angle, a sloyd knife, scissors, thumb-tacks, and work throughout, but two years ago it was ruler. Some of these articles were already pro- found advisable to give the girls of grades six, vided for other work. Five hundred sloyd seven, and eight sewing, partly because of a knives and four hundred pairs scissors have been public demand and partly because an increase purchased. Each tool serves several children. in attendance in these grades gave us more The tools are kept in sets and passed from room pupils than could be accommodated at the to room. benches. A choice having to be made between In the printing office there is a good sized the boys and the girls, of course the boys were press that can be run either by foot power or continued at the bench. Sewing is very popusteam, and the usual outfit of type and cases. lar with the girls and with their parents. PreThe high school equipment, used also, as has viously there were very few requests for been said, by the grades, consists of forty excuses from wood-work among the girls, not benches, each supplied with the usual wood- more than one in fifty, and many elected to working tools. Twelve of these benches are continue it after reaching the high school. Now, also supplied with carving tools. There are six not baving had the bench work of the grades, lathes for wood-turning. These are run by a fewer of the girls elect manual training. I resmall engine, which takes its steam from the gard this as unfortunate. gard this as unfortunate. I see no reason, exlarge boilers of the fan-heating plant of the cept space limitations, for differentiating the building. Our moulding is done in plaster of work of the boys and girls below the high Paris, hence the expense is trifling. To com- school. plete the equipment it will be necessary to add Our high school building being very nearly a few vises for hand work in metal and two or in the geographical center of the district, one three portable forges. It is possible to make a of its manual training rooms serves as a shop few pieces serve a large number of pupils by for the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades of keeping these pieces continually in use. The other schools. The girls sew while the boys entire cost of equipment used by 4,480 pupils are absent at the shop. Twenty-eight pupils has been, so far, only $3,000. can be accommodated at the benches at one The cost of material used in all grades last time. As it seldom happens that there are year was $530.78, or 15 cents per pupil. Be- more than twenty-eight boys enrolled in any low the sixth grade the expense of manual one schoolroom, there is little difficulty in training is merely the cost of the material, as arranging programs. the instruction is given by the regular teacher. About the only objection that has been made This is also true of the instruction in sewing. to this part of our curriculum has grown out A graduate of Pratt Institute gave the teachers of an erroneous idea of its expense. It is comtwelve lessons. This cost $60. One of the paratively inexpensive, and we have taken class has since fitted herself to instruct new pains on several occasions to circulate throughteachers as they are employed. Three thousand out the district a leaflet prepared in the printfour hundred and fifty-five pupils in grades one ing department setting forth the exact expense, to five, and 1,025 pupils in grades six to twelve, giving at the same time reasons for carrying on receive instruction in manual training. The this line of work by stating what it is expected entire cost ( salaries of two teachers $1,900, to do for the child. Sometimes this statement materials, $530.78) is $2,430.78. I do not in- bas taken the form of an invitation to visit an clude in this the salary of the instructor in exhibition of the work of all grades. printing, as the product of his department more From the beginning, the services of the than meets that expense. The head teacher of North Side Woman's Club have been invalumanual training instructs the teachers and ex- able in forestalling objections and creating a ercises a general supervision over the work in favorable public sentiment. favorable public sentiment. Each year this all of the grades. Only new teachers now need club has had at least one program devoted to these special lessons. manual training, and whatever has been done At first boys and girls were given the same in the schools has in a large measure been a re sponse to a public demand thus created and expressed. The teachers have shown the greatest willingness to qualify themselves to carry on the work. Their feeling is that their efforts are amply rewarded by the added interest which the school seems to possess for the pupils. There is no doubt of the great popularity of the subject with the children. Below the sixth grade the time occupied is one hour each week, usually the last hour of the morning or afternoon session when relief from strictly intellectual work is most needed. The subtraction of this hour from the time formerly devoted to other studies has not caused the other work to suffer in the least. There is reason to believe that all that has been accomplished in this hour has been clear gain. The time will come when the last hour of both morning and afternoon of each day will be given up to gymnastics, music, drawing, and manual training. This will give three hours a day for purely intellectual work, and two for work of this mixed character. We now devote five hours a week to the four subjects last named; we might well devote ten hours to