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Were there no Christian soldiers, and no Christian nations, so as not always to reject the unclean benedicmagistrates?

tion, and to cleanse it out for himself by converting it Tertullian, To his Wife, Book II., Ch. IV.

Godward. To be blessed in the name of the gods of the But let her (a Christian woman who marries an un

pations is to be cursed in the name of God. If I have believer ) see to [ the question ) how she discharges her given an alms, or shown any other kindness, and the duties to her husband. To the Lord, at all events, she is

recipient pray that his gods, or the Genius of the unable to give satisfaction according to the requirements colony, may be propitions to me, my oblation or act will of discipline; having at her side a servant of the devil, immediately be an honour to idols

, in whose name he his lord's agent for hindering the pursuits and duties of

returns me the favour of blessing. believers: so that if a station is to be kept, the husband Ib., Ch. XXIII. at daybreak makes an appointment with his wife to In borrowing money from heathens under pledged semeet him at the baths; if there are fasts to be ob- curities, (Christians) give a guarantee under oath, served, the husband that same day holds a convivial

Christ prescribes that there is to be no banquet; if a charitable expedition has to be made, swearing.

Pray we the Lord that no never is family business more urgent. For who would necessity for that kind of contract may ever encompass suffer his wife, for the sake of visiting the bretheren, us,

lest those denying letters to go round from street to street to other men's, and in

be brought forward against us in the day of deed to all the poorer, cottages? Who will willingly judgment, sealed with the seals, not now of witnesses, bear her being taken from his side by nocturnal con- but of angels! vocations, if need so be? Who, finally, will without anx

QUESTIONS. iety endure ber absence all the night long at the paschal solemnities? Who will, without some suspicion of his 1. Must it have been difficult for a Christian to enown, dismiss her to attend that Lord's Supper which gage in business if sworn contracts were not permitted they defame? Who will suffer her to creep into prison them? 2. Must these prohibitions have served to mark to kiss a martyr's bonds? nay, truly, to meet any one of

them off as an unsociable religious sect? the bretheren to exchange the kiss? to offer water for

GENERAL QUESTIONS. the saints' feet? to snatch ( somewhat for them) from her food, from her cup? to yearn ( after them )? to 1. Make it clear how the peculiarities of the early have [ them ] in her mind? If a pilgrim brother arrive,

Christians, if misunderstood, could give rise to the what hospitality for him in an alien home? If bounty

charges (1) of gross licentiousness, (2) of hating the

human race, (3) of bringing down the wrath of the is to be distributed to any, the granaries, the store

gods upon the city, 4) of treason. 2. Make it clear houses, are foreclosed.

that there was an irrepressible conflict between the

old and new ideals, and that there could be no co-operQUESTIONS.

ation between Pagan and Christian either in public or

in private life. 3. Can the persecutions be palliate1 1. Is it any wonder that these peculiarities of the

from this point of view ? 4. Has a society the right to Christians were misunderstood, and that hideous rumors defend itself from dissolution, and did the Romans use were circulated? 2. Does Tertullian realize the prob- the only means of defense the ancient world knew ? ability of their being misunderstood ? 3. Is he convinced 5. What traits had the Jews and Christians in comthat no intimate social intercourse is possible between mon which would lead the Romans sometimes to conChristian and Pagan? 4. Does he dwell upon these fuse them? 6. What facts can you suggest to explain facts in sorrow or in defiance?

why the Christians were persecuted fiercely, while the Tertullian, On Idolatry, Ch. XXII.

Jews escaped almost entirely? 7. Illustrate as many of

these facts as possible by passages drawn from New Equally, one who has been initiated into Christ will

Testament literature. not endure to be blessed in the name of the gods of the

GUERNSEY JONES.

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SOME GREAT LEGISLATORS
I. Albert Gallatin, 1761-1849

chosen will be primarily for that purpose, but HIS year we are to have a series of char- incidentally it is hoped and expected that much

acter studies for source work. light will be thrown on the times. In a suc

The aim will be to let, as far as pos- ceeding number something will be said in resible, each man "give an account of him- gard to method again, but no great amount of self.” Since the aim is to study men, rather space will be taken up with that work. Trustthan the history of their times, the extracts ing that some of America's great statesmen.

