roots, which spread and multiply by their offsets: they are shorter and thicker than the patientia, are of a very dark brown on the outside, and yellow within. The leaves are of the round heart-shape, standing upon long foot-stalks. The stalks rise from two to three feet high; they are thick, and have a few small roundish leaves on the lower part, but the upper part is closely garnished with spikes of white flowers standing erect close to the stalks. These appear in the end of May, and are succeeded by large triangular seeds, which ripen in August.

3. R. aquaticus, the water-dock, grows naturally in ponds, ditches, and standing waters, in many parts of Britain. It is supposed to be the herba Britannica of the ancients. It has large roots, which strike deep into the loose mud, sending out leaves about two feet long. The stalks rise five or six feet high, when the plants grow in water, but in dry land seldom more than three; these are garnished with narrow leaves among the spikes of flowers to the top. The flowers stand upon slender foot-stalks, which are reflexed; they are of an herbaceous color, appear in June, and the seeds ripen in autumn.

4. R. patientia, patience rhubarb, was formerly much more cultivated in the British gardens than at present. The root is large, and divides into many thick fibres; their outer cover is brown, but yellow within, with some reddish veins; the leaves are broad, long, and acute pointed; their foot-stalks are of a reddish color; the stalks rise six or seven feet high, and divide towards the top into several erect branches, garnished with a few narrow leaves, terminating with loose spikes of large staminous flowers. These appear in June, and are succeeded by pretty large three-cornered seeds, whose coverings are entire, which ripen in autumn. These plants are but seldom cultivated; and so easily multiply by their numerous seeds that they soon become troublesome weeds where they once get

an entrance.

See ROMFORD.

The necessity of spittle to dissolve the aliment, appears from the contrivance of nature in making the salivary ducts of animals, which ruminate, or chew the cud, extremely open. Arbuthnot.

Rumination is given to animals, to enable them at once to lay up a great store of food, and afterwards to chew it. Id.

and London, wherein Sir Charles Sedley died: this I am at a solitude, an house between Hampstead circumstance sets me a thinking and ruminating upon the employments in which men of wit exercise themselves. Steele to Pope.

The description given of the muscular part of the gullet, is very exact in ruminants, but not in men. Derham.

He practises a slow meditation, and ruminates on the subject; and perhaps in two nights and days rouses those several ideas which are necessary.

Watts on the Mind.

He mourns the weakness of these latter times. Retiring, full of rumination sad,

Thomson.

RUMINANT, in natural history, is applied to an animal which chews over again what it has nantibus et Ruminatione, shows that there are eaten before. Peyer, in a Treatise De Rumisome animals which really ruminate, as oxen, and that there are others which only appear to do sheep, deer, goats, camels, hares, and squirrels ; So, as moles, crickets, beetles, crabs, mullets, &c. The latter class, he observes, have their the food is ground up and down as in those which stomachs composed of muscular fibres, by which nants are all four-footed, hairy, and viviparous; really ruminate. Mr. Ray observes that rumisome with hollow and perpetual horns, others with deciduous ones. RUM'MAGE, v. a. Fr. remuage; Germ. ranmen, to empty.-Skinner. To search; plun. der; evacuate.

Our greedy seamen rummage every hold Smile on the booty of each wealthier chest.

Dryden.

The condemned English Sit patiently, and inly ruminate

The morning's danger.

Shakspeare.

It is a melancholy of mine own, extracted from many objects, in which my often rumination wraps me in a most humorous sadness.

Alone sometimes she walked in secret, where To ruminate upon their discontent.

ld.

Fairfax.

Others filled with pasture gazing sat, Or bedward ruminating. Milton's Paradise Lost. Of ancient prudence here he ruminates, Of rising kingdoms, and of falling states. Waller. Mad with desire she ruminates her sin, And wishes all her wishes o'er again; Now she despairs, and now resolves to try, Would not, and would again, she knows not why. Dryden. Ruminant creatures have a power of directing this peristaltick motion upwards and downwards.

Ray.

RUMNEY. See ROMNEY.

Shakspeare.

Hudibras.

Prior.

He charged him first to bind Crowdero's hands on rump behind. Rumps of beef with virgin honey strewed. King. If his holiness would thump His reverend bum 'gainst horse's rump, He might b' equipt from his own stable. Last trotted forth the gentle swine, To ease her itch against the stump, And dismally was heard to whine, All as she scrubbed her meazly rump. Swift. RUMPHIA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and triandria class of plants: CAL. trifid; the petals three; the fruit a trilocular plum. Species one only, a tree of the East Indies.

RUM'PLE, v. a. & n. s. Sax. pnýmpelle; Belg. rompelen; Teut. rumpsel. To crush or contract into wrinkles: the wrinkle or fold made.