them. We could then secure so much more vigorous use of the other fifteen hours as to accomplish all that we now accomplish in twenty hours. When children show signs of fatigue, a change to manual work is true economy of time and effort. J. H. VANSICKLE, Superintendent Schools, North Denver, Col. year before. New pupils in any grade will start with the first sample of the first year's work. GENERAL RULES Cloth is a woven texture of cotton, wool, flax, or silk, adapted to be made into garments. Cloth is composed of two threads, the warp and the woof. The warp is the thread running lengthwise, and the woof the thread running crosswise. A needle is a small, round piece of steel for holding the thread when sewing. The needle has a small hole at one end, and is sharpened to a fine point at the other. There are two kinds of needles, the sharps and the betweens. The sharps are long, and the betweens are short. Needles are numbered from one to ten. One is a large needle and ten is a very fine needle. Thread is composed of very fine fibres woven together, usually of cotton, flax, or silk. Thread is numbered from 8 to 200. Eight is coarse, and 200 is very fine. To thread a needle, the end that hangs loose from the spool is inserted in the eye of the needle. The position for sewing is always to sit up straight with both feet firmly planted on the floor. ORDER OF WORK Sewing in the North Side Schools, Denver FIRST YEAR-SIXTH GRADE 1. Stitches learned on unbleached muslin. Red thread. Sample 9 inches long by 18 inches wide. Cut sample so that the pupils will have to straighten the edges. Have them write the general rules from dictation, and when correct have them written on the third page of the book, leaving the first leaf blank for a fiy leaf. 2. Basting sample for book. Bleached muslin 6 inches by 6 inches. 3. Overbanding and overcasting. Striped gingham. Sample 7 inches long by 64 inches wide. Number 60 white thread. 4. Stitching and half-back stitching. Bleached muslin, 6 inches by 6 inches. Work to be done with red thread. 5. Hemming and running. Unbleached muslin, 7 inches by 7 inches. Hemming learned before making sample. Corners cut out to avoid unnecessary thickness. Hemming to be done with number 60 white thread. Running red thread. 6. Gathering and sewing into bands. Sample 5 inches long by 7inches wide. Bleached muslin. Hem sides with one-eighth inch hem. Gather with double thread on the right side and stroke gathers carefully. Bands 34 inches by 14 inches. Felling. Bleached musl 7 inches long by 51 inches wide. Cut sample diagonally, having narrow ends 14 inches across. 8. Pillow case. Bleached muslin, 64 inches long by 7 inches wide. Hem, 1 inch. 9. Gusset. Bleached muslin, 6 inches long by 4 inches wide. Slit 24 inches. Gusset of 4 inch circle. GENERAL DIRECTIONS No sewing is to be done at home below the eighth grade. In that grade only stitching to be done at home. Work must be planned and basted in school. Samples are to be taken home to be pressed; but they must not be washed or even dampened for pressing. The work in the books is to be kept even with the sewing, and it is to be done in school time. Pupils are allowed to advance as rapidly as they are able; but no pupil is to leave a sample until it is as well done as she is able to do it. As the work is necessarily individual to a great extent, it is not expected that all the pupils in any grade will complete the course for that grade ; but it is expected that each pupil will advance according to the course laid down, beginning each year exactly where she left off the 10. Darning. All pieces brought from home. (a) Child Labor Stockinet, 5 inches long by 4 inches wide. Baste over IT is the duty of the state, the church, the a card. Cut hole after basting it on. Use paper pattern. (6) Darning, lengthwise and crosswise. Woolen citizen, to guarantee to every child a childgoods. Darn with raveling. (c) Corner darn. Com- hood full of helpfulness, full of developbination of (6). (d) Patch darn. Same as corner darn ment for the large, honorable, and sovereign with patch under the darn. duties of citizenship. The cheap labor found 11. Composition on needles to be written some time in the employment of children and girls in our during the year. factories has enabled the cruel and unjust to SECOND YEAR-SEVENTH GRADE undersell his competitor, to make sudden for1. Draft pattern for drawers, for small sample use tunes into which the very lifeblood of childwaist and length from waist to knee each 20 inches, on hood has entered as the cost price. scale of 7 inch equals 1 inch. For all this the future will exact restitution 2. Cut and make small pair of drawers. in kind, and the wronged will be avenged. In 3. Buttonholes and sewing on buttons. Sample 61 every court of nature and humanity full redress inches by 3 inches. Practice on other cloth. will be exacted; defective classes will multi4. Pillow sham 51 inches square. Hem I inch. Lace ply; despair will be the companion of ruined 27 inches. Make paper pattern. Mitre corners. French hem. nervous systems, and force the victims into 5. Hemstitched apron. Lawn, 64 inches by 6 inches. crime, while the millions upon whom the curse Side hem $ inch, bottom hem 1 inch. Pull about 4 of outraged nature will rest with crushing force threads. Strings, 6} inches by 27 inches. Band, 41 will be the sport of every vile leader, who will inches by 17 inches. organize and hurl them against the well-known 6. Draft pattern for gored skirt. Front, 47 inches foe-avarice; and the government and society long, wide at bottom, at top, 1 inch slant top and bottom. Side gores, 47 inches long, wide at bottom, at that has deprived them of their natural and top. Slant as in front. Back, 4 inches square. Placket civil rights must make answer before the great 2 inches. Allow 4 inch seams and 1 inch for hem in mass who have built the cities, girdled the cutting from this pattern. earth with steel, and covered the seas with 7. Cut and make skirt, 51 inch ribbon for band, skein navies and fleets. floss for featherstitching brought by pupil. 