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will mean more from these studies to the youth of many a school, the series is launched with Albert Gallatin, scholar, statesman, orator, diplomat, and scientist.

Gallatin's connection with American history may be said to begin with this letter:

PASSY, May 24, 1780. DEAR SON-Messrs. Gallatin and Serres, two young gentlemen of Geneva, of good families and very good characters, having an inclination to see America, if they should arrive in your city I recommend them to your civilities, counsel, and countenance. I am ever your affectionate father,

B. FRANKLIN. To Richard Bache, Postmaster General, Philadelphia.

-Adams' Life of Gallatin, p. 24. An extract from the action of the President and Fellows of Harvard College, July 2, 1782, will indicate how Gallatin made his living for a time:

Vote 5. That Mr. Gallatin mitted to instruct in the French language such of the students as desire it, and who shall obtain permission from their parents or guardians in writing, signified under their hands to the President; which students shall be assessed in their quarter-bills the sums agreed for with Mr. Gallatin for their instruction; and that Mr. Gallatin be allowed the use of the library, a chamber in the college, and commons at the rate paid by the tutors, if he desire. JOSEPH WILLARD, President.

- Adams' Life of Gallatin, p. 42. In 1783 when he left Harvard he carried with him the good-will of all, as the following testimonials will show. The President said:

[Mr. Gallatin had] acquitted himself in this department with great reputation. He appears to be well acquainted with letters, and has maintained an unblemished character in the university and in this part of the country.-Ibid, 43.

Three years later we find Gallatin in close touch with P. Henry, and Virginia. In a letter of recommendation and introduction Henry says:

I feel it my duty in a peculiar manner to give every possible facility to this gentleman, because his personal character, as well as his present designs, entitle him to the most cordial regards.

P. HENRY, 1785,

-Ibid., 60. Albert Gallatin was married to Sophia Allègre in a runaway match, May 14, 1789.

In his account book appears the following entries:

Ruban de queue, 1-6, Veste blanche, 9, Tailleur, £, 16s. Souliers de satin, gants, bague £1, 11.6, License minister, £4,4.

· The following letter throws some light on one episode in Gallatin's history:

NEW KENT, May 16, 1789. MY DEAR MAMA-Shall I venture to write you a few lines in apology for my late conduct? And dare I flatter myself that you will attend to them? If so, and you can feel a motherly tenderness for your child who never before wilfully offended you, forgive, dear mother, and generously accept again your poor Sophia, who feels for the uneasiness she is sure she has occasioned you. She deceived you, but it was for her own happiness. Could you then form a wish to destroy the future peace of your child and prevent her being united to the man of her choice? He is perhaps not a very handsome man, but be is possessed of more essential qualities, which I shall not pretend to enumerate, as, coming from me, they might be supposed partial. If, mama, your heart is inclined to forgive, or, if it is not, let me beg you to write to me, as my only anxiety is to know whether I have lost your affection or not. Forgive me, dear mama, as it is all that is wanted to complete the happiness of her who wishes for your happiness and desires to be considered again your dutiful daughter.

SOPHIA,

-Ibid., 72. She died the following October.

The position of Gallatin during the first days after the constitution was submitted to the people may be gathered from the following resolutions, adopted at a second convention, held at Harrisburg, 1788.

1st. Resolved that in order to prevent a dissolution of the Union, and to secure our liberties and those of our posterity, it is necessary that a revision of the Federal Constitution be obtained in the most speedy manner.

2d. That the safest manner to obtain such a revi. sion will be,

to have a convention [ a second national convention ) called as soon as possible; *

3d. That in order that the friends to amendments of the Federal Constitution

may act in concert,

it is hereby recommended to the several counties in the state to appoint committees, who may correspond one with another and with such similar committees as may be formed in other states.

4th. (A call for a general convention.]

A less radical set of resolutions were adopted; and, as both are in Gallatin's handwriting, we cannot determine whether he changed his views, or was overruled at the conference. The final result was to recommend twelve amendments, similar to those already suggested by Massachusetts and New York, to the constitution.-Ibid., 78.

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Were there no Christian soldiers, and no Christian nations, so as not always to reject the unclean benedicmagistrates?

tion, and to cleanse it out for himself by converting it Tertullian, To his Wife, Book II., Ch. IV.