RUN, v. n., v. a. & n. s. Sax. pinnan; Goth.
RUN'AGATE, n. s. and Swed rinna;
RUN AWAY,
RUNNER.

(Teut. and Belg, ren

nen. To move

swiftly, or at a quick pace; pass on the surface of the ground; have course; rush; emit; flow; stream; be liquid, fluid, or fusible; melt; vanish: hence to pass in thought or word; be mentioned cursorily; be known popularly; go on; proceed; tend; go on violently or irregularly; taking after, away, away with, on, over, and out before the object: as a verb active, to drive; force; stab; pierce; trace; melt; prosecute; venture; venture against law; taking down before the object. This verb, as Johnson says, may be observed always to retain much of its primitive idea, and to imply progression, and, for the most part, progressive violence; a run is a course of motion; the act of running: flow; cadence; general reception; modish clamor: at the long run,' in fine, in the result: a runagate and runaway alike signify a fugitive: a rebel; apostate; one who flies from danger: runner, a racer or messenger; a shooting sprig; the moving stone of a mill.

Laban ran out unto the man unto the well. Genesis xxiv. 29.

Joseph is a fruitful bough, whose branches run over the wall. Id. xlix. 22. The Lord sent thunder, and the fire ran along upon the ground. Exodus ix. 25. Whether his flesh run with his issue, or be stopped, it is his uncleanness. Leviticus xiii. 3. God bringeth the prisoners out of captivity; but letteth the runagates continue in scarceness. Psalm 1xviii. 6. Their feet run to evil, and make haste to shed blood. Proverbs. Running under the island Clauda, we had much work to come by the boat. Acts xxvii. 16. Id. xxvii. 41.

They run the ship aground.

Many have run out of their wits for women.

Neither was he ignorant what report run of himself, and how he had lost the hearts of his subjects. Knolles.

My conscience will serve me to run from this Jew,
my master.
Shakspeare. Merchant of Venice.
My statues,

Like a fountain, with a hundred spouts,
Did run pure blood.

Id. Julius Cesur. A hound runs counter, and yet draws dry food well. Shakspeare.

If you suspend your indignation against my brother, till you can derive from him better testimony of his intent, you should run a certain course. Id. King Lear. If thou rememberest not the slightest folly That ever love did make thee run into, Thou hast not loved.

Id. As You Like It. Fore-spent with toil, as runners with a race, I lay me down a little while to breathe. Shakspeare.

Id.

From growing riches with good cheer, To running out by starving here. Poor Romeo is already dead, run through the ear with a love song. Id. Romeo and Juliet.

Thou runaway, thou coward, art thou fled? Speak in some bush; where dost thou hide thy head? Shakspeare.

As Cain, after he had slain Abel, had no certain abiding; so the Jews, after they had crucified the Son of God, became runagates. Raleigh.

rebels and the Spaniards was, that the one ran atas before they were charged, and the other straight

The difference between the valour of the Irish

after.

Баст.

He hath run out himself, and led forth His desperate party with him; blown together Aids of all kinds. Id. Catiline.

Discourses ran thus among the clearest observers : it was said that the prince, without any imaginable stain of his religion, had, by the sight of foreign courts, much corroborated his judgment.

Wotton's Buckingham. Thirst of fame makes them seek to climb to heaven; it makes them not fear to run down headlong to hell. Bp. Hall.

The rest dispersed run, some disguised,
To unknown coasts: some to the shores to fly.

Daniel. Insectile animals, for want of blood, run all out into legs. Hammond. The king's ordinary style runneth, our sovereign lord the king. Saunderson.

We have many evils to prevent, and much danger to run through. Taylor. The zeal of love runs out into suckers, like a fruitful tree. Id. Rule of Holy Living. Take here her reliques and her gods, to run With them thy fate, with them new walls expect.

Denham.

He would himself be in the Highlands to receive them, and run his fortune with them. Clarendon. Rivers run potable gold.

Day yet wants much of his race to run.
Hath publick faith, like a young heir,
For this taken up all sorts of ware,
And run into every tradesman's book,
Till both turned bankrupts?
They, when they're out of hopes of flying,
Will run away from death by dying.

Milton.

Id.

Hudibras.

Id.

Customs run only upon our goods imported or exported, and that but once for all; whereas interest runs as well upon our ships as goods, and must be yearly paid. Child.

Hath falsehood proved at the long run more for

the advancement of his estate than truth? Tillotson. The greatest vessel, when full, if you pour in still, it must run out some way, and the more it runs out at one side, the less it runs out at the other. Temple.

Since death's near, and runs with so much force, We must meet first, and intercept his course.

Dryden.

He ran up the ridges of the rocks amain. Id. Her form glides through me, and my heart gives way;

This iron heart, which no impression took
From wars, melts down, and runs, if she but look.