8. White shirt with yoke or band, and tucked or ruf The evils that cluster around the destiny of Aled. All draft pattern for yoke. Shirt with band 64 these juvenile toilers are many. They may be inches by 16 inches, with yoke, 54 inches by 16 inches. stated as the absolute despotism of many corAllow twice the width of each tuck for tucking. Make porations, severe task-masters, the clearly ruffle a little wider than hem and once and a half the fullness of the skirt. One-half yard finding braid to manifest purpose to get all possible labor out finish ruffle at top. of the hand, with no regard for comfort, 9. Patch number 1. Checked gingham, 5 inches by health, or even the life of the employee. The 4 inches. Patch number 2, same. Patch number 3, child soon discovers that it is a slave for so many hours a day, and the hate and revenge of 10. Shopping bag. Gingham, 18 inches by 5 inches. a wronged life soon poison its very soul. The Hem, * inch. Tape, 28 inches. Space for tape, $ inch. child does some one thing hour in and hour out THIRD YEAR-EIGHTH GRADE with the most dreadful evil results of monot1. Draft pattern for large drawers. ony. No period of life is so unfit to endure 2. Cut and make drawers. the nerve-destroying effects of monotony. A 8. Draft pattern for large flannel skirt. dreadful nervousness often begins here that 4. Make skirt. blasts the whole life. But the moral blight is 6. Draft pattern for shirt waist, full size. 6. Draw on 1 inch scale in book. greater. Before the child has attained that de7. Cut and make shirt waist. gree of moral power, that equal pose of intel8. Cotton skirt, either straight or gored. lect and moral temperature, to become the 9. Draft pattern for night dress. victim of cruel foremen and superintendents, 10. Cut and make night dress. who are driven by dividend-hunting stock11. Lined skirt. Materials for all these in eighth grade furnished by holders, is to pervert the moral nature of the the pupil. child and make it an enemy of his race, that same. produces such specimens, and it is well if it Citizenship means more than the three "Rs.” does not become an enemy of the government Indeed the three “Rs” make an uncommonly that fosters the evil. dangerous weapon when not properly supHad labor reformers espoused a campaign of plemented. Criminologists tell us that the education and good morals instead of strikes, three “Rs,” without the essential moral develthe two great parties would not now be in the opment, are responsible for the worst criminals. attitude of duelists, and the truth, that this con- In other words, the citizen stands in greater tinent, this government, the world belongs to need of a lofty conception of the relation of the people, not to political parties, would be man to man and the brotherhood of the whole manifest. The state can not afford to create human race than he does of an intimate acclasses by neglect of her wards, and the child quaintance with complex fractions or the cliafter all belongs to the state, and will be friend mate of the South Sea Islands. or foe, as it has been the recipient of justice at How is the pupil to form his ideals of right the hands of the state, and the state can not, and patriotic living? His teacher may instruct, dare not, permit the sacrifice of the child to the and illustrate, and work with and pray over greed and lust of mammon. him. She may be a telling sermon in her own W. A. HALE. life and actions. The pupil may even be fruitDayton, Ohio. ful soil for the good seed that has been sown, but ground that will produce an hundred fold The Relation Between the Public Schools of wheat may even yield two hundred fold of and the Public Library tares. E are coming to a new and important work? Our pupils early learn to repose con What can the teacher call to her aid in this phase of development in our public fidence in the words of the printed page. As school work. It is the use of the public library as the laboratory of the pub- ity. Here lies the teacher's most effective time goes on, books become the highest authorlic school. weapon, if used aright. But this very respect Time was when the mastery of the three "R" for books and newspapers is a power that may was the ultimatum of the school curriculum. work untold evil if not properly directed. It Now, our civilization requires more than this. is therefore plain that the public schools must Our taxpayers require much more of the young teach not only how to read, but also what to citizens their money educates. We, as teach- read. Degrading literature is so pitifully easy ers, are required to develop not only the minds, to obtain that it must almost be counted crimbut also the bodies and souls of our pupils. If inal to omit to cultivate in our pupils a taste we omit any one of these in our training, the for good literature. It might be added that results of our work cry out against us. for a community to have its children taught to The right of the state to instruct her own in read and then not furnish them, through its the things required of them as citizens