public edifices of consequence, but Roveredo is a well built town, and the marble found in the vicinity has been much used in the construction of the houses. Twenty-eight miles north of Verona, and twelve south by west of Trent.

Fr. rouge.

ROUGE', n. s. Red paint. ROUGH, adj. Saxon, pnupge; ROUGH'CAST, v. a. & n. s. Swed. rugg; Goth. ROUGH DRAFT, N. S. hrock. Rugged; ROUGH'DRAW, v. a. of unequal surROUGH'EN, v. a. & v. n. face; coarse; ROUGH'HEW, v. a. hairy; hence ROUGH'HEWN, part. adj. harsh; severe; ROUGH'LY, adv. 'rude; terrible; ROUGH NESS, n. s. stormy: roughcast ROUGH WORK. is, a rude model, or a kind of rough plaster mixed with pebbles: to roughcast is, to mould or form in a rough way: rough-draft, rough-draw, and roughwork, are of similar signification: to roughen is, to make or grow rough: the adverb and noun substantive corresponding.

Ne Mammon would there let him long remain,
For terror of the torments manifold,
In which the damned souls he did behold,
But roughly him bespake.

A fiend, a fury, pitiless and rough,
A wolf: nay worse, a fellow all in buff.

Come what come may,

Spenser.

Shakspeare.

Time and the hour run through the roughest day.

Id. Some man must present a wall; and let him have some plaster, lome, or roughcast about him to signify

wall.

Id.

There's a divinity that shapes our ends, Roughhew them how we will. Id. Hamlet.

Rebuked, and roughly sent to prison, The immediate heir of England! was this easy? Shakspeare.

A roughhewn seaman, being brought before a justice for some misdemeanour, was by him ordered away to prison; and would not stir; saying, it was better to stand where he was, than to go to a worse place. Bacon's Apophthegms.

Roughness is a needless cause of discontent; severity breedeth fear; but roughness breedeth hate; even reproofs from authority ought to be grave and not taunting.

Bacon.

Nor bodily, nor ghostly negro could Roughcast thy figure in a sadder mould. Cleaveland. The whole piece seems rather a loose model and roughcast of what I design to do, than a complete work. Digby.

I hope to obtain a candid construction of this roughhewn ill timbered discourse.

Howel.

Strait with a band of soldiers tall and rough On him he seizes. Cowley's Davideis, When our minds' eyes are disengaged, They quicken sloth, perplexities unty, Make roughness smooth, and hardness mollify.

Denham.

The little roughnesses or other inequalities of the leather against the cavity of the cylinder, now and then put a stop to the descent or ascent of the sucker. Boyle.

A ropy chain of rheums, a visage rough, Deformed, unfeatured, and a skin of buff. Dryden. In merriment they were first practised, and this: for one hundred and twenty years. roughcast unhewn poetry was instead of stage plays Id.

My elder brothers came
Roughdraughts of nature, ill designed and lame,
Blown off, like blossoms never made to bear;
Till I came finished, her last laboured care.
His victories we scarce could keep in view,
Or polish them so fast as he roughdrew.

Id.

Id.

Thus you must continue, till you have rough-wrought all your work from end to end.

Moxon's Mechanical Exercises. A tobacco-pipe broke in my mouth, and the spitting out the pieces left such a delicious roughness on my tongue, that I champed up the remaining part. Spectator. Roughness of temper is apt to discountenance the timorous or modest.

Addison.

Were the mountains taken all away, the remaining parts would be more unequal than the roughest sea; whereas the face of the earth should resemble that of the calmest sea, if still in the form of its first mass. Burnet's Theory.

The booby Phaon only was unkind,
A surly boatman rough as sea and wind.

Prior.

Such a persuasion as this well fixed, will smooth all the roughness of the way that leads to happiness, and render all the conflicts with our lusts pleasing.

Atterbury.

Hippocrates seldom mentions the doses of his medicines, which is somewhat surprising, because his. purgatives are generally very rough and strong.

Arbuthnot on Coins. Most by the numbers judge a poet's song, And smooth or rough with them is right or wrong. Pope

Ah! where must needy poet seek for aid, When dust and rain at once his coat invade? His only coat; when dust confused with rain, Roughens the nap, and leaves a mingled stain.

Swift.

The Swedes, Danes, Germans, and Dutch attain to the pronunciation of our words with ease because our syllables resemble theirs in roughness and frequency of consonants. Id.

Thomson.

The broken landskip, Ascending, roughens into rigid hills. Then what was left of roughness in the grain Of British natures, wanting its excuse

ROVIGNO, a maritime town of Austrian Illyria, on the coast of Istria. It is built on a rock, which forms two good harbours; but that nearest the town is not considered secure, and is resorted to chiefly by boats and barges. Rovigno is only a mile in circumference, but very populous, containing 10,000 inhabitants, whose chief employments are the pilchard fishery, ship-building, and the sale of wood. The environs produce olive oil and wine, and beautiful marble. Forty miles south of Trieste, and thirty-seven south-west of Fiume.

