Quis, pater, ille, virum qui sic comitatur euntem ? Filius, anne aliquis magna de stirpe nepotum?

870

875

Qui strepitus circa comitum ! quantum instar in ipso! 865
Sed nox atra caput tristi circumvolat umbra."
Tum pater Anchises, lacrimis ingressus obortis:
"O gnate, ingentem luctum ne quaere tuorum.
Ostendent terris hunc tantum fata, neque ultra
Esse sinent. Nimium vobis Romana propago
Visa potens, superi, propria haec si dona fuissent.
Quantos ille virûm magnam Mavortis ad urbem
Campus aget gemitus! vel quae, Tiberine, videbis
Funera, quum tumulum praeterlabere recentem!
Nec puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos
In tantum spe tollet avos, nec Romula quondam
Ullo se tantum tellus jactabit alumno.
Heu pietas, heu prisca fides, invictaque bello
Dextera! non illi se quisquam impune tulisset
Obvius armato, seu quum pedes iret in hostem,
Seu spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos.
Heu, miserande puer! si qua fata aspera rumpas,
Tu Marcellus eris. Manibus date lilia plenis ;
Purpureos spargam flores, animamque nepotis
His saltem accumulem donis, et fungar inani
Munere." Sic tota passim regione vagantur
Aëris in campis latis, atque omnia lustrant.
Quae postquam Anchises natum per singula duxit,
Incenditque animum famae venientis amore,
Exin bella viro memorat, quae deinde gerenda,
Laurentesque docet populos urbemque Latini,
Et quo quemque modo fugiatque feratque laborem.

in what way he get flee &

880

885

must be forget

Sunt geminae Somni portae; quarum altera fertur
Cornea, qua veris facilis datur exitus Umbris;
Altera candenti perfecta nitens elephanto,

Sed falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes.
His ubi tum natum Anchises unaque Sibyllam
Prosequitur dictis, portaque emittit eburna;
Ille viam secat ad naves sociosque revisit,
Tum se ad Caietae recto fert litore portum.
[Anchora de prora jacitur; stant litore puppes.]

890

895

900

sc., (scilicet,)-understand, sup- A., Allen's Manual.

Con., Conington's Metrical Version.
Hand. Tursel., - Hand's Tursellinus.
Lex., Andrews's Freund's Lexicon.

The usual abbreviations of the names of cases, moods, tenses,

NOTES TO

VIRGIL'S AENEID.

THE "Ae-ne'-id" derives its name from its hero, Ae-ne'-as, a Trojan prince, the son of Anchises and Venus. Its subject is his "adventures, while sailing from Troy, after the destruction of that city, in search of a settlement,― his final landing in Italy,- and his triumphant struggle with his enemies and his rival, Turnus, in that country, leaving him free to marry Lavinia, the daughter of Latīnus, king of the Latins, and to found Lavinium, the mother city of Rome." As a "valiant warrior and pious worshipper of the gods," Aeneas represents Virgil's ideal of the Roman people. Indirectly, the object of the poem is to gratify the pride of the Romans, to quicken their patriotism, to heighten their regard for religion, and to exalt their monarch, Augustus.

"The grand religious idea which breathes throughout the Aeneid," says Merivale, "is the persuasion that the Romans are the sons and successors of the Trojans, the chosen race of heaven, of divine lineage and royal pretensions, whose destinies have engaged all the care of Olympus from the beginning, till they reach at last their consummation in the blissful regeneration of the empire. It maintains the existence of Providence as the bond of the Roman commonwealth. 'Yes! there are gods,' it proclaims, and the glories of Rome demonstrate it."" The first six books describe the adventures and wanderings of Aeneas before reaching his destined home in Italy, the last six his wars with Turnus and his allies.

THE INSCRIPTION.

These four lines, of doubtful authorship, form no part of the poem; they may have been prefixed, however, simply as an epigram, to some copies of the first book circulated by Virgil among his friends. Supply sum with modulatus, and cano at the end of the fourth line.

BOOK I.

ARGUMENT.

