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149. seditio, revolt, lit. a going apart (sed se, eo). — animis, in temper (§ 54, 9; G. 397). — ignobile, mean or obscure (lit. of no recognizable standing: gnosco).

150. faces, fire-brands: Rome was very vulnerable to this favorite weapon of the mob. — furor explains the kind of weapons.

151. si quem belong together; tum, correl. with cum, v. 148. meritis, services (to the state).

152. conspexere, plur. because here the individuals are thought of. — adstant, stand by, implying attention.

153. regit . . . animos, sways their minds by words (addressed to their reason); pectora mulcet, calms their passion (whose seat is in the breast). — mulcet: used originally of the stroking of an animal, and so of soothing the blind passion of the crowd.

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154. fragor, crash of the breakers (frango). — æquora, obj. of prospiciens, looking forth on.

155. curru, old dative.. - secundo (old participial form quendo), following, i. e. gliding easily after the horses.

157. quæ proxima the nearest.

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158. vertuntur, turn, used in the reflexive or "middle" sense, which is expressed in English by the active form, and in Latin more commonly by the passive (§ 24, 3, N.). But the active is also common after Cicero.

160. objectu, interposition:

66

an island makes a port by interposing its shores, against which every billow breaks, and parts [run

ning up] into deep coves" (sinus).

162. rupes, the rocky shore in general; lands ("look-outs "). - minantur, tower. responding one on each side.

scopuli, peaks or head-gemini, twin, i. e. cor

164. scæna (in apposition with nemus below), properly the decorated partition wall (frons scænæ) at the back of the stage in Roman theatres: here, the background of woods and hills as seen from the shore; silvis (abl. of material), as a scene with waving woods, a dark forest with bristling shade (referring to the forms of the firs, &c.) juts over from above.

166. scopulis, of rocks (abl. of material).

167. aquæ dulces, fresh water-springs, opposed to amaræ, brackish or salt. – vivo saxo, living rock, i. e. in its natural site, and so endowed with the life of nature.

168. fessas, weary, as if the ships felt the hardships they had undergone (see Od. xiv. 100).

170. omni ex numero, twenty in all (v. 381): one was lost, and twelve were scattered, but afterwards reappeared (v. 393).

173. sale tabentes, dripping with brine: tabeo is properly waste with putrefaction, which causes moisture.

174. silici, from flint (§ 51, 2, e; G. 346).

175. foliis, dry leaves, used as tinder. — circum dedit, he put

about it.

176. nutrimenta, any thing that would keep the spark alight, chips, stubble, &c.—rapuit, etc., he kindles a blaze in dry fuel (fomite, root in foveo). The word rapuit seems to apply to the sudden bursting out of the blaze.

177. Cererem, corn, identified with the goddess of the harvest (compare Livy, xxii. 37).—corruptam, damaged.—arma, utensils, such as hand-mills (saxo), baking-pans, &c.

178. expediunt, fetch out from the ships.—fessi rerum, weary of their hardships, they are eager to catch ever so short a respite (for the gen., see § 50, 3, c; G. 374).— receptas, recovered from the sea.

179. torrere, to parch, before grinding or bruising (frangere): the wet grain would particularly need it.

180. scopulum conscendit (cf. Od. x. 146): scopulus-(σкóжελos, from σкоnèw) — is a rock suitable for a look-out, a borrowed word; the corresponding Latin form is speculum, with a different sense.

181. Anthea si quem videat (indir. quest., § 67, 2, ƒ; G. 462), if he can see any [thing of] Antheus.

183. arma, shields, arranged in order along the quarter, as appears on coins.

184. cervos, see Od. x. 158.

187. hic, adverb.

190. sternit, lays low.

191. miscet inter, disperses among.

195. deinde (dissyl.) dividit, next he shares. — cadis onerarat, had laden in casks (dat. § 51, 1, c; G. 348). —Acestes: it is implied that they had stopped at Segesta and been entertained by Acestes on their way. This is not distinctly stated, because Æneas is to stop there again on his later voyage (Book V.).

196. heros, Acestes (see Od. ix. 196).

198. ignari, inexperienced. - ante, adverb, qualifying malorum (§ 47, 3, c; G. 440), a use common in Greek, and not rare in Latin. 199. O passi graviora, ye who have suffered heavier woes (cf. Od. xx. 17).

200. Scyllæam, of Scylla (§ 47, 5; G. 360, R1). — rabiem, madness, especially of animals; so here of Scylla, who is conceived

as surrounded by dogs (iii. 424-432).—penitus, far within, i. e. the

depths of Charybdis.

201. accestis =

- accessistis (§ 30, 6, a; cf. iv. 606, v. 786).

204. discrimina ferum, critical affairs: discrimen, the turning point, as implying the decision.

205. tendimus, sc. iter.

207. rebus secundis, dative.

209. altum corde, deep in his heart.

210. se accingunt, gird themselves—make ready: their clothes, hanging loose, must be buckled up for any active task.

211. viscera, properly, the great internal organs, heart, liver, &c. ; but used in general for the flesh, or whatever soft parts are beneath the skin.

212. pars secant, see Il. i. 465.

214. victu, etc., they recover their strength with food.

215. Bacchi, § 50, 4, e; G. 373, Ro.

216. exempta, sc. est (see note, v. 36), nearly equivalent to pluperfect when hunger had been relieved.

:

217. requirunt, inquire of one another.

