Comprehensive Examination CHEMISTRY Friday, June 22 2-5 p.m. A teacher's certificate covering the laboratory instruction must be presented as a part of the examination unless the laboratory notebook is to be presented at a laboratory examination. Answer ten questions as indicated below. Attach to the answer, in each case, the number and letter used in the printed paper. PART I (Answer all questions in Part I.) 1. a) Name and define four different types of chemical action, and illustrate each by an experiment which you have performed in the laboratory, stating the object of the experiment, together with the names of the substances used and of the products formed. b) What is meant by a radical? Give an example to show how a radical may be decomposed in a chemical change. 2. a) State the Law of Multiple Proportions, and illustrate it by the consideration of two compounds of carbon and hydrogen containing respectively 75 per cent and 92.3 per cent of carbon. b) How does this law support the hypothesis that the elements are composed of atoms having definite weights? 3. a) How many grams of hydrochloric acid gas can be obtained by heating ten grams of crystallized ferric chloride, FeCl3.6H2O, with concentrated sulphuric acid? (H=1, O=16, Cl=35.5, Fe=56.) b) What is the percentage of sulphur in iron alum, K2SO4• Fe2(SO4)3 · 24H2O ? (K=39, S=32, O=16, Fe=56, H=1.) 4. Give a detailed account of a good laboratory method for preparing and collecting chlorine in quantity; write the chemical equations involved; make a diagram of the apparatus. 5. Write equations for the following reactions, using formulas throughout. The equations must be properly balanced to receive credit. a) Calcium hydroxide and sulphurous acid = ? b) Steam and magnesium (heated) = ? c) Hydrogen sulphide burned in excess of oxygen = ? d) Nitric acid and ammonia gas= ? e) Aluminium sulphate and ammonium hydroxide = ? (SEE NEXT PAGE) (Answer five questions from Part II. Extra questions will receive no credit.) 6. Indicate the basic oxides in the following list, and write the names of the compounds formed by heating them with the acid anhydrides in the list: phosphorus pentoxide, calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, sulphur trioxide, and aluminium oxide. 7. Compare and contrast the properties and uses of the two chlorides of mercury. Give the scientific and the common names; also the formulas of these compounds. 8. a) What volume would be occupied by 14 grams of carbon monoxide under standard conditions? (0=16, C=12.) b) If ten liters of carbon monoxide under standard conditions are heated to 27.3° C., without change in pressure, what volume will the gas occupy? c) What volume of oxygen is necessary to combine with five liters of carbon monoxide under the same conditions of temperature and pressure? Show how you arrive at your conclusion. 9. A certain chemical compound is found by analysis to contain 92.3 per cent of carbon and 7:7 per cent of hydrogen. What is the simplest formula which can express its composition? If the molecular weight is 78, what is the formula? (C-12, H=1.) 10. a) If steam is passed over heated iron, iron oxide and hydrogen are formed; if hydrogen is passed over heated iron oxide, metallic iron and steam are formed. Why are the products of reaction different in the two cases? b) Under what conditions will a chemical reaction reach equilibrium? Under what conditions will it run to an end? 11. Define the term "molecular weight," and give one method for determining a molecular weight. 12. How may ozone be prepared? What are its properties? How is its formula written? How would you demonstrate its chemical composition (not its formula)? 13. a) Give the names and formulas of two alcohols, together with the name and formula of the aci、 derived from each. b) Outline a process for the commercial production of grain alcohol and state some of its industrial uses. What is denatured alcohol? 14. a) Outline a method for the manufacture of nitric acid from atmospheric nitrogen or from ammonia. (b) Enumerate at least two of the important commercial uses of nitric acid. 15. a) Name three classes of food substances and list several food substances which are typical in each class. b) Describe tests by which the nature of a simple food substance may be determined. Thursday CIVIL GOVERNMENT 9 a.m. Two hours Answer the first question and five others. 1. Write brief notes on five of the following terms: alderman, caucus, eminent domain, grand jury, habeas corpus, "log-rolling," plurality, proportional representation. What books, or selections from books, have you read in addition to your textbook on any of these topics, or on any other subjects connected with the course? 2. If you have ever been present at a session of either branch of your state legislature or your city council, or at the trying of a case in court, or at a hearing before a public commission of any kind, or in a voting booth on election day, or at any similar occasion when citizens were exercising their civic duties, write out a full description of the scene, showing clearly what was aimed at, what officials were present, what was said and done by each, what questions were asked, and how the matter was decided, if decided at all. 3. What is meant by the commission form of city government? What are the arguments in favor of it? Against it? 4. Name the chief offices in any one of our state governments with which you are familiar. Give the name of the state chosen. Explain fully the powers and duties attached to each office. 5. Define "jurisdiction." What is meant by original, appellate, concurrrent, and exclusive jurisdiction? 6. Give some reasons why a statesman prefers membership in the Senate of the United States to membership in the House of Representatives. 7. Name seven of the powers of Congress. Define fully the scope of two of these powers, giving, if possible, examples to illustrate your definition. 8. Could a President be elected by a minority of the total numbers of persons voting at a presidential election? Give your reasons. 9. What are the arguments in favor of an elected judiciary? Of an appointed judiciary? To which class do the judges of the United States Supreme Court belong? 10. Explain fully what is meant by the threefold division of powers in the United States, and by the system of checks and balances. Saturday DRAWING-FREE-HAND 9 a.m. Two hours Candidates must do both exercises, including both (a) and (b) in exercise 1. An incomplete drawing, correctly laid out and executed by correct method, is better evidence of proficiency than a completed drawing incorrect in construction or slovenly in execution. Use a soft pencil, with a light touch. All work must be strictly free-hand work without assistance from measuring slips, instruments, or artificial aids of any kind. Accuracy of form is of more account than finished execution. Students must not erase the construction lines. 1. a) Represent a jelly layer cake, circular in plan, with a wedge-shaped slice cut from it, the cut going to the center. The cake is placed on a horizontal plane below the level of the eye. Show the slice lying near the cake. Make the drawing not less than 4 inches in width. b) What is the difference between perspective projection and geometric projection? Answer this question in writing, illustrating by diagrams. 2. Make a drawing in light and shade, without regard to color value, of Fig. 1 or Fig. 2. In Fig. 1 the painted decoration on the cup, shown by distinctions of color value, should be omitted, or indicated only in line. Make the drawing the same size as the figure. (SEE NEXT PAGE) |