The ass sets up a hideous bray, and fetches a run at them open mouth. Id.

If there remains an eternity to us, after the short revolution of time we so swiftly run over here, 'tis clear that all the happiness that can be imagined, in this fleeting state, is not valuable in respect of the future. Locke.

That punishment follows not in this life the breach of this rule, and consequently has not the force of a law, in countries where the generally allowed practice runs counter to it, is evident.

Id.

Thoughts will not be directed what objects to pursue, but run away with a man in pursuit of those ideas they have in view.

Id.

Though putting the mind unprepared upon an unusual stress may discourage it, yet this must not run it, by an overgreat shyness of difficulties, into a lazy sauntering about ordinary things.

Id.

I shall run the danger of being suspected to have forgot what I am about. Id.

A talkative person runs himself upon great inconveniences, by blabbing out his own or others' secrets. Ray.

If the richness of the ground cause turnips to run to leaves, treading down the leaves will help their rooting. Mortimer.

In every root there will be one runner, which hath little buds on it, which may be cut into. Id. The mill goes much heavier, by the stone they call the runner being so large.

Id. Your iron must not burn in the fire; that is, run or melt; for then it will be brittle.

Moxon.

Study your race, or the soil of your family will dwindle into cits, or run into wits.

Tatler.

Id. Ovid. As fast as our time runs, we should be very glad in most parts of our lives that it ran much faster. Addison.

Virgil, in his first Georgick, has run into a set of precepts foreign to his subject. Id.

This church is very rich in relicks, which run up as high as Daniel and Abraham. Id.

If we run over the other nations of Europe, we shall only pass through so many different scenes of poverty.

Id.

Some English speakers run their hands into their pockets, others look with great attention on a piece of blank paper.

Id.

It is impossible for detached papers to have a general run of long continuance, if not diversified with humour. Id.

The time of instance shall not commence or run till after contestation of suit. Ayliffe's Parergon. I would gladly understand the formation of a soul, and run it up to its punctum saliens. Collier. This run in the head of a late writer of natural

RUND'LET, n. s. Perhaps runlet or roundlet. A small barrel.

Set a rundlet of verjuice over against the sun in summer, to see whether it will sweeten. Васом.

The angels did not fly, but mounted the ladder by degrees; we are to consider the several steps and rundles we are to ascend by. Duppa.

The third mechanical faculty, styled, axis in peritrochio, consists of an axis or cylinder, having a rundle about it, wherein are fastened divers spokes, by which the whole may be turned round.

Wilkins's Mathematical Magick.

RUNGS, in a ship, the same with the ground timbers; being the timbers which constitute her floor; and are bolted to the keel, whose ends are rung-heads.

RUNGPOOR, or Takhut Koondy, is an extensive district of Bengal, situated about 26° N. lat., bounded on the north by the Bootan mountains, and on the east by the Brahmapootra. It produces rice, sugar, silk, indigo, hemp, and tobacco. The glandular swellings of the throat are very prevalent here. Besides the Brahmapootra, it is watered by the Teestah and Durlah. Its chief towns are Rungpore, Guzgotta, and Mungulhaut. This district was taken possession of, and colonised by the Mahometans in the thirteenth century, and was always governed by a foujedar or military col lector. Between 1730 and 1740 it was ruled by Sayed Ahmed, nephew of Aly Verdy Khan, who is accused of having been very oppressive, and compelling the rajahs of Dinagepore and Couch Behar to pay him tribute. It is now governed by a civil establishment of judge, collector, &c, and is subservient to the court of circuit and appeal of Dacca. Couch Behar is included in this collectorship.

RUNGPORE, the capital of the above district, is situated on the eastern bank of the Goggot, is a very regular built town, and carries on a considerable trade with Bootan, Assam, and Calcutta. The judge and collector reside at Nuwalgunge, about a mile from the town. Long. 89° 5' E., lat. 25° 47′ N.

RUNGPORE, an extensive fortress of Gergong, It is situated on the ancient capital of Assam. an island, and can only be approached by a bridge, which was built some centuries ago. RUN'NEL, n. s. From run. A rivulet; a small brook.

With murmur loud, down from the mountain's

side,

A little runnel tumbled neere the place. Fairfax.

RUNNER, in the sea language, a rope belong ing to the garnet and the two bolt tackles. It is reeved in a single block joined to the end of pendant; it has at one end a hook to hitch int any thing; and at the other a double block, inte which is reeved the fall of the tackle, or the gar net, by which means it purchases more than the

tackle would without it.

RUN'NET, n. s. Sax. genunnen, coagulated. A liquor made by steeping the stomach of a calf in hot water, and used to coagulate milk for curds and cheese. It is also written RENNET, which see.

