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posed effect of cold to chill the passions. - Hebrum, Sithonias nives: for the horror with which the Romans regarded the Thracian winters, see Ovid, Tristia, iii. 3.

66. aquosæ, rainy, a general epithet of winter, true enough for Italy, but not so true for Thrace.

67. liber aret: so hot that the very inner bark withers and dies upon the elm. [It has been suggested to read aret Liber, which would mean the withering of the grape-vine in the extreme heat, as in vii. 58.]

68. versemus, tend, drive hither and thither, wandering wearily in the waste.

70. divæ, see note, v. 9.

71. hibisco: the basket of marsh-mallow was used for straining whey from cheese-curd (Tibull., ii. 3, 15. For this occupation of spare hours, see ii. 72).

72. maxima, of greatest worth.

73. cujus (obj. gen.), whose love so grows in me.

75. gravis, oppressive, causing headache, says Lucretius (vi. 785). 76. juniper: the juniper (which he is sitting under) has a wholesome aromatic odor, but its shade is thick and dark, which is dangerous at nightfall. — frugibus: as if the crops suffered only from the shade of the tree, and not, in the “struggle for existence," from its superior powers of absorption!

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77. ite domum, compare i. 75, vi. 86, vii. 44. —venit, is coming (out of the darkening sky).

THE ÆNEID.

BOOK I.

From the beginning to v. 34 is introductory, giving the subject and the occasion. The action begins with Juno's soliloquy. It will add greatly to the understanding and interest of the Æneid to consult the corresponding passages in Homer, which are frequently referred to. In general, the first six books have a certain correspondence with the Odyssey, and the last six with the Iliad; but the direct allusions to the Iliad are much more frequent in the former portion.

1. Arma virumque, i. e. the conflicts attending the settlement in Italy, and the adventures of the hero who led it. Compare the opening of the Iliad, Sing, goddess, Achilles' wrath; and of the Odyssey, Tell, Muse, of the Man. primus venit, who first came: the settlement of Antenor (i. 242, Liv. i. 1) is not reckoned, as North Italy (Cisalpine Gaul) is not considered as belonging to Italy. By some it is made of old.

2. Italiam, to Italy: acc. of end of motion (§ 55, 3, b; G. 410).— fato profugus, driven by fate: the verbal adjective here = a perfect participle. Lavinia (the last i has the sound of y, as in pinion, and is not counted in scanning), i. e. the western coast of Italy, where the town Lavinium is assumed to be named for Lavinia, the Italian bride of Æneas.

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ob iram,

3. ille, the man long tossed, &c. terris, alto, locative abl. (§ 55, 3, f; G. 384, R2), by land and on the deep. 4. superum (gen. pl.), of the gods above. by the ever-mindful wrath of cruel Juno. memorem, i. e. which would never have him out of mind. Juno (=Jovino, feminine form of Jovis) is the goddess of the sky, represented by the poet as possessed by a vindictive and relentless hatred of Troy, which does not stop at the destruction of the city, but pursues Æneas into his distant exile.

5. dum conderet (§ 62, 2, d; G. 573, 574), till he should found: the subjunctive here shows the act as the purpose of the gods.

6. Latio, into Latium (dative after inferret). Latium is the undulating plain between the Sabine mountains and the sea its inhabitants Latini, and its language Latin. The name is assumed

to be derived from an ancient king (eponym), Latinus: in fact, it was just the other way; the name of the king is purely imaginary.

unde, i. e. from all the foregoing. — Latinum : this is not strictly accurate, as that race already existed. But in Virgil's time it had long been incorporated with Rome, and many great families traced their descent from it: he therefore represents the whole as if sprung from Troy.

7. Albani patres: Alba Longa was the head of the Latin league of thirty confederate towns. When conquered by Rome, its leading families, Albani patres, were said to have been transferred to Rome, which now became chief of the confederacy. The term refers here, in general, to the great Senatorial families.

8. Musa, etc. (see note, v. 1), Virgil follows the regular epic method in referring all the plot to the gods. — quo numine læso. Of this much-vexed passage, the best meaning seems to be, what purpose [of Juno] having been thwarted? The answer would then be in vv. 12-22, as that to quid dolens is in vv. 23-28. This view agrees best also with the etymology of numen, the will or power of the gods as expressed by their nod; and is not inconsistent with the meaning of lædere (cf. Avμaívoμaι in Xen. Anab. i. 3, 16).

9. quidve dolens, pained by what: dolere, to feel pain, is transitive also in prose. tot volvere casus, to run the round of so many chances. "The misfortunes are regarded as a destined circle which Æneas goes through.” The infinitive follows impulerit by poetic use (§ 70, 3, a; G. 546, R1), and has for its subject virum.

10. pietate: this word means his filial reverence in the rescue of his father, as well as his piety towards the gods. The gods could, however, pursue with vengeance even a pious man, either because under the power of Fate he thwarted their purposes, or because his ancestors had committed crimes, as with the descendants of Pelops. Both causes existed in the case of Æneas (see the story of Laomedon). — adire, encounter (§ 51, 2, d, R; G. 330). — animis, dative after sunt, understood.

