and in this respect he agrees with the socialists; terest is so easily treated by rearrangements but he avoids the difficulty of saying that capital, of income through proposed legislation as to an unproductive thing, should receive compen- arouse our suspicion. On closer inquiry, we sation, a moral payment, by spelling mind-cap- find that the phenomena of production and disital, or pure capital, entirely out of industry. tribution are in fact inseparable; that the laws Producers are paid out of the value of the prod- of production are essentially dependent upon uct. If the product be a distant one, the present human activities and thought, and that the laws labor employed upon it may claim, indeed, the

of distribution are intimately dependent upon whole of the future product, but a less number of the processes of production. present goods, for the latter are more valua- Socialists say that people should be paid acble. The work involved in making the capital- cording to their needs, or, at least, according goods can not, therefore, claim the whole prod- to their deeds; but this explains nothing. uct, when the product is mature, for it has What are “needs" or “deeds” is either to be already traded away that product to capitalists determined by scientific rules or is to be relefor present goods at a time when those were gated to chance, fancy, and vagary. In the more valuable.

former case, those terms will themselves be It was early perceived that the laws of Pro- found to connote a moving equilibrium in which duction were technical, depending on principles the standard of living must be analyzed into of physics, chemistry, and their subordinate or a standard of production and a standard of cognate sciences, and hence independent of consumption, the action and reaction between other social phenomena, which nevertheless which constitute the standard of living. This might be classed as economic. It was then con- standard must again be subdivided into the ceived that over against the activities of pro

standards of different classes and of different duction were to be set the rights, privileges, individuals, each of which sub-standards is and enjoyments of consumption, under the again the resultant of more particular efforts comprehensive title of Distribution. It was and enjoyments. It will thus be perceived that further conceived that distribution might occur the breaking up of a subject for the purpose quite independently of production; that man

of discussion is only safe if we remember that was at liberty to form "systems;” and that the subject itself is not broken up. Socialists these systems might be made and undone at will treat society like a statue which can be reduced by change of custom or by summary process of here and augmented there; but society is really legislation. This conclusion is an error perhaps like a living man, and the process of taking a partly due to a confounding of method and ob- pound of flesh nearest the heart is a static servation. It is true that it is often convenient chimera.

TOPIC XXX. to divide economics into production and distribution for the sake of analysis and generaliza

WHAT IS CAPITAL! tion; but it is a complete error to assume that the

(a) Is a yacht or a house hired ont capital? phenomena so separated for the sake of argu- (6) Is a factory capital? Machinery or buildings? ment are not, in fact, intimately interdepend- (c Is a river capital? or is it land? ent. The truth is that the conditions of pro

(d) Is land capital? duction present themselves readily to us in a

(e) Capital is associated with “business," not with

“rent.” static form: so much capital, labor, and land

fi It is associated with future satisfactions. are required for production; the production

(g) Is the wealth spent by the rich man on his yacht' period is so and so long; the law of diminish

capital (Paper XXVIII.)? ing returns has such and such effects; manufac- (1) Is it moral to consume all wealth as fast as protures led fifty years ago, transportation is in

duced or discovered? Why not? the lead now.

(1) Is it more moral to provide for champagne drinkOn the other hand, distribution confronts us

ing next year than to drink champagne at once?

(j) Is it still more moral to provide for necessaries, at once with kinetic problems. A static con

or at least permanent or artistic products, next year, sideration of questions of rent, wages, and in- provided present necessaries are at hand?

other fields than that of legislation. Seward, two others, was awarded the first Honor of a large, & Sumner, Chase, and Douglas were dominant

respectable class of thirty-three. He is of one of the forces in American politics in the years just be

most respectable families of Washington County; & bt

propriety of conduct, polite and pleasing manners will fore and during the Civil War. Of those who

entitle himself to a place in the best society. If he have struggled primarily with the problem of should become an Instructor in a High School, Acadreconstruction and other post-bellum questions emy, or College, his talents, literary acquirements, only one name has been considered—the name

dignity, decision, fidelity, & prudence will not fail to

merit the confidence, & approbation of those who may of Blaine; perhaps not the most constructive

obtain his services. . . . statesman of this fourth period, but the one

Of your qualifications for teaching, so far as these who had on the whole the greatest popular depend upon character and scholarship, I may speak following:

with the highest confidence. Your knowledge of the The extracts made bring out, it is hoped, the

languages especially, being critical beyond what is

often attained at college, fits you in a special manner main points in Blaine's early life, as well as the

for the office of instructor in this department. principles for which he stood in his more ma- In a word, sir, I feel assured that those who may be ture years. There is no adequate collection of so fortunate as to secure your services in this capacity his letters and speeches as yet made, so it be- will, when you become known to them as you are comes much more difficult than in the cases of known to us, be satisfied that no recommendation of

ours has been in the least exaggerated. the other men we have studied to make the best

The professor of mathematics thought it “ but jus. selections. Perhaps also we are yet too near

tice to him to say that in my department Mr. Blaine his period to appreciate fully the strong and specially excels. From the commencement of his the weak points in his career. Time only can course in mathematical studies he manifested a pecutell what his ultimate place in American history liar fondness for them; his recitations gave evidence will be.

of thorough investigation, and his demonstrations were

characterized by clearness, accuracy, and precision."-Blaine's father was quite a skillful politician.

