the author of a Collectio Canonum, like the Greek Nomo-canon, compiled from the Capitula of the French kings, and the decisions of councils; which was published by Sirmond, and since in other Collections of councils.

Hulderic, Udalric, or Ulric, bishop of Augsburg, A.D. 860-900. He was a distinguished prelate, and wrote a long letter to pope Nicolas, reprobating his rigid enforcement of celibacy upon the clergy. This famous letter, which pope Gregory VII. condemned as heretical, A.D. 1079, has been often printed by the Protestants.

Hadrian, or Adrian, pope, A.D. 867-872. He continued the contest with Photius, and assumed great power in France. Forty of his epistles, besides some addresses and papers, are extant in the Councils, &c. [Jaffé, 254. Ed.]

Anastasius Bibliothecarius, an abbot, presbyter and librarian at Rome, who was papal envoy to Constantinople, to Naples, &c. He was one of the most learned men of his time (A.D. 870-886), and well acquainted with the Greek language. He wrote Acta Concilii Constantinop. IV. in

Latin, falsely called the eighth general Council, A.D. 869; Acta Concilii Nicæni II. A.D. 787, Latine versa; Historia Ecclesiastica, sive Chronographia Tripartita, compiled from Niceph. Patr. of Cpl., George Syncell. and Theophanes Confessor; Historia de vitis Romanorum Pontificum, seu Liber Pontificalis, from St. Peter to pope Nicolas I. Collectanea de iis, quæ spectant ad Historiam Monothelitarum ; besides various letters and tracts, either original, or translations and abstracts; published by Sirmond, Paris, 1620, 8vo. His Acts of councils, and his lives of the popes, are inserted in the Collections of Councils. [The Lives of the Popes, more usually called the Pontifical Book, was not written by Anastasius, but is universally admitted to be a spurious production from two or more unknown pens. Oudin. ii. 267. S.]

John VIII., pope, A.D. 872-882. He was an active pope, but greatly harassed by the Saracens, who infested all southern Italy. There are extant, in the Collections of Councils, and elsewhere, 326 of his epistles. [Jaffé, 260. Ed.]

Hartmutus, or Hartmannus, abbot of St. Gall, A.D. 872-883. He wrote some poems and hymns, published by Canisius, Lectiones Antiq. t. v. also the life of St. Wiborada, a virgin martyr; extant in Mabillon, Acta SS. Ord. Bened. vii. 42, &c.

John, a deacon at Rome, and the friend of Anastasius Biblioth. who flourished A.D. 875. He wrote the life of St. Gregory the Great, in four books; which is in all the editions of the works of Gregory; and in Mabillon, Acta SS. Ord. Bened. i. 389, &c.

Usuardus, a French monk of St. Germain's, at Paris, who flourished A.D. 876. Displeased with the brevity of the martyrologies of Jerome and Bede, he wrote one more full and particular, under the countenance of Charles the Bald. It was published, Louvain, 1568, 8vo; and with omissions of what displeased the Papists, at Antwerp, 1587, 8vo.

Abbo, a monk of St. Germain, having witnessed the siege of Paris by the Normans, in the year 887, composed a history of it, in three books of very uncouth verses; published among the Scriptores Historiæ Franc.

Stephen VI., pope, A.D. 885-891, has left us [28 Epistles and fragments. Jaffé, 294. Ed.]

Wolfhardus, a Benedictine monk and presbyter in the diocese of Eichstadt, who flourished A.D. 886, has left us a life of St. Walburga, or St. Walpurgis, in four books; extant in Mabillon, Acta SS. Ord. Bened. iv. 260, &c.

Herembertus, or Erchembertus, a monk of Monte Cassino, A.D. 887. He wrote a