sufficient to rescue him from that obloquy which the minister of Montiers Travers, the village to which he had retired, had excited against him. On the night between the 6th and 7th of September, 1765, some fanatics attacked his house, and, fearing new insults, he in vain sought an asylum in Bern. As this canton was connected with Geneva they did not allow him to remain in the city. Obliged to set out on a journey, in a very inclement season, he reached Strasburg in a destitute situation. He waited there till the weather was milder, when he went to Paris, where Mr. Hume then was, who proposed taking him with him to England. After some stay in Paris, in the disguise of an Armenian, Rousseau set out for London in 1766. Hume, much affected with his situation and his misfortunes, procured for him a very agreeable settlement. He did not however make such an impression on the minds of the English as he had done on the French. The periodical prints were filled with satires against him; and they published a forged letter from the king of Prussia, ridiculing the principles and conduct of this new Diogenes. Rousseau from this time treated Hume as an enemy, who he said had brought him to England with no other view than to expose him to public ridicule; and he therefore returned to France. On the 1st of July, 1770, Rousseau appeared for the first time at the Regency coffee-house, dressed in ordinary clothing, having for some time previous to this worn an Armenian habit. His friends procured for him liberty of staying, on condition that he should neither write on re The ligion or politics. He died of an apoplexy at Ermenon-ville, belonging to the marquis de Girardin, about ten leagues from Paris, July 2d, 1778, aged sixty-six. This nobleman has erected to his memory a very plain monument, in a grove of poplars, which constitutes part of his beautiful gardens. On his tomb is inscribed in French Here reposes the man of Nature and of Truth.' Rousseau, during his stay near Lyons, married madame le Vasseur, his governess, a woman who, without beauty or talents, had gained over him a great ascendancy. There are several small pieces written by him, to be found in a collection of his works published in 25 vols. 8vo. and 12mo, to which there is appended a very insignificant supplement in 6 vols. most important parts in this collection are selected from his Thoughts; in which the confident sophist and the impious author disappear, and nothing is offered to the reader but the eloquent writer and the contemplative moralist. There were found in his portfolio after his death, Confessions, in twelve books, which were afterwards published. His other works are, 1. The Reveries of a Solitary Wanderer, being a journal of the latter part of his life. 2. Considerations upon the Government of Poland. 3. The Adventures of Lord Edward, a novel, being a kind of supplement to the Nouvelle Heloise. 4. Various Memoirs and Fugitive Pieces, with a great number of letters. 5. Emilia and Sophia. 6. The Levite of Ephraim, a poem. 7. Letters to Sara. 8. An Opera and a Comedy. 9. Translations of the first book of Tacitus's History of the Episode of Olinda and Sophronia, taken from Tasso, &c. &c. Nor do I name of men the common rout, That wandering loose about, Milton. Grow up and perish, as the summer fly. The mad ungovernable rout, Swift. ROW, n. s. Sax. na; Goth. and Swed. ra; Teut. reih. A rank or file; a number of things ranged in a line. Sidney. Lips never part but that they show Of precious pearl the double row. After them all dancing on a row, The comely virgins came with garlands dight, As fresh as flowres. Spenser. And all the flourishing letters stand in rows. Where any row Cowley. Of fruit trees, overwoody reached too far Milton's Paradise Lost. Dryden. Why round our coaches crowd the white-gloved beaux, Why bows the side box from its inmost rows? Row, v. n. & v. a. I Row'ER, n. s. Pope. Sax. nopan; Goth, ron. To impel a vessel in ROWE (Nicholas), an eminent English poet, the son of John Rowe, esq., serjeant at law, was born at Little Barford, Bedfordshire, in 1673. He acquired a knowledge of the classic authors under Dr. Busby in Westminster school; but poetry was his early and darling study, His father, who designed him for his own profession, entered him a student in the Middle Temple. He made considerable advances in the law; but the love of the belles lettres and poetry stopped him in his career. His first tragedy, The Ambitious Stepmother, meeting with universal applause, he laid aside all thoughts of the law. He afterwards composed several tragedies; but he valued himself most upon his Tamerlane. The others