II. Adverbs of TIME; as now, to-day, instantly, immediately, already, recently, since, before, ago, yesterday, hitherto, to-morrow, hereafter, henceforth, soon, always, ever, never, eternally, continually, often, again, frequently, sometimes, daily, hourly, once, twice, thrice, first, next, when, then, till, early, late.

III. Adverbs of Manner, DEGREE, etc.; as, well, wisely, happily, justly, gloriously, slowly, prudently, bravely, much, too, very, greatly, highly, entirely, perfectly, excessively, enough, sufficiently, how, however, so, perhaps, possibly, yes, yea, verily, truly, surely, certainly, really, doubtless, indeed, why, wherefore, therefore, more, most, less, least, thus, as, no, not, nay.

Remarks.-1. Adverbs of manner are generally formed from adjectives by adding ly, for like; thus, just, justly.

2. In general, when an adjective ends in ly no adverb is formed from it; but an adjunct is used to express the idea; thus, "He acted in a manly manner," not manlily.

3. Nay, no, and not are called negative adverbs; nay is nearly obsolete; no is generally used to denote denial in the answer to a question, and seems to stand for not, and the sentence contained in the question, the necessary changes for person, etc., being made. Thus, "Will you go?" "No," that is, I will not go. It may be considered simply as used for not, the rest of the sentence being understood.

Yes is generally used to denote assent in the answer to a question, and may be considered as modifying some word in a manner similar to no.

4. Here, there, and where are sometimes compounded with prepositions to form other adverbs; as, hereby, thereby, whereby, therefore, (therefor), wherefore, wherewith, therewith.

5. Therefore, wherefore, and also are sometimes called conjunctions; but they are evidently adverbs; they are used for the adjuncts, for the reason, for which reason, in addition.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERBS.

Some adverbs stand for two adjuncts, one of which contains a relative pronoun, and the other

Mention some adverbs of time-of manner, degree, etc.

How are adverbs of manner generally formed?

Of what is the termination ly, in such cases, a contraction?

When the adjective ends in ly, how is the
idea expressed?

What are negative adverbs?
How is no used?-yes?

What is said of here, there, and where?
What are conjunctive adverbs?

the antecedent: these are called conjunctive adverbs.

Thus, "I shall see

you when you come ;" that is, at the time at which you come. "He will remain while you are absent;" that is, during the time during which you are absent. "The book is not where I left it;" that is, in the place in which I left it.

Remarks.-1. It would seem that each of these adverbs modifies two words; the adjunct containing the antecedent modifies one, and that containing the relative modifies the other. Thus, in the first example, when modifies shall see and come.

2. In reality, these words are like the relative with the antecedent omitted; the antecedent adverb or adjunct being omitted. Thus, the first example is equivalent to, "I shall see you then, or at the time, when you

come."

"It placed was

There where the mouldered earth had caved the bank."-Spenser. "Before I go whence I shall not return," is equivalent to "Before I go to the place whence, or from which, I shall not return." "When a few years are come, then I shall go the way whence I shall not return."-Bible.

3. The words which are used as conjunctive adverbs, are such as when, where, while, whither, whence.

4. These words are not always conjunctive adverbs; some of them are sometimes used instead of adjuncts containing interrogative pronouns; as, "When (at what time) will he come ?" So in indirect questions; as, "Tell me when (at what time) he will come."

COMPARISON OF ADVERBS.

A few adverbs are compared by adding er and est; as, soon, sooner, soonest; often, oftener, oftenest; fast, faster, fastest.

The following are irregularly compared :-badly or ill, worse, worst; far, farther, farthest; little, less, least; much, more, most; well, better, best.

What do conjunctive adverbs modify?
In the sentence, "I shall see you when
you come," what does when modify?
What part of speech do the conjunctive
adverbs resemble ?

What words are used as conjunctive adverbs?

In what other way are they sometimes
used?

How are adverbs compared?
Which are irregularly compared!

Most adverbs of manner may be compared by means of the adverbs more and most; as, cautiously, more cautiously, most cautiously; that is, cautiously in a higher degree, cautiously in the highest degree.

PARSING EXERCISES.

He acts justly. He behaved badly. God is present everywhere. Come hither. He is a truly great man. Beasts should be kindly treated. Be more cautious. Act more wisely. The Peri yet may be forgiven,

Who brings to this eternal gate

The gift that is most dear to Heaven.

I have seen him often.

Vice may

be seen too often. He

writes very rapidly. The wicked walk on every side, when the

vilest men are exalted.

He passed where Newark's stately tower
Looks out from Yarrow's birchen bower.

Catch the manners living as they rise. Live while you live. Improve time as it flies.

Him to unthrone

We then may hope, when everlasting Fate

Shall yield to fickle Chance.

Table for parsing an adverb.

1. What part of speech-and why!

2. What does it modify!

3. Rule.

It is also well to mention the adjunct in place of which the adverb is used.

MODEL.

"He acts justly."

Justly is an adverb it is used instead of the adjunct, "in a just manner," and it modifies the verb acts.

RULE XV.—Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

Truly is an adverb

it is used instead of the adjunct, "in truth," and it modifies the adjective great.

RULE XV.-Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

How can most adverbs of manner be com

pared?

How do you parse an adverb?

"Catch the manners living as they rise."

As is a conjunctive adverb

it stands for two adjuncts, "at the time,"

and "in which," and modifies catch and rise.

RULE XV.-Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

CONJUNCTION.

A conjunction is a word which connects words or propositions; as, “John and James are happy, because they are good."

Here and connects the words John and James, and because connects the propositions, or clauses, "John and James are happy," and "they are good."

Conjunctions are usually divided into two classes -copulative and disjunctive.

The principal copulative conjunctions are and, both, as, because, for, if, since, that.

And is used to connect something as an addition to what precedes; the others principally serve to connect to the leading proposition another which expresses a supposition, cause, result, etc. Both is used with and to mark the connection more forcibly. And is properly the copulative conjunction.

The principal disjunctive conjunctions are or, either, nor, neither, than, though, although, yet, but, except, whether, lest, unless, notwithstanding.

Or is used to connect something as an alternative to what precedes; the others principally serve to connect to the leading proposition another which expresses a concession, a doubt, or something opposed to what is expressed in the leading proposition. Either is used with or as both is with and; nor and neither are negative.

What is a conjunction?
How are conjunctions classed?

Mention the principal copulative conjunctions-disjunctive.

EXERCISES.

What does each of the following conjunctions connect?

Peter and John went to the temple. Virtue is praised and neglected. The moon and stars were shining. You will be despised, and he will be honored. You must labor if you would succeed. If you would succeed, you must labor. George and James will go. George or James will go. Both George and James will go. Either George or James will go. Neither George nor James will go. He was poor though he might have been rich. He was poor, but he might have been rich. He was poor, yet he might have been rich. He was poor, notwithstanding he might have been rich. Wisdom is better than riches (are.) Tell me whether you will go or stay.

Table for parsing a conjunction.

Tell, 1. What part of speech?

2. What words or propositions does it connect? 3. Rule.

PARSING EXERCISES.

The preceding exercises may be parsed in full.

MODEL.

"Peter and John went to the temple."

And is a conjunction it connects Peter and John.

RULE XVI.-Conjunctions connect words and propositions.

"You will be despised, and he will be honored."

And is a conjunction

it connects the two propositions, "You will be de

spised," and "he will be honored."

RULE XVI.-Conjunctions connect words and propositions.

INTERJECTION.

An interjection is a word used in exclamation, to express some strong or sudden emotion; as, "Oh! what a fall was there!"

How do you parse a conjunction? 1

What is an interjection?