218. seu credant, indir. quest. (§ 67, 2, ¿), depending on dubil. 219. exaudire, hear [as they call] from the distance.

221. secum, by himself: the commander must not show grief in the sight of his men (v. 211).

223. finis, the end of the day, or of the feast.

224. despiciens, looking down upon (Ribbeck has dispiciens, looking abroad).—velivolum, alive with sails. Latin as compared with Greek is curiously bare of such compounds as this, and most of those attempted by the poets gained no root in the language. 225. sic, i. e. despiciens.

226. regnis, on the realms (either dat. or abl.).

227. jactantem, as it were shifting his cares about like a heavy load. — talis curas, such cares as became the ruler of the world. 228. tristior, sadder than usual. nitentis oculos, beaming eyès. 229. qui regis ... terres who rulest by eternal might and by thy terrible thunder.

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231. quid committere potuere, i. e. what can they have done (§ 58, 11, a; G. 246).

232. tot funera passis, having suffered so many fatalities, particularly in the fall of Troy.

233. terrarum orbis, the circle of the lands, i. e. in particular those about the Mediterranean ; but equivalent, nearly, to "the whole earth."

234. Romanos, depending on pollicitus.

235. Teucri: Teucer is the imaginary founder of the Trojan race and name.

236. tenerent, shall hold; but imperf. by sequence of tenses.

237. pollicitus: better, pollicitu's, hast promised, making the question independent.

238. hoc, by this.

239. fatis... rependens, balancing adverse fates against [those happier] fates (abl. of price).

240. nunc, opposed to solabar: I used to find comfort for the fall of Troy and its mournful ruin; but now I find that hope was vain.

243. Illyricos, on the east shore of the Adriatic. — tutus (emph.), i. e. though far within the bounds of a hostile people.

244. superare, pass beyond, but with the idea of surmounting difficulties.

245. per ora novem: Venus pauses in her appeal to describe a curious natural phenomenon. The Timavus is the name of a small river and bay, or creek, at the head of the Adriatic, where several springs the actual number is seven -flow by underground channels in the limestone into the salt water. When the waters are forced back by a storm, the salt water finds its way through these crevices, so as to disgorge "with roaring flood" through the springs upon the land,-"pelago premit arva sonanti." The antecedent of unde appears to be not fontem, but Timavi.

247. urbem Patavi, as we say, the city of Padua (§ 50, 1,ƒ; G. 359). In the time of Virgil, this was the fourth city of the empire in wealth, ranking next after Rome, Alexandria, and Gades.

248. arma fixit, i. e. in the temples, in gratitude for the peace which made them useless (cf. E. vii. 24).

249. compostus, laid to rest: the word is used as including all rites of burial.

250. nos, i. e. Venus the daughter of Jove, and Æneas her son. — adnuis, dost promise by thy nod: present, as if no change could be thought of. cæli arcem, the height of heaven; Æneas was worshipped as one of the Dii Indigetes (xii. 794; Liv. i. 2).

251. infandum, O horror (unspeakable)! — unius, i. e. of Juno. 253. hic (referring to the above, but agreeing with the predicate honos), is this the honor shown to piety? — reponis, lit. restore us to our rule, i. e. give us that which is already ours. 256. oscula (dim. of os), the pretty lips. — libavit, kissed: the

word means to take a bit away; hence, to pour a libation, and (as here) to taste.

257. parce metu (dat.), spare thy fears. - Cytherea, so called from the island Cythera, south of Greece, where the Phoenicians had an early colony, introducing the worship of Aphrodite, as in Cyprus and elsewhere.

259. sublimem, on high.

260. sententia, see v. 237.

262. longius, at greater length. — volvens, unrolling as it were the scroll of fate. — movebo, will stir (bring to light).

263. Italia (abl), in Italy.

264. ponet, shall establish.

265. tertia æstas, i. e. he shall live to reign three years in peace.

266. Rutulis (dat. of reference): the Rutuli were a Volscian people, whose chief city was Antium. They, with their king Turnus, are represented as the chief antagonists of Æneas at his settlement in Italy.

267. Iulo (§ 51, 3, b; G. 322): see Introduction, p. 33. 269. volvendis

volventibus, as coming from the deponent (reflexive) form volvor (§ 73, 2, N ; G. 427, R1). — mensibus, abl. abs., though the construction does not occur elsewhere with the participle in dus.

270. Lavini (for appos.), see note, v. 247.

271. longam Albam, see Liv., i. 2.

272. hic, at Alba. — regnabitur (impers.), the realm shall last. ter centum: reckoning from the usual date of the Trojan war, this would still be nearly a century before the assumed founding of Rome, B.C. 753.

273. Hectorea: the race is here named from its greatest hero, perhaps also with a hint at the prowess of the kings. Numerous other appellations occur in the course of the poem, as Troes, Teucri, Æneades, Dardanidæ, &c.—regina, princess, as daughter of Numitor; sacerdos, priestess, as vestal virgin.

274. geminam. . . prolem, shall give birth to twin children. Ilia, of the house of Ilus: her name was Rhea Silvia.

275. lupa tegmine: Romulus was no doubt represented in pictures, &c., as clad in a wolfskin, as Hercules in the lion's skin, &c.-lætus, joyously clad.

276. Mavortia monia, the walls sacred to Mars (=Mavors), the patron deity of Rome, and naturally the imputed father of its