Godward. To be blessed in the name of the gods of the But let her (a Christian woman who marries an un

nations is to be cursed in the name of God. If I have believer) see to [ the question ] how she discharges her

given an alms, or shown any other kindness, and the duties to her husband. To the Lord, at all events, she is

recipient pray that his gods, or the Genius of the unable to give satisfaction according to the requirements

colony, may be propitions to me, my oblation or act will of discipline; having at her side a servant of the devil,

immediately be an honour to idols, in whose name he his lord's agent for hindering the pursuits and duties of

returns me the favour of blessing. believers: so that if a station is to be kept, the husband Ib., Ch. XXIII. at daybreak makes an appointment with his wife to In borrowing money from heathens under pledged semeet him at the baths; if there are fasts to be ob- curities, (Christians] give a guarantee under oath, served, the husband that same day holds a convivial

Christ prescribes that there is to be no banquet; if a charitable expedition has to be made, swearing

Pray we the Lord that no never is family business more urgent. For who would necessity for that kind of contract may ever encompass suffer his wife, for the sake of visiting the bretheren,

us,

lest those denying letters to go round from street to street to other men's, and in

be brought forward against us in the day of deed to all the poorer, cottages? Who will willingly judgment, sealed with the seals, not now of witnesses, bear her being taken from his side by nocturnal con- but of angels! vocations, if need so be? Who, finally, will without anx

QUESTIONS. iety endure ber absence all the night long at the paschal solemnities? Who will, without some suspicion of his 1. Must it have been difficult for a Christian to enown, dismiss her to attend that Lord's Supper which gage in business if sworn contracts were not permitted they defame? Who will suffer her to creep into prison them? 2. Must these prohibitions have served to mark to kiss a martyr's bonds ? nay, truly, to meet any one of

them off as an unsociable religious sect? the bretheren to exchange the kiss? to offer water for

GENERAL QUESTIONS. the saints' feet? to snatch ( somewhat for them) from her food, from her cup? to yearn ( after them ]? to 1. Make it clear how the peculiarities of the early have [ them ) in her mind? If a pilgrim brother arrive,

Christians, if misunderstood, could give rise to the what hospitality for him in an alien home? If bounty charges (1) of gross licentiousness, (2) of hating the

human race, (3) of bringing down the wrath of the is to be distributed to any, the granaries, the store

gods upor the city, 4) of treason. 2. Make it clear houses, are foreclosed.

that there was an irrepressible conflict between the

old and new ideals, and that there could be no co-operQUESTIONS.

ation between Pagan and Christian either in public or

in private life. 3. Can the persecuiions be palliate1 1. Is it any wonder that these peculiarities of the from this point of view ? 4. Has a society the right to Christians were misunderstood, and that hideous rumors

defend itself from dissolution, and did the Romans use were circulated? 2. Does Tertullian realize the prob- the only means of defense the ancient world knew ? ability of their being misunderstood? 3. Is he convinced

5. What traits had the Jews and Christians in comthat no intimate social intercourse is possible between mon which would lead the Romans sometimes to conChristian and Pagan? 4. Does he dwell upon these fuse them? 6. What facts can you suggest to explain facts in sorrow or in defiance?

why the Christians were persecuted fiercely, while the Tertullian, On Idolatry, Ch. XXII.

Jews escaped almost entirely? 7. Illustrate as many of

these facts as possible by passages drawn from New Equally, one who has been initiated into Christ will

Testament literature. not endure to be blessed in the name of the gods of the

GUERNSEY JONES.

American History Studies

Vol. II.

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SOME GREAT LEGISLATORS 1. Albert Gallatin, 1761-1849 chosen will be primarily for that purpose, but HIS year we are to have a series of char- incidentally it is boped and expected that much

acter studies for source work. light will be thrown on the times. In a suc

The aim will be to let, as far as pos- ceeding number something will be said in resible, each man “give an account of him- gard to method again, but no great amount of self.” Since the aim is to study men, rather space will be taken up with that work. Trustthan the history of their times, the extracts ing that some of America's great statesmen.

will mean more from these studies to the youth Ruban de queue, 1-6, Veste blanche, 9, Tailleur, £2, of many a school, the series is launched with

16s. Souliers de satin, gants, bague £1, 11.6, License

minister, £4,4. * * * Albert Gallatin, scholar, statesman, orator, diplomat, and scientist.