Life of Bluine, pp. 80, 81. Once he was charged with being a Catholic, as

Blaine writes of himself to a friend in these his wife was. He asked the Catholic priest

words, in 1869: for a statement to the contrary and received

... From Lexington he went to Louisville, thence the following. He was equal to the emergency,

Y; to Maysville, thence to Cincinnati, and the morning he however, and succeeded in winning the election: left the last-named place. December 4. (18371 he heard

This is to certify that Ephraim L. Blaine is not now that Robert C. Winthrop was just elected speaker of and never was a member of the Catholic church; and the United States House of Representatives. He imfurthermore, in my opinion, he is not fit to be a mein mediately notified his friends that he was a candidate ber of any church. ... -Gail Hamilton's Life of for the succession, and in the incredibly brief space of Blaine, p. 73.

twenty-two years he attained the place--a remarkable A note from an early friend:

instance of faith, patience, and despatch harmoniously You know, and perhaps he knew, what my feeling

combined. But I do not mean to imply that there is toward him was, always has been, with no weakening

any immediate, or palpable, or recognizable connection or shadow of turning. He buckled one's heart to him

between the rainy Sunday of Lexington in November, with hooks of steel," I so well remember when and

1847, and my election to the speakership in 1869.-Life where I saw him first. It was when he was in college, in

of Blaine, p. 85. Washington, at a gay little picnic. He was the life In a letter of December 2, 1847, to his friend and the light of the fete, so joyous were his spirits, so J. M. Clark. he says: incessant the play of his wit.... -Life of Blaine,

I have procured a situation as assistant teacher of p. 78.

languages in the Western Military Institute located Recommendations from Blaine's Professors,

at Georgetown. . . . I will have to teach the preOctober 1, 1847:

paratory course in Latin and Greek, and have a class Mr. James G. Blaine having gone through a regular in Davis's Elementary Algebra, so you see my situation and full course in Washington College Penn. was grad will be a very pleasant one as regards the branches I nated Sept. 29, 1847. During the whole period of his have to teach.... I have no doubt now but that connection with College he maintained the character he will be the Whig candidate; even if he is not he can of a very punctual, orderly, diligent and successful run as an Independent, and such is the wild enthusiasm student. His demeanor was always respectful, and of the American people for a military hero that he becoming a gentleman. When graduated, to him with will run ahead of anything that either party can bring the most peculiar or the most rebellious against minor situations are presented, commonly as the limitations of their art. Shakespeare does distinct scenes. not seem to bave sought to present plays in

It should be evident that all parts of a story four acts or in six, or to have found blank

are not equally important, and all should not verse a hindrance. It is not his tools that

be presented with equal vividness.

vividness. What characterize him so much as the strong work

painters call atmospheric perspective exists in he does with them. Innovation is not always the art of writing as well as in their art. improvement; and beginners, at least, are

Events that are of small consequence in the likely to do best when they keep nearest to

story are somewhat dimly seen. This lack of some typical form.

distinctness is in reality merely a lack of detail. The purpose of the story is not to give the Flaubert was probably the first true master of reader information, but experiences. If the

detail in writing. It is not strange that, feelstory is worth the reading, he will gain from it ing its power, he uses it everywhere, even when a deeper appreciation of life and of character it works harm rather than good. Pussibly the than he had before. Such an appreciation does chief progress of fiction since his time has been not result from mere knowledge of what others in the direction of a more discriminating use of have said and done. It is necessary that we

the means he employed. should ourselves for a time have had their na- When musicians present a concert program, tures and have lived their lives. Fiction of a I believe it is recognized that the first to appear profitable kind adds to our experiences the ex- has a most difficult and thankless place. The periences of others.

audience are trying to find comfortable posiThe secret of giving an experience in writ

tions for the evening. They are adjusting their ing is detail. If the reader is to know a man's opera-glasses, inspecting hats and faces, and character or his state of mind, the man's talking. There is the stir of late arrivals and acts and words must be given. The reader the rattle of paper. People bave come together will then come to know just as the writer

from surroundings of all sorts. No two perknows. If a place is to be described, the

sons in the audience are in the same mood, and reader will commonly best approach it as the none is in the best mood to appreciate music writer has approached it, repeating his expe

The task of the first singer or player is to subriences of the way. A walk of ten blocks is to stitute one mood for the many, to change the us never a walk of ten blocks merely. It is a

audience from plural to singular, and at least succession of experiences. These must be

to prepare everybody to appreciate fully what given to the reader if the walk is to be real to

is to follow. him. We estimate time by experiences, and At the beginning of a story a somewhat simnot by the clock. Even silence, which is al- ilar work has to be done. To appreciate the ways relative, is measured by the sounds it significance of what is to be told will require enables us to hear. The test of a writer's skill that the reader should be in the proper mood is his mastery of detail, for it is by this that and no other. It can not safely be assumed his work gives the reader a vivid and truthful that he is in the proper mood. He must be impression.

brought under the control of the writer. Artistic writers do not conceive a story in I would suggest as a first study the means by chronological form, but in situations. The which skilful writers do this work. Probably story itself is not a narrative, but a situation, a the most common way is by giving the scene turning-point. If the material will permit and of the action to come and projecting the mood if the writer is skilful enough, this one situa- from this scene. The associations of the place tion may suffice. But commonly much is to be are given, or the sentiment of the season and the said of events that do not then and there occur. time. Persons may be introduced, and their If a sufficient experience of these can not be character or their mood may be made to cause given in the treatment of the one situation, the desired mood in the mind of the reader.

The writer's style will in every detail be such painter or sculptor. I have tried merely to as will assist his purpose.

suggest a few of the things which good writers I have not attempted to set forth any consid- do in certain kinds of their work. Other suberable part of the principles which govern the jects for profitable study and practice will no writing of a good story. It is not easier to doubt occur to

ery reader. write artistically than to become an artistic

C. F. ANSLEY.

CHILD STUDY DEPARTMENT

G. W. A. LUCKEY, Editor

W"

E give in this issue of the MONTHLY begins as a means of expression, a sort of ges

the concluding part of the paper by ture language; that the artistic sense originates

Dr. Allin on Extra-organic Evolu- and develops from within and is the embodition and Education, begun in the May number. ment of feeling and emotion rather than of inAs we have already called attention to the sug- tellect; that the proper means of approach to gestiveness of the paper, we need offer no fur- the subject is through the child's interest ther comment here.

and spontaneous drawings. The study by Mrs. In the interesting article by Dr. A. F. Cham

Maitland of the drawings of Eskimo children Lerlain on the Three Shapers of Childhood's contains many points of interest and will, I am Genius - Society, Opportunity, Travel, the

sure, be appreciated. It shows the life and writer appears to his best advantage. Perhaps spirit that the Eskimo children put in their figthere is no one better acquainted with the

ures, and how the immediated environment and childhood of the race nor with anthropological

race activities are reflected in their drawings. problems than Dr. Chamberlain. He has given

In this they do not differ from the children of us here much of his maturer thought and judg

our own country, but show to an advantage ment upon three phases of childhood met by

over those who have been dwarfed by reason every teacher. The writer feels that childhood

of too much instruction in the mechanics before is the time for the special manifestation of gen

the proper age. ius, and in order to have this early promise The article by Professor Hugh on the Anireach full fruition it is necessary, besides be- misms of Children is the beginning of a study ing well born and environed, to be surrounded which I believe will prove of much value to by the social influence of sympathetic parents, teachers. We were compelled to divide the companions, and friends.

paper, owing to its length, and have thus preOpportunity, not luck, is another factor in sented only the preliminary part, which may the development of genius. Struggles are nec- not prove as interesting as the discussion and essary, but it is opportunity that gives them general conclusion to follow later. It will, force. Genius creates opportunity. “Dem- however, introduce the subject and show the ocracy is the mint-house of genius that coins prevalence of animistic belief, and to many call freely the native gold.” Travel likewise has up reminiscenses of similar ideas of their own. its shaping influence on genius. To feel one It has been necessary to defer the publicamust see and hear. But travel should not be tion of several interesting papers until later isbampered with too many limitations. The in- sues, among which is the tenth chapter of the dividual should be largely free in his move- series of articles by Superintendent Stableton ments.

on the Study of Boys Entering the Adolescent

Period of Life. During the past two or three years we have published several important studies on chil- With this number of the MONTHLY the writer dren's drawings, all of which seem to point in concludes his services as editor of the child the same direction, i. e., that drawing naturally study department, under prospective arrange