II. tantæ ... iræ, does such wrath [as she exhibits] belong to celestial souls? The gods are supposed to be superior to human passions.

12. urbs antiqua, ancient, in reference to Virgil's time.

13. Karthago: in fact the probable date of the foundation of Carthage was some three centuries later than that generally assumed for the destruction of Troy (B.C. 1184).

Italiam contra: look at the map, and notice how precisely the two cities front each other, connected by the almost land-locked Tyrrhenian Sea.

14. dives opum: a poetical extension of relative adjectives, § 50, 3, b, c, G. 373, 4.

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15. quam coluisse, which Funo is said to have cherished, &c. The gods were naturally supposed to be especially fond of the places where they were most worshipped, or whence their worship first came. Juno had an old and famous temple at Samos. As patroness of Carthage, she is here confounded with the Syrian Astarte, queen of heaven (the Ashtaroth of the Bible).

unam: unus is often thus used with superlatives for emphasis; so here, where magis omnibus is equivalent to a superlative.

16. posthabita Samo, holding Samos in less regard.· arma: Juno in several of her manifestations is represented with the shield and spear. The reference here is probably to some arms long preserved in her temple, corresponding to the relics of more modern saints. Compare the Gordian chariot, Q. Curtius, iii. 2.

17. currus: see Iliad, v. 720–723. —hoc (refers to Carthage, but takes the gender of regnum, § 49, 2, e) . . . fovetque, this the goddess- if by any means the fates permit- already aims and fondly hopes to make the seat of royal power to the nations.

18. sinant, subj. on account of indirect disc. (§ 67, 1; G. 554), as the thought of Juno.—jam tum, even then, before Rome and Carthage even existed.— tendit esse, see note, v. 10. cherishes the hope, making a sort of hendiadys with tendit.

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19. sed enim, but [she feared for Carthage] for, &c. ellipsis is implied, as with Greek ảλλà yúp. — duci: present, because Æneas was now living, and the action going on.

20. Tyrias.

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arces, which should hereafter overturn the Tyrian towers. Carthage was one of a group of colonies from Tyre, of which Utica was chief. It was some centuries after its foundation before Carthage took the leading rank among these colonies.

quæ verteret, subj. of purpose: for the tense, compare § 59, 4, f; G. 598, R'.

21. populum late regem, a people widely ruling. The word populus, used in its political sense, is easily personified. For adjective use of regem, § 47, 3, c; G. 284, R; compare § 16. — superbum = victorious, flushed with victory.

22. excidio Libyæ, datives (§ 51, 5). — volvere, spin the thread of destiny (Servius): the simple verb is not elsewhere used in this

meaning, but its compounds often mean to spin (Ovid, Her. xii. 4; Sen., Herc. F. 181). The Parca, or Destinies, are conceived as spinning the threads of human fate: Clotho is represented with a spindle; Lachesis draws the thread, and Atropos cuts it off:

"Comes the blind Fury with the abhorred shears,

And slits the thin-spun life."—Lycidas.

23. veteris belli, the war of Troy.—Saturnia, daughter of Saturn (Kronos), i. e. by the Greek theogony; the Italian mythology makes no connection whatever between Saturnus, the old god of husbandry, and Juno.

24. ad Trojam, round Troy (see Introd.).- -pro caris Argis (see note, v. 15): the Grecian Here (identified with Juno) was worshipped with especial veneration at Argos, as the great goddess of the Dorian race. — prima: as chief (before all others).

25-28. These lines are parenthetical, recounting more particularly the grounds of Juno's enmity.

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25. necdum etiam, nor even now (etiam et jam). — causæ irarum, motives of wrath (irarum, plural, referring to its many manifestations, § 14, 1, a3).

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26. animo in prose ex would be repeated, see § 54, 1, a, b. alta mente repostum (=repositum), laid up deep in her mind. 27. judicium Paridis, see Introduction. spretæ formæ, of her slighted beauty, i. e. of the disparagement shown to her beauty (§ 72, 3, a; G. 667). We should expect injuria to be in apposition because it means the same as judicium, but the Latin prefers to separate the two ideas.

28. genus invisum: from jealousy, since Dardanus was daughter of Jupiter and Electra (Æn. viii. 135).

29. his accensa, inflamed by these things, i. e. what has been told in the foregoing lines. — super = insuper, besides.

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30. reliquias Danaum, left of the Greeks, i. e. escaped from them. Virgil uses the Homeric tribal names Danai, Achivi, etc., indiscriminately for "the Greeks ” in general.

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33. tantæ molis, [a task] of so great toil (§ 50, 1, b; G. 364, R). -condere, to found, lit., place firmly.

34. vix, etc. In the manner of the Odyssey, the story begins in the middle (in medias res . auditorem rapit, Hor. A. P. 148), the earlier adventures being told afterwards in the words of the hero himself. The Trojans have left the port of Drepanum in their voyage along the coast of Sicily, a course they were led to take by the dangers of the Strait of Messina (iii. 562).

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