AFTER stating the subject of the poem generally (1-7), invoking the Muse (8-11), and accounting for the resentment of Juno to the Trojan race (12-33), Virgil, plunging at once into the middle of the action, (like Homer, Milton, and other great epic poets,) introduces his hero, in the seventh year of his wanderings after the destruction of Troy, just starting from Sicily and making for the Italian mainland. A tempest is sent forth against him by Aeolus, at the instigation of Juno, and drives his shattered ships on the coast of Africa (34-123). Neptune interferes to calm the storm (124-156). Aeneas lands, slays seven stags of immense size, gives one to each of the seven ships now remaining to him, and exhorts his fellow-exiles to patience and hope (157-207). The banquet of the ships' crews follows (208-222). Venus pleads the cause of her son, Aeneas, and of the Trojans, before Jupiter, and lays all the blame of their misfortunes on Juno. The king of the gods being moved by the appeal, discloses the decrees of the Fates, and consoles his daughter by the assurance of future prosperity and unbounded empire to the Trojans in their descendants, the Roman people (223-296). Mercury is sent down to render Dido friendly to Aeneas (297-304). Satisfied with the declaration of Jupiter, Venus descends to earth, and, in the guise of a huntress, presents herself to Aeneas, announces that the ships which he had supposed lost were safe in port, and shows the city of Carthage in progress of building by the Phoenician Dido (305-409). Aeneas, under cover of a cloud, enters Carthage in company with his faithful attendant, Achates (410-420). Description of rising Carthage (421-436). Aeneas visits the temple of Juno, and sees depicted on its walls the battles and heroes of the Trojan war (437-493). Dido visits the temple (494-508). A deputation from the twelve missing ships of the Trojans waits on Dido, to complain of the outrages of her people, and bewails the loss of Aeneas (509-560). Dido consoles them, offers them either a temporary sojourn or a lasting home, and promises to search for Aeneas (561-578). Instantly Aeneas and Achates become

visible. Aeneas thanks Dido for her generosity (579-612). Dido bids him welcome, sends food to the crews at the ships, and orders a splendid banquet in the palace (614-642). Aeneas sends for his son, Ascanius (643-656). Venus, substituting Cupid for Ascanius, inflames Queen Dido with a passionate love for her guest (657-722). The banquet in Dido's palace. The time passes in song and talk, till Dido begs Aeneas to tell the whole story of the fall of Troy and his seven years of wandering (699-756).

1-3. Arma-litora. I sing of arms and the man, who first, from the coasts of Troy, by fate an exile, came to Italy and the Lavinian shores.— Italiam and litora, terminal accusatives after a verb of motion, the preposition in (which would be inserted in the best prose except before names of towns) being omitted by poetical usage. H. 379, 4; A. & S. 237, Rem. 5, (c.); B. 948.-Fato. H. 414; A. & S. 247; B. 873; A. 54, I.-Profugus. H. 363; A. & S. 204; B. 622; A. 46. — Lavinia, pronounced La-vin-ga. (H. 669, II. 3; A. & S. 306, (3); B. 1510, 3.) The epithet "Lavinian" is applied by anticipation to the shores where the city Lavinium was afterwards built by Aeneas.

3. Ille, the one; in apposition with qui.-Jactatus and passus are participles agreeing with ille. -Terris et alto, on land and on the deep; the preposition in is omitted before these ablatives of place, by a frequent poctical license similar to that in the omission of the preposition before the accusatives in the second and third lines. Terris is purposely plural, (lit., lands,) Aeneas, while seeking a settlement, having been driven about from country to country.

4. Superum, of the gods; gen. plural for superorum. H. 45, 5, (4); A. & S. 53; B. 66; A. 10, 6.- Memorem, ever mindful, and therefore relentless. Well rendered by Conington in his translation of saevae memorem Junonis iram, "fell Juno's unforgetting hate."

W. says

5, 6. Dum conderet urbem inferretque deos Latio, while he was striving to found a city and bring (his) gods into Latium. The idea of striving to found, striving to bring, is implied in the subjunctive after dum. H. 522, II.; A. & S. 263, 4, (1); B. 1238; A. 62, II. 2. "the subjunctive here expresses wish and inclination.” S. gives conderet a potential force: "till he was able to found." Others tr. "until he founded." See Hofmann on Latin Temporal Particles.

6. Latio, dat., where in prose in with the acc. would be used. II. 379, 5; A. & S. 225, IV., Rem. 2; B. 837; A. 51, II. n. Genus unde Latinum, whence arose the Latin race. It was the tradition that Aeneas united the Aborigines, whom he found in Italy, with the Trojans, under the name "Latins"; that his son Ascanius founded Alba ("and the Alban nobles," Albanique patres); and that from his descendants arose the principal founders of Rome.