are the Fair Penitent, Ulysses, The Royal Convert, Jane Shore, and Lady Jane Gray. He also wrote a poem called The Biter, and several poems upon different subjects, which have been published under the title of Miscellaneous Works, in one volume, as his dramatic works have been in two. Rowe is chiefly to be considered,' says Dr. Johnson, in the light of a tragic writer and a translator. In his attempt at comedy, he failed so ignominiously, that his Biter is not inserted in his works; and his occasional poems are rarely worthy of either praise or censure. In the construction of his dramas there is not much art. He is not a nice observer of the unities; nor does he much affect the auditor, except in Jane Shore, who is always seen and heard with pity. Whence then has Rowe his reputation? From the reasonableness and propriety of some of his scenes, from the elegance of his diction, and the suavity of his verse. He seldom moves either pity or terror, but he often elevates the sentiment; he seldom pierces the breast, but he always delights the ear, and often improves the understanding.' Being a great admirer of Shakspeare, he gave the public an edition of his plays. But the most considerable of Mr. Rowe's performances was a translation of Lucan's Pharsalia, which he just lived to finish, but it did not appear in print till 1728, ten years after his death. The duke of Queensberry, when secretary, made him under-secretary. After the duke's death all avenues were stopped to his farther preferment; and during the rest of queen Anne's reign he passed his time in study. On the accession of George I. he was made poet laureat, and one of the land-surveyors of the customs in the port of London. The prince of Wales conferred on him the clerkship of his council; and the lord chancellor Parker made him his secretary for the presentations. He did not enjoy these promotions long; for he died December 6, 1718, aged forty-five. He was twice married, and had a son by his first wife, and a daughter by his second. He was interred in Westminster Abbey, in the Poet's Corner, opposite to Chaucer. ROWE (Elizabeth), an English lady, eminent for her writings, born at Ilchester, in Somersetshire, in 1674. She had a taste for both painting and poetry, and was very fond of music. In 1696 a collection of her poems was published. Her paraphrase on the thirty-eighth chapter of Job was written at the request of bishop Ken. She married, in 1710, Mr. Thomas Rowe, the translator of Plutarch's Lives; but intense study soon threw him into a consumption, which put a period to his life in May, 1715, when he was but just twenty-eight. Mrs. Rowe wrote an elegy on his death; and continued to the last moments of her life to express the highest veneration and affection for his memory. Soon after his decease, she retired to Frome, in Somersetshire. In this recess she composed the most celebrated of her works, Friendship in Death, and Letters Moral and Entertaining. In 1736 she published The History of Joseph; a poem written in her younger years. She died of an apoplexy, February 20, 1736-7. In her cabinet were found letters to several of her friends, which she had ordered to be delivered after her decease. Rev. Dr. Isaac Watts, agreeably to her request, revised and published, in 1737, her Devout Exercises of the Heart in Meditation and Soliloquy, Praise and Prayer; and, in 1739, her Miscellaneous Works, in prose and verse, were published in 2 vols. 8vo., with an account of her life and writings prefixed. The ROW'EL, n. s. & v. a. Fr. rouelle. The points of a spur turning on an axis: to pierce the skin and keep the wound open. A rider like myself, who ne'er wore rowel Nor iron on his heel. Shakspeare. Cymbeline. A mullet is the rowel of a spur, and hath never but five points; a star hath six, Peacham. He spurred his fiery steed With gory rowels to provoke his speed. Dryden. Mortimer. Rowel the horse in the chest. grass. Then spare it for rowen, till Michel be past, To lengthen thy dairie no better thou hast. Tusser. Rowen is a field kept up till after Michaelmas, that the corn left on the ground may sprout into green. Notes on Tusser. Turn your cows, that give milk, into your rowens, Mortimer's Husbandry. till snow comes. ROWLEY (William), a dramatic writer who lived in the reign of Charles I. and was educated at the university of Cambridge. Wood styles him the ornament, for wit and ingenuity, of Pembroke Hall, in Cambridge.' He was a great benefactor to the English stage, having left us five plays of his own composing, and one in which Shakspeare afforded him some assistance. ROWNING (John), an ingenious English mathematician, born