is no town or district library, good reading matter, more to be disputed now than it was when the is surely criminal carelessness or avarice. Spartan boy of seven was compelled to leave This training can not begin too early in the his mother's arms for a cheerless home in the school course. The pupils who need it most public barracks, there to receive the training leave school at an early age to begin the battle that would enable him to comport himself as for bread. If the public library is already an became a Spartan Sparta needed citizens old friend when pupils leave school, an imtrained for war. Our country needs citizens mense advantage is gained. A large per cent trained for citizenship. A prominent librarian of those who enter the primaries never comof this country has said: “The only sufficient plete the work of the grammar school, while of justification for the support of the public schools those who enter the high schools of our land, by taxation is that they train the boys and girls only one in four complete the course. There for good citizenship.” is no time to be lost. W. T. Harris, United ones. States Commissioner of Education, says: “The $1,000 spent for books on children's books. school is set at the task of teaching the pupil Special attention is given to books for the very how to use the library in the best manner-that, small children. The little ones are taught that I take it, is the central object towards which the library is as much for them as for the older our American school methods have been uncon Each teacher is allowed to take a certain sciously guided.” number of books for her pupils. When a book In some of the cities and towns of this coun- is badly soiled in a schoolroom, the school is try, systematic work along this line has been punished by not being allowed any books for a done, perhaps nowhere better than in Worces- week. If a book is lost, and the loser is too ter, Mass. In that city the librarian cultivated poor to pay for it, the school makes up the friendly relations with superintendent and price. This teaches the children that “No teachers. Each teacher may take from the li- man liveth to himself alone,” and gives them a brary six books for her own use and twelve for clear idea of the effect of the actions of the her pupils. Of course pupils have individual individual upon society. cards also. Sometimes the librarian makes the At Pawtucket, R. I., the librarian makes out selection, and sometimes the teacher makes it. lists of books for pupils and the superintendent Baskets are provided in which to carry the of schools sends these lists out to the teachers. books. Worcester library furnishes schools Each teacher is allowed six books for her with forty or fifty copies of a single work, so school. Teachers send or bring pupils to the that a whole class may supplement some sub- library to look up subjects. The very small jects in the course of study simultaneously. children are especially welcomed, and the The library also furnishes to the high schools librarian says she has seen as many as fifty of several copies of the best works of certain the little ones at once looking up things their authors to be used for class work. All needed teacher had sent them to see. assistance to both teachers and pupils is cbeer- In Cleveland, the public library, in 1890, fully given and the freest use of the library placed libraries of about fifty volumes each in. encouraged. fifty-one schools and left them for the school The public school library of Detroit does ex- year. The teachers issued the books to the cellent work for the schools of that city. By pupils for school and home use. A library asan arrangement made by the board of educa- sistant visited each school once a month and tion with the library board, the board of edu- checked up the books. Books can be returned cation becomes responsible for books loaned at any time and new ones drawn out. This the schools from the library, and sees to their plan is still in operation in Cleveland, and is transportation to the school buildings and re- voted by the teachers to be a great success. turns them to the library. The high school is The public library of Milwaukee delivers to allowed 1,500 books. The library duplicates its a teacher any list of books she may want, and books especially for these school libraries so leaves it two months, or longer, if desired. that the general circulation of the library is in The teachers give out the books just as if they nowise cramped. When the books have been When the books have been were charging books at the library. This used as long as the teachers want them, they makes the school, in reality, a delivery station are returned and new ones taken. In the for the library. If any teacher fails to send grammar grades the books are changed seven for books, a library assistant is sent to see or eight times a year. Teachers issue these why she neglects this part of her duty. books to pupils for home or school use. Each These cities are only a few of those that book is issued about three times in five weeks. might be mentioned. Teachers use these books The librarian of the Osterhout Free Public in different ways. One teacher read from Library in Wilkesbarre, Penn., visits every “Little Lord Fauntleroy” the first few minutes schoolhouse and meets teachers and pupils. of each session, in order to cure tardiness. Time is allotted her at the monthly teachers' Some assign certain books to certain pupils and meetings. That library spends $500 of every call for reports on the books. Some have their |