• The following letter throws some light on Gallatin's connection with American history one episode in Gallatin's history: may be said to begin with this letter:

NEW KENT, May 16, 1789.

MY DEAR MAMA-Shall I venture to write you a few PASSY, May 24, 1780.

lines in apology for my late conduct? And dare I DEAR SON-Messrs. Gallatin and Serres, two young flatter myself that you will attend to them? If so, and gentlemen of Geneva, of good families and very good

you can feel a motherly tenderness for your child who characters, having an inclination to see America, if

never before wilfully offended you, forgive, dear they should arrive in your city I recommend them to

mother, and generously accept again your poor Sophia, your civilities, counsel, and countenance.

who feels for the uneasiness she is sure she has ocI am ever your affectionate father,

casioned you. She deceived you, but it was for her B. FRANKLIN.

own happiness. Could you then form a wish to destroy To Richard Bache, Postmaster General, Philadelphia.

the future peace of your child and prevent her being -Adams' Life of Gallatin, p. 24.

united to the man of her choice? He is perhaps not a An extract from the action of the President very handsome man, but be is possessed of more essenand Fellows of Harvard College, July 2, 1782,

tial qualities, which I shall not pretend to enumerate,

as, coming from me, they might be supposed partial. will indicate how Gallatin made his living for a

If, mama, your heart is inclined to forgive, or, if it is time:

not, let me beg you to write to me, as my only anxiety Vote 5. That Mr. Gallatin * * * be per- is to know whether I have lost your affection or not. mitted to instruct in the French language such of the Forgive me, dear mama, as it is all that is wanted to students as desire it, and who shall obtain permission complete the happiness of her who wishes for your from their parents or guardians in writing, signified happiness and desires to be considered again your under their hands to the President; which students dutiful daughter.

SOPHIA, shall be assessed in their quarter-bills the sums agreed

-Ibid., 72. for with Mr. Gallatin for their instruction; and that She died the following October. Mr. Gallatin be allowed the use of the library, a cham

The position of Gallatin during the first days ber in the college, and commons at the rate paid by the

after the constitution was submitted to the peotutors, if he desire. JOSEPH WILLARD, President.

- Adams' Life of Gallatin, p. 42. ple may be gathered from the following resoluIn 1783 when he left Harvard he carried with

th tions, adopted at a second convention, held at him the good-will of all, as the following testi- .

Harrisburg, 1788. monials will show. The President * * * 1st. Resolved that in order to prevent a dissolution said:

of the Union, and to secure our liberties and those of

our posterity, it is necessary that a revision of the Mr. Gallatin had] acquitted himself in this de- Federal Constitution be obtained in the most speedy partment with great reputation. He appears to be manner well acquainted with letters, and has maintained an 2d. That the safest manner to obtain such a revi. unblemished character in the university and in this sion will be, * * * , to have a convention part of the country.-Ibid, 13.

[ a second national convention ) called as soon as posThree years later we find Gallatin in close sible; * *. touch with P. Henry, and Virginia. In a

3d. That in order that the friends to amendments

of the Federal Constitution * * may act in letter of recommendation, and introduction

concert, * * it is hereby recommended to the Henry says:

several counties in the state to appoint committees, * * * I feel it my duty in a peculiar manner

who may correspond one with another and with such to give every possible facility to this gentleman, be- similar committees as may be formed in other states. cause his personal character, as well as his present 4th. (A call for a general convention.] designs, entitle him to the most cordial regards.

A less radical set of resolutions were adopted; and, P. HENRY, 1785,

as both are in Gallatin's handwriting, we cannot de-Ibid., 60. termine whether he changed his views, or was over

ruled at the conference. The final result was to recomAlbert Gallatin was married to Sophia

mend twelve amendments, similar to those already Allègre in a runaway match, May 14, 1789.

suggested by Massachusetts and New York, to the In his account book appears the following entries: constitution.--I bid., 78.

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p. 88.