The milk of the fig hath the quality of a net to gather cheese. Bacon': Natural History.

The milk in the stomach of calves, coagulated by the runnet, is rendered fluid by the gall in the duodenum. Arbuthnot.

RUNNET, or RENNET. See RENNET.. RUNNINGTON (Charles), serjeant-at-law, born in Hertfordshire in 1751. He was in 1768 placed with a special pleader, who employed him in a digest of the law of England. He was called to the bar in 1778, and in 1787 to the degree of serjeant. In 1815 he was appointed commissioner for the relief of insolvent debtors, which office he resigned in 1819, and died at Brighton, January 18, 1821. Mr. Runnington published Hale's History of the Common Law, 2 vols.; Gilbert's Law of Ejectments, 8vo. ; Ruff head's Statutes at Large, 4 vols. 4to.; History of the Legal Remedy by Ejectment, and the Resulting Action or Mesne Process, 8vo.

RUN NION, n. s. Fr. rognant, scrubbing. A paltry wretch.

You witch! you polecat! you runnion!

Shakspeare.

RUNNYMEAD, a celebrated mead, near Eg ham, in Surrey, where king John was compelled to sign Magna Charta, the great charter of Eng lish liberty, and the Charta de Foresta. See ENGLAND.

RUNT, n. s. Runte, in the Teutonic dialects, signifies a bull or cow, and is used in contempt by us for small cattle; as the Welsh term kefyl, a horse, is used for a worthless horse. Johnson.-Goth. rian, raut, Thomson. Any small animal; below the natural growth of the

kind.

RUPEE, a silver coin current in the East Indies, worth about 2s. 6d. See COINS.

RUPERT, prince palatine of the Rhine, and grandson of king James I. of England, was born in 1619. In 1642 he came over into England, and offered his services to king Charles I., his uncle, who gave him a command in his army. At Edgehill he charged with incredible bravery, and made a great slaughter of the parliamentarians. In 1643 he seized the town of Cirencester; obliged the governor of Litchfield to surrender; and, having joined his brother prince Maurice, reduced Bristol in three days, and passed to the relief of Newark. In 1644 he marched to relieve York, where he gave the parliamentarians battle, and entirely defeated their right wing; but Cromwell charged the marquis of Newcastle with such an irresistible force that the royalists were at length entirely defeated. After this the prince retired to Bristol, which surrendered to Fairfax after a gallant resistance. The king was so enraged at the loss of this city, so contrary to his expectation, that he recalled all prince Rupert's commissions, and sent him a pass to go out of the kingdom. In 1648 he VOL. XIX.

went to France, was highly complimented by that court, and kindly received by king Charles II., who was there at the time. Afterward he was constituted admiral of the king's navy: infested the Dutch ships, many of which he took; and, having engaged with De Ruyter, obliged him to fly. He died in 1682, and was interred in king Henry VII.'s chapel, Westminster, with great magnificence. He seldom engaged but he gained the advantage, which he generally lost by pursuing it too far. He was better qualified to storm a citadel, or even to mount a breach, than patiently to sustain a siege. He took the hint of his discovery of mezzotinto, it is said, from a soldier scraping his rusty fusil. The first mezzotinto print ever published was the work of his hands, and may be seen in the first edition of Evelyn's Sculptra. The secret is said to have been soon after discovered by Sherwin, an engraver, who made use of a loaded file for laying the ground. The prince, upon seeing one of his prints, suspected that his servant had lent him his tool, which was a channeled roller; but, upon receiving full satisfaction to the contrary, he wards laid aside; and an instrument with a cremade him a present of it. The roller was afternelled edge, shaped like a shoemaker's cutting knife, was used instead of it. He also invented a metal called by his name, of which guns were

cast.

RUPERT'S DROPS, a sort of glass drops with the breaking off those tails in any part; invented long and slender tails, which burst to pieces on by prince Rupert. Their explosion is attended in the dark with a flash of light; and, by being boiled in oil, the drops are deprived of their explosive quality. See ANNEALING.

RUPPIN, NEW, a town of Brandenburg, Prussia, in the government of Potsdam, on a lake of the same name. It is regularly built, the streets intersecting each other at right angles, and has a high church, high school, council-house, barracks, hospital, a workhouse, and a very large building for exercising the troops. It contains 4600 inhabitants, besides a garrison. The principal employments are weaving woollen, tanning, and making gloves. Old Ruppin is a small town a little farther to the north, with 1000 inhabitants. Thirty-five miles N. N. W. of Berlin. Lat. ruptus. RUPTURE, n. s., v. a., & v. n. Breach; SOlution of continuity: the act of breaking; hernia: to break; suffer disruption.

RUPTION, n. s.