ROVIGO, a district of Austrian Italy, bounded by the delegations of Venice, Padua, Verona and Mantua, and separated by the Po from the States of the Church. Its superficial extent is about 550 square miles, traversed by a number of rivers; and in many places marshy and unhealthy. It is, however, fertile throughout, the marshes producing fine crops of rice; maize, flax, hemp, and silk, are the other objects of culture. The number of black cattle and horses reared is also large. This district was formerly called Polesino di Rovigo, from the number of canals by which it is intersected. In 1806 the title of duke of Rovigo was given by Buonaparte to Savary, his minister of police. Population 63,000.

ROVIGO, the capital of the above district, is situated on the Adigetto, a branch of the Adige, and surrounded with a wall and moat: to the east is a fortified castle. The Palazzo del Podesta, the former residence of the chief magistrate, is situated in a large square, the principal ornament of which is a pillar of stone. The churches here are not worthy of notice. The town is the residence of the bishop of Adria. Population 9000. Eighteen miles N. N. E. of Ferrara, and thirty-five S. S.W. of Venice.

ROUILLE (Peter Julian), a learned French Jesuit, born at Tours, in 1681. He assisted father Catrou in writing the Roman History, in 21 vols. 4to., and died in Paris in 1740, aged fifty-nine.

ROULERS, a considerable town of the Netherlands, in West Flanders, situated on the Mandel. It has a linen manufacture, the principal product of the surrounding district being flax. The adjacent pastures are rich, and the breed of cattle good: butter is a large article of export. There is here a central school, with eight teachers. Twelve miles N. N. E. of Ypres, and eighteen south of Bruges. ROUN'CEVAL, n. s. From Roncesval, a town at the foot of the Pyrenees. A species of pea.

Dig garden,

And set as a daintie thy runcival pease. ROUND, adj., n. s.,_v. a., v. n.,

Tusser. Fr. ronde;

angles; smooth: hence unbroken; plaîn; clear; candid; free; quick; brisk: a round is a circle or circular body; a revolution; rotation; step of a ladder; the rotary walk of an officer, or soldier, on guard: to round is to make circular or spherical; to divest of angles; mould to smoothness; raise into relief; move around; surround; encircle: as a verb neuter, to grow or become round in form; go round: round, as an adverb, signifies every way; in a revolution or rotation; circuitously: as a preposition, about; on every side of; all over: roundel is a round form or figure: rounder, an enclosure; circumvallation: roundhead, the old nick-name of the Puritans, from their practice of cropping the hair: round-house, a kind of watch-house: roundish, roundly, and roundness, follow the senses of round, adjective. The terror of God was upon the cities round about.

Round dealing is the honour of man's nature; and a mixture of falsehood is alike allay in gold and silver, which may make the metal work the better, but it embaseth it. Bacon.

Worms with many feet, which round themselves

ROUND'EL, n. s.

Teut. Sw.

and Dan.

rund; Sp. redondo.

Circular;

spherical; without

The Spaniards, casting themselves into roundels, and their strongest ships walling in the rest, made a flying march to Calais. Id. Hirsute roots are a middle sort between the bulbous and fibrous; that, besides the putting forth sap upwards and downwards, putteth forth in round. Id. All sounds whatsoever move round; that is, on

They set a round price upon your head. Addison. It is not easy to foresee what a round sum of money may do among a people who have tamely suffered the Franche Compté to be seized on. Id. Remarks on Italy. Sir Roger heard them upon a round trot.

Addison. The mouth of Vesuvius has four hundred yards in Id. diameter; for it seems a perfect round.

Some preachers, prepared only upon two or three points, run the same round from one end of the year to another. Id.

The figures on our modern medals are raised and rounded to a very great perfection.

Id.

He affirms every thing roundly, without any art, rhetorick, or circumlocution. Id. C. Tariff: Many are kicked down ere they have climbed the two or three first rounds of the ladder.

Government of the Tongue. At the best 'tis but cunning; and, if he can in his own fancy raise that to the opinion of true wisdom, he comes round to practise his deceits upon himself.

Id.

Paraphrase is a roundabout way of translating, invented to help the barrenness, which translators, overlooking in themselves, have apprehended in our tongue. Felton.

Can any one tell how the sun, planets, and satellites were rounded into their particular spheroidical Cheyne.

orbs?

Pope. Id.

If merely to come in, Sir, they go out; The way they take is strangely roundabout. They marched to some famed roundhouse. These accomplishments, applied in the pulpit, appear by a quaint, terse, florid style, rounded into periods and cadences, without propriety or meaning. Swift's Miscellanies. Roundness is the primary essential mode or difference of a bowl. Watts's Logick. ROUND, v. n. Sax. puