35. salis, of the salt [sea]. So as in Greek. -ære, bronze. The most ancient metal work was chiefly of bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, much easier to melt than pure copper, as well as harder. Hence the beaks of the ships are referred to. -ruebant, were beating down. The verb ruo, here used transitively, expresses the breaking down of a mass into fragments, as in the crumbling of a wall,

36. cum Juno.. secum, sc. loquitur. The omitted verb is necessarily indicative (§ 62, 2, b, R2; G. 581, R).

37. mene desistere, what! I desist? (§ 57, 8, g; G, 341), 38. nec posse, and be unable.

39. quippe, to be sure (ironical)

at in prose. — Pallas, an epithet of Minerva (strictly Athene), as brandisher of the lance. classem Argivom (§ 1, 2, 6), i. e. the fleet of Ajax Oileus (see Odyssey, iv. 499-511).-ne: regularly, as here, appended to the emphatic word.

40. ipsos, themselves (opposed to the ships),

41. unius, a whole fleet for one; opposed to v. 46. —furias: the great crimes of antiquity were supposed to be committed in a frenzy induced by the Furies, the agents of divine wrath (so "by instigation of the Devil" in modern indictments). Hence furiæ is often used of ungovernable passion. Ajax, by one legend, is said to have offered violence to Cassandra, daughter of Priam and priestess of Pallas.

42. ipsa jaculata, hurling with her own hand. Pallas was the only one of the other deities who might wield the thunderbolt of Jove.- rapidum (active verbal), destructive.

43. evertit æquora, upturned the seas.

44. exspirantem .

...

flammam, panting out flames from, &c. 46. ast, old form of at, but.—incedo, move: the word suggests dignity by mentioning the gait at all when there is no need of it. The incessus of the gods is an even sailing movement, not the mere human act of walking.

47. soror (see Il. xvi. 432): in the Greek mythology, the king and queen of heaven are both children of Kronos.

una cum gente: here is a double antithesis, first in reference to unius, v. 41, a guilty (hated) race, and second to ego: I, a divinity, against a single race.

48. gero, have been [and still am] waging (§ 58, 2, a ; G, 221). quisquam: the question implying a negative (§ 21, 2, h). — adoret, the reading varies with adorat. The subjunctive seems better.

49. imponet, the future differs little from the subjunctive. — præterea, any more (save those who adore already).

51. patriam, luctantes, indignantes, a lively personification of the Winds. — austris, one of the most violent used for the whole. 52. Æoliam, one of the Lipari Islands, N. E. of Sicily.

54. vinclis, for vinculis: so periclum, and many other words. This tendency to drop out unaccented vowels is especially marked in the derivation of French words from Latin, as doigt (digitus).

55. cum murmure montis: for the expression, compare v. 245. 57. sceptra: the poets often use the plural without special reasons except metrical ones.

58. ni, old form for nisi, retained in laws, religious formulas, and poetry, also in late prose. —ni faciat, vividly suggesting the possibility that he may omit it (compare Lucr., i. 277).

60. quippe (not ironical), doubtless they would bear away, &c. — verrant, sweep, intrans. as in English.

61. molem et montis (acc. plur. long i)=the mass of lofty mountains (hendiadys).

62. fœdere certo, under fixed conditions, a compact, as it were, between the sovereign and his agent.

63. sciret, etc., should know, when bidden, how both to check and to give loose rein.

65. namque (poet. for etenim) gives the reason of her coming to him. - divom.. rex: compare Il. i. 544. The expression is

said to have been used by Ennius.

66. mulcere, in prose ut mulceas, § 70, 3, g; G. 532, r^.— vento, see note, Ecl. ii. 26.

67. aequor: a kind of cognate accusative.

68. Penates: these were the Roman household gods, of which each family had its own, worshipped in connection with Vesta, goddess of the Hearth. Each city had also its hearth, with sacred fire, its worship of Vesta, and its Penates; and those of Lavinium, the mythical metropolis of Latium, were supposed to have been brought thither by Æneas in person. When Rome became the head of Latium, it assumed the charge of these sacred rites; and the consuls and dictators regularly offered sacrifices in Lavinium to Vesta and the Penates, upon assuming and giving up their office.

69. incute vim, give force to the winds, as it were by a blow (quatere) of his sceptre. — submersas: proleptic use of adjective. 70. age diversos, drive them (the men) scattered. disjice (§ 1, 3, d).

disice

=

71. sunt mihi, etc.: Juno bribes him, because the act is beyond his lawful province (compare Il. xiv. 267).

73. jungam, sc. tibi. — propriam dicabo, will assign her as your own.

75. prole, abl. of means.

76. tuus .. explorare, thine the task to determine what thou wilt have the whole is exculpatory.

78. tu mihi... concilias, thou dost win to me whatever of rule I have. — sceptra Jovemque=the sceptre [commissioned] of Jove. The address is one of courtly compliment: by v. 62, the power is direct from Jupiter.

81. conversa cuspide, with the spear-point turned that way. 82. in latus, on the side.

83. qua, where.

84. incubuere: the perfect suddenly shifts the point of view, to indicate the swiftness of the act: and now they have fallen upon the sea, and are ploughing up (ruunt), &c. (cf. Od. v. 203).

85. creber procellis Africus: the S. W. wind (sirocco), blowing hot from Africa, is often one of the most violent on the Italian coast. 89. incubat, broods upon.