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Gallatin has left us an account of his influ- the opposition of the western counties of Pennence in the Pennsylvania legislature and the sylvania to the excise tax in these words: reasons therefor:

Our peculiar situation renders this duty still more I acquired an extraordinary influence in that body,

unequal and oppressive to us. Distant from a permathe more remarkable as I was always in a party minor

nent market and separated from the eastern coast by ity. I was indebted for it to my great industry and to

mountains

, we have no means of the facility with which I could understand and carry

bringing the produce of our lands to sale, either in grain on the current business. The laboring oar was left al

or in meal. We are therefore distillers through necesmost exclusively to me. In the session of 1791-92, I

sity, not choice, that we may comprehend the greatest was put on thirty-five committees, prepared all their

value in the smallest size and weight. The inhabitants reports, and drew all their bills.

of the eastern side of the mountains can dispose of their

grain without the additional labor of distillation at a I failed, though the bill I had introduced passed the

higher price than we can after we have bestowed that House, in my efforts to lay the foundation for a better

labor upon it. Yet, with this additional labor, we must system of education. Primary education was almost

also pay a high duty, from which they are exempted, universal in Pennsylvania, but very bad, and the bulk

because we have no means of selling our surplus prodof the schoolmasters incompetent, miserably paid, and

uce but in a distilled state. held in no consideration. It appeared to me that

Another circumstance which renders this duty ruinintermediate academic education was an

ous to us is our scarcity of cash. Our commerce is indispensable preliminary step; and the object of the

not, as on the eastern coast, carried on so much by abbill was to establish in each county an academy, allow

solute sale as by barter, and we believe it to be a fact ing to each out of the treasury a sum equal to that

that there is not among us a quantity of circulating raised by taxation in the county for its support. But

cash sufficient for the payment of this duty alone. We there was at that time in Pennsylvania a Quaker and a

are not accustomed to complain without reason, German opposition to every plan of general education.

.-Ibid., The spirit of internal improvements had not yet been awakened. Still, the first turnpike road in the United In a letter to a friend written in 1792, he States was that from Philadelphia to Lancaster.

says : This, as well as every temporary improve

*. We have a plan before us, which I ment in our communications (roads and rivers and

brought forward, to establish a school and library in preliminary surveys, met, of course, with my warm

each county, each county to receive £1,000 for buildings support. But it was in the fiscal department that I

and beginning a library, and from £75 to £150 a year, was particularly employed.

according to its size, to pay at least in part a teacher The report of the Committee of Ways and Means of the English language and one of the elements of was entirely prepared by me.

of mathematics, geography, and history, I was quite astonished at the general encomiums be- it is meant as a preparatory step to township stowed upon it, and was not at all aware that I had

schools,

.-Ibid., p. 90. done so well. It was perspicuous and comprehensive; but I am confident that its true merit, and that which

In a petition drafted by Gallatin to the leggained me the general confidence, was its being founded

islature of Pennsylvania, from the western in strict justice, without the slightest regard to party counties of Pennsylvania, we find the following feelings or popular prejudices.

language : It was my constant assiduity to business and the as

That your petitioners have been greatiy alarmed by sistance derived from it by many members which en

a law of Congress which imposes a duty on spirituons abled the Republican party in the legislature, then a

liquors distilled from produce of the United States. minority on joint ballot, to elect me, and no other but

To us that act appears unequal in its operation and me of that party, senator of the United States.-Ibid.,

immoral in its effects. Unequal in its operation, as a p. 85-86.

duty laid on the common drink of a nation, instead of

taxing the citizens in proportion to their property, In 1793 Gallatin prepared the following falls as heavy on the poorest class as on the rich; imreport:

moral in its effect, because the amount of the duty,

chiefly resting on the oath of the payer, offers, at the That they (the committee) are of opinion that slap. expense of the honest part of the community, a presery is inconsistent with every principle of humanity, sure to perjury and fraud. Your petitioners also conjustice, and right, and repugnant to the spirit and ex- sider this law as dangerous to liberty; press letter of the constitution of this commonwealth.

- Writings Gallatin, Vol. I., pp. 3-4. (A bill to abolish introduced. ]-Ibid., 86

Extracts from a letter to Miss Nicholson a few In 1792 Gallatin formulated the reasons for months before their marriage, August 25, 1793:

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