in 1699. He was fellow of Magdalen College, Cambridge, and afterwards rector of Anderby, in Lincolnshire. In 1738 he printed, at Cambridge, A Compendious System of Natural Philosophy, in 2 vols. 8vo.; reprinted in 1745. He wrote also two pieces in the Philosophical Transactions, viz. 1. A Description of a Barometer, wherein the Scale of Variation may be increased at pleasure; vol. xxxviii. p. 39. And, 2. Directions for making a Machine for finding the Roots of Equations universally, with the manner of using it; vol. lx. p. 240. He died in London, November 1771. ROXANA, a Persian princess, daughter of Darius, who, being taken prisoner by Alexander the Great, captivated her conqueror, who married her. After his death she behaved with great cruelty, for which she was put to death by Cassander. See MACEDON. ROXBURGH, an ancient city of Roxburghshire, once famed for opulence and magnificence, of which very few relics now remain. It stood on a rising ground, opposite Kelso, at the west end of a fertile plain, peninsulated by the Tweed and the Tiviot, near a magnificent Cistertian monastery founded by David I. It was totally destroyed by king James II. and never afterwards rebuilt; and, as its site is now converted into arable fields, the plough has nearly obliterated all traces of its existence. At the point of the peninsula stood the castle, memorable in the Scottish history, as an object of frequent mortal contention between the Scots and English; and before which king James II. was killed by the bursting of a cannon. This castle is now entirely in ruins. ROXBURGH, or ROXBURGHSHIRE, a county of Scotland, so named from the above ancient city, called also Teviotdale, from the Teviot which runs through it; extending about thirty miles from east to west, and fifteen in breadth from the English border to the Blue Cairn in Lauderdale Moor; but of an irregular figure. It is bounded on the north by Lauderdale and Berwickshire; on the east and south-east by Northumberland and Cumberland; on the south and south-west by Annandale; and on the west by Dumfries and Selkirk shires. It is divided into three districts, called Teviotdale, Liddesdale, and Eskdale, from their chief rivers, the Teviot, Liddal, and Esk. On the north and west the county is mountainous, and chiefly appropriated to pasture; but on the south and east considerably level and fertile. The whole abounds with the most romantic scenery, exhibiting the rough appearance of hills, mosses, rocks, and mountains, interspersed with delightful fertile valleys, through which run numerous rivers and rivulets. The chief mountains are the Cheviot and Cockraw Hills, which are situated in what was called the Debateable Lands: from the property of them being often the subject of debate between the two kingdoms, but finally adjudged to Scotland at the Union. This county contains one royal borough, viz. Jedburgh; and several considerable towns, as Kelso, Hawick, Melrose, and Castletown. Before the union of the crowns, while predatory wars were frequent between the two kingdoms, 10,000 horsemen, well armed and accoutred, could have been raised in twenty four hours. Even after that period, and before the union of the kingdoms, the profits of a very lucrative contraband trade enriched the people and kept up the population. The recent improvements, however, in cultivation, manufactures, improvements in the breed of sheep and wool, and other arts of peace, are now making up for these deficiencies, and increasing the population and prosperity of the borders of both kingdoms, without danger of interruption and depredations from predatory inroads on either side. This county sends one member to the imperial parliament. There are many ancient forts and castles; and the ancient Roman road, called the Rugged Causeway, can be traced from Hounam to the Tweed. ROXBURY, a township of the United States, in Norfolk county, Massachusetts, two miles S.S.W. of Boston. It contains many handsome houses and country seats. The soil is in a high state of cultivation, and the inhabitants supply Boston with great quantities of vegetables and fruit. Population 3669. ROY'AL, adj. ROY'ALIST, n. s. ROY'ALIZE, v. a. ROY'ALLY, adv. corresponding. Fr. roial; Ital. and Span. real, reale, of Lat. regalis. Kingly; belonging to or becoming a king of plants; natural order eighteenth, bicornes: CAL. urceolated; cor. monopetalous, with the limb revoluted: CAPS. unilocular and quadrivalved. Species seven, all Cape herbs. ROY'NISH, adj. Fr. rogneur, mangy, paltry. Paltry; sorry; mean; rude. The roynish clown, at whom so oft Shakspeare. ROYSE (George), D. D., an English divine, born at Martock, in Somersetshire, about 1655; and educated at St. Edmund Hall, Oxford. He became chaplain to king William III., and attended him to Ireland in 1690. He was made dean of Bristol, and died in 1708. ROYSTON, a market town in Hertfordshire. The name of the town is derived from a cross. erected in the commencement of the twelfth century by a lady Roise, and hence called Roise's Cross. A monastery was afterwards built near it, and largely endowed. Houses gradually arose round the monastery, and the name was changed to Royse's Town, or Royston. The town is now noted chiefly for its corn trade. The church is an ancient edifice, consisting of a nave, chancel, and aisles. The market is on Wednesday, and it has five annual fairs. Thirty-seven miles north of London. ROY'TELET, n. s. Fr. roytelet. A little petty king. Causing the American roytelets to turn all homagers to that king and the crown of England. Heylin. ROZEE (Madame), an extraordinary paintress, born at Leyden in 1632. She neither used oil nor water colors, but wrought on the rough side of the pannel, with a preparation of silk floss, disposed in different boxes, according to the different degrees of bright and dark tints, out of which she applied the colors requisite, and blended, softened, and united the tints with surprising beauty. In this singular manner she executed portraits, landscapes, and historical subjects. She died in 1682, aged fifty. RUATAN, an island of the bay of Honduras, thirty miles long, and nine wide; fortified by rocks and shoals, which defend the fort, and also by the narrowness of the port, into which only one vessel can enter at a time. Yet it is capable of containing 500 vessels in perfect safety. From the sea this island appears singularly beautiful. It is entirely covered with the cocoanut and other trees; and the soil is fertile. It abounds with deer, wild hogs, Indian rabbits, and birds of many species: parrots are innumerable. The Spaniards have a kind of military station or look-out post here. The small adjoining islands of Helene, Moratte, and Borburette, are separated from this by a narrow channel, and seem like detached parts of it. In the south are some ports, and besides these, some little channels fit for small vessels. In the west part of the island are meadows, in which mules are bred. No hunters, that the tops of mountains scale, And rub through woods with toile seek them all. He expounds the giddy wonder Of my weary steps, and under Spreads a path clear as the day, Where no churlish rub says nay. Chapman. Crashaw. The government at that time was by kings, before whom the people in the most formal expressions of duty and reverence used to rub their noses, or stroke their foreheads. Heylin. Their straw-built citadel now rubbed with balm. Milton. When his fellow beasts are weary grown, He'll play the groom, give oats, and rub 'em down. Dryden. Goes swiftly down the slippery ways of vice; Though conscience checks him, yet, those rubs gone He that once sins, like him that slides on ice, o'er, Id. He slides on smoothly, and looks back no more. Id. Servants blow the fire with puffing cheeks, and lay The rubbers, and the bathing sheets display. 'Tis as much as one can do to rub through the world, though perpetually a doing. L'Estrange. The ass was to stand by, to see two boobies try Id. their title to him by a rubber of cuffs. The bare rubbing of two bodies violently produces heat, and often fire. Locke. If their minds are well principled with inward civility, a great part of the roughness, which sticks to the outside for want of better teaching, time and observation will rub off; but if ill, all the rules in the world will not polish them. Id. The rough'or coarse file, if large, is called a rubber, and takes off the unevenness which the hammer made in the forging. Moxon. The whole business of our redemption is to rub over the defaced copy of the creation, to reprint God's image upon the soul. South. You will find me not to have rubbed up the memory of what some heretofore in the city did. Id. In narrow clefts, in the monument that stands over him, catholics rub their beads, and smell his bones, which they say have in them a natural perfume, though very like apoplectick balsam; and what would make one suspect that they rub the marble with it, it is observed that the scent is stronger in the morning than at night. Addison on Italy. F L'Estrange. Knowledge lying under abundance of rubbish, his scope has been to remove this rubbish, and to dress up crabbed matters as agreeably as they can. Daven. That noble art of political lying ought not to lie any longer in rubbish and confusion. Arbuthnot's History of John Bull. The enemy hath avoided a battle, and taken a surer way to consume us, by letting our courage evaporate against stones and rubbish. Swift. RUBBLE-STONE, n. s. From rub. Rubble-stones owe their name to their being rubbed and worn by the water, at the latter end of the deluge, departing in hurry and with great precipitation. Woodward. RUBENS (Sir Peter Paul), the most eminent of the Flemish painters, was born in 1577, at Cologne. His father, who was a counsellor in the senate at Antwerp, had been compelled by the civil wars to seek refuge in Cologne, and, during his residence there, Rubens was born. He soon discovered a strong inclination for designing, and his mother, perceiving her son's bias, permitted him to attend the instructions of Tobias Verhaecht, a painter of architecture and landscape. He next became the pupil of Adam Van Ort, but his surly temper quickly disgusted Rubens, whose natural disposition was amiable. He then became the disciple of Octavio Van Vien, or Otho Venius, a painter of singular merit, and who was not only skilled in the principles of his art but also distinguished for critical learning. Rubens now gave up his whole mind to painting, and soon equalled his master. To arrive at that perfection which he already beheld in idea, he travelled through Italy, visiting the most valuable collections of paintings and antique statues with which that country abounds. Having finished some fine paintings for the arch duke Albert's palace, he was recommended by him to the duke of Mantua, by whom he was received with the most flattering marks of distinction, and where he studied the works of Julio Romano. He next visited Rome, where he examined the productions of Raphael, and the paintings of Titian and Paul Veronese called him to Venice. He continued in Italy seven years. At length hearing that his mother was ill he hastened to Antwerp, but she died before his arrival. He married soon after, but, his wife dying in four years, he retired from Antwerp, and endeavoured to sooth his melancholy by a journey into Holland. His fame now spread over Europe. He was invited by Mary of Medicis queen of Henry IV. of France to Paris, where he painted the galleries in the palace of Luxemburg. These form a series of paintings which delineate the history of that princess; and afford a decisive proof of his superiority in such compositions. At Paris he became acquainted with the duke of Buckingham, who employed him to explain to Isabella, the wife of Albert the archduke, the cause of the misunderstanding between the courts of England and Spain. In this employ ment Rubens acquitted himself so well, that Isabella appointed him envoy to the king of Spain, to propose terms of peace. Philip conferred on him the honor of knugathood, and made him secretary to his privy council. Rubens returned to Brussels, and thence passed over into England in 1630 with a commission from the Catholic king to negociate a peace. He was successful, and a treaty was concluded, and Charles I. treated him with every mark of respect. Having engaged him to paint some of the apartments of Whitehall, he not only gave him a handsome sum of money, but, as an acknowledg ment of his merit, created him a knight; and the duke of Buckingham purchased of him a collection of pictures, statues, medals, and antiques, to the value of £10,000. He returned to Spain, where he was highly honored and rewarded for his services. He was made a gentleman of the king's bed-chamber, and secretary to the council of state in the Netherlands. Rubens, however, did not lay aside his profession. He returned to Antwerp, where he married a second wife called Helena Forment, a celebrated beauty. He died on the 30th of May 1640, aged sixty-three, leav ing a large fortune to his children. The figure of Rubens was noble, his manners engaging, and his conversation lively. He spoke several languages perfectly, and was an excellent statesman. His house at Antwerp contained one spacious apartment, in imitation of the rotunda at Rome, adorned with a choice collection of pictures which he had purchased in Italy; part of which he sold to the duke of Buckingham. His invention was so fertile that, when he painted the same subject several times, he always supplied something new. The attitudes of his figures are natural and varied, the carriage of the head is peculiarly graceful, and his expression noble and animated. He carried the art of coloring to its highest pitch. The great excellence of Rubens appears in his grander historical compositions; he touched them in such a manner as to give them a lasting force, beauty, and harmony. Yet, |