=

90. poli, the poles the heavens which revolve upon them (in the ancient astronomy). — micat, flashes: the word expresses both the glittering and the quivering effect of the flash.

91. intentant, threaten: lit., stretch before them.

92. solvuntur, etc., his limbs are relaxed by the chill of terror (cf. Od. v. 297): the ancients betrayed their emotions in a far more lively way than would be allowable in heroes of the present time.

93. duplices palmas, simply, both hands. The ancient attitude of prayer was not with clasped hands, but with the palms spread upward hence the emphasis of the phrase "worship with clean hands."

94. refert, simply utters (strictly, brings back to the light as things hidden). - ter quaterque, cf. Od. v. 306.

95. quis, dat. plur. following contigit. — ante ora: a happy lot, because their friends were witnesses of their deeds and glorious death.

96. contigit, befell: usually said of good fortune, as here.

97. Tydides: Diomed, son of Tydeus., met Æneas in single combat, Il. v. 297.

98. mene potuisse, to think that I could not, &c.? cf. v. 37 (§ 57, 8, g; G. 341).

99. sævus, stern, not sparing the foe: so Eneas himself is called sævus, xii. 107. · acidæ, i. e. Achilles, grandson of

Eacus.

-

100. Sarpedon: the Lycian prince, son of Jupiter. His body is said to have been borne home by Sleep and Death; but Virgil does not mind this detail.—Simois, etc., the Simois rolls beneath its waves the shields, helms, and stalwart forms of so many heroes.

102. jactanti, as he utters, dat. of reference (§ 51, 7 ; G. 354). – procella, the hurricane, concretely, as the solid body that strikes the sail; Aquilone, the particular wind that produces it, and so makes it howl (stridens).

103. adversa, right in his face (adj. for adv.).

104. avertit (sc. se), dat, the subject is prora. The prow by turning away is said to cause the broaching-to.

107. æstus, the seething flood.—arenis, i. e. the water is turbid with sand they are approaching the Syrtes.

108. torquet, sets spinning: the word is usually applied to the hurling of a spear. latentia, hidden by the roaring waves: in calm they are visible (“ dorsum immane," v. 110) just at the surface. These reefs are supposed to be just outside the bay of Carthage. 109. saxa: a sort of parenthesis. Rocks like what, in midwater, the Italians call altars, not, necessarily, this particular group, which they probably knew nothing about.

-

III. in brevia et Syrtis, shoals and quicksands, i. e. the shoals of the great Syrtis.

112. aggere, embankment: the image is taken from military (naval) entrenchments, in which the ships drawn up on land were thus fortified.

114. ipsius, i. e. Æneas. — ingens pontus, like our phrase “a heavy sea." a vertice, right overhead.

116. ibidem torquet, spins about in the same spot. —ter, the number is proverbial ("three times round went our gallant ship"). 118. rari, scattered, i. e. the drowning crew.

119. arma: shields, for instance, would float quite visibly for a while. — tabulæ, planks.

122. hiemps, this word has properly a parasitic p in the nominative. -laxis compagibus, with loosened joints.

123. imbrem, properly, rain-flood; but here water in general. 125. Neptunus: the name of this god is probably of the same root with our word naphtha (Zend, NAPTA, wet). Originally a god of water generally, he became in time identified with the Greek

Poseidon, and restricted to the sea, i. e. the Mediterranean, the outer waters belonging to Oceanus.

126. stagna refusa: i. e. the still waters beneath were forced forth upon the surface. commotus, disturbed, inwardly; but as a god he must be represented with placidum caput.

129. cæli ruina, the wreck of the sky in prose, the fury of the

storm.

130. fratrem, obj. of latuere, were hid from (§ 52, 2, d; G. 333, R1). — doli, iræ, her craft (known to him as her brother), and the wrath which was the motive of its exercise.

131. dehinc, a monosyllable.

132. generis vestri: the winds were the sons of Aurora and the Titan Astræus, and so on one side of divine origin, and on the other sprung from the rivals of the gods.

133. tantas moles, i. e. such mighty billows.

134. quos ego: he leaves the threat to their imagination; he can spare no time for words. Such a break is called aposiopesis ; that is, a sudden silence.

136. post, hereafter; commissa, your misdeeds. non simili pœna, no penalty so light.—luetis, atone for: the word signifies the payment of a debt or fine, which is the true meaning of pœna. 139. sorte, datum: Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto were said to have chosen their realms by lot.

140. vestras though addressing Eurus, he includes them all. — jactat se, let him display his arrogance.—aula: as a king, he must have his court somewhere.

141. clauso, i. e. reign over the winds imprisoned.

144. Cymothoe, a sea nymph, "she that runs upon the wave; Triton, Neptune's trumpeter, blowing a conch-shell. These names are mentioned to suggest all the sea-divinities. adnixus, pushing against the ships.

145. levat, lifts, using the trident as a "lever." 146. Syrtis, the sand-banks piled against them.

147. levibus, light, skimming the surface.

148. veluti, just as, introducing the first, and one of the most celebrated, of Virgil's similes. The ferocity of a mob and the power of eloquence were things very familiar to the Romans. Hence the simile is proper, though the rule is generally to compare the less with the more vivid. — magno in populo: the greater the crowd the more striking the effect. -sæpe belongs properly to the main clause.