6. On what grounds was it maintained by Berkeley that "the cause of ideas is an incorporeal active substance or spirit"?

7. Compare the treatment of material substance by Locke and Hume respectively.

8. Reproduce Kant's metaphysical exposition of Space.

9. Show the importance attached by Kant to the original synthetic unity of apperception.

MENTAL PHILOSOPHY.

THIRD YEAR.

Professor Laurie.

1. State and consider arguments which have been adduced in favour of unconscious mental modifications.

2. Distinguish clearly between nativist and empirical theories of Space perception, adding any

comments.

3. In formulating laws of association, is it possible to reduce all cases of association, in their ultimate nature, to contiguity? Give your reasons.

4. What value, if any, may be attached (a) to the ontological argument of Descartes, and (b) to his anthropological argument?

5. Consider critically Descartes' doctrine of the connexion between mind and body.

6. Discuss the relation of Kant's "original synthetic unity of Apperception" to the Categories, and ⚫ also to the idea of the soul as substance.

7. Explain Kant's statement that the principle of reason is not a constitutive principle of objects in themselves, but is merely a rule for the continuation and extension of a possible experience.

8. How would you meet the difficulties raised by Spencer with reference to the idea of Force, and, in particular, his statement that "it is absurd to think of Force as in itself like our sensation of it, and yet necessary so to think of it if we realize it in consciousness at all?"

9. Explain and consider Spencer's argument from an indefinite consciousness of the Absolute to an Unknowable Reality.

MORAL PHILOSOPHY.

Professor Laurie.

1. To what extent may we trace, in the teaching of Democritus, an anticipation of the doctrines of

Epicurus ?

2. How did Plato encounter the problem of the relation of Ideas to the world of sense?

3. Mention the elements which enter into Aristotle's conception of the good. What importance is

attached by him to pleasure in connexion with the end of human life?

4. Examine the significance of Butler's argument that "the very idea of an interested pursuit necessarily presupposes particular passions or appetites."

5. Consider critically Kant's theory that, in acting morally, every empirical element must be set aside.

6. On what grounds was it held by Kant that freedom must be presupposed as a property of the will of all rational beings? And how did he seek to connect freedom with autonomy?

7. Discuss Mill's argument that Virtue, in being desired for its own sake, is desired as part of happiness.

8. Consider Spencer's argument, in his chapter on the Biological View, that "there exists a primordial connexion between pleasure-giving acts and continuance or increase of life."

9. What, according to Spencer, are "the restraints properly distinguished as moral"? And how are these related to extrinsic sanctions?

NATURAL PHILOSOPHY.-PART I.

The Board of Examiners.

PASS AND FIRST HONOURS PAPER.

No candidate is to attempt more than TEN questions.

1. Explain what is involved in the measurement of a physical quantity, and illustrate your answer by giving a full explanation as to how force is measured.

2. A bicyclist and his machine weigh 180 lbs. Find the horse-power he exerts when riding at 20 miles per hour on a track the resistance of which is 1 per cent. of the weight.

3. Determine the mechanical advantage of each of the following machines in terms of the usual quantities that specify the dimensions of the parts of the different machines :

(a) The screw.

(b) The differential wheel and axle.
(c) The hydraulic press.

4. State Archimedes' principle.

A piece of copper of specific gravity 8.9 weighs 395 grams in water and 405 grams in alcohol; calculate the specific gravity of the alcohol.

5. Describe how to determine the linear coefficient of expansion of a solid.

6. Into a calorimeter whose water equivalent is 10, and which contains 500 grams of water at 12° C., dry steam at 100° C. is allowed to flow for a time, when it is stopped, and the temperature observed to have risen to 20° C. The calorimeter is now weighed and found to be 6.64 grams heavier than it was before the addition of the steam, What can we learn from this experiment?

7. Describe Fizeau's method of determining the velocity of light.

8. A beam of white light from a narrow slit is refracted by a prism set for minimum deviation with its refracting edge parallel to the slit, and after passing through a lens falls upon a screen. Where must the lens be placed in order that the image may be (a) a pure spectrum, (b) white? Give full reasons for your answer.

9. Explain, citing experiments in support of your explanation, the nature of the change that takes place in iron and steel on magnetization.

10. Explain the theory of the condensing electroscope, and describe how to perform an experiment with it to indicate the E.M.F. of a voltaic battery.

11. State and explain the laws of electrolysis.

A battery sends a current of 0.25 ampères through a sulphuric acid voltameter; the hydrogen given off in 10 minutes reduced to standard temperature and pressure measures 17.3 cubic centimetres; the density of hydrogen being 0.0000896, find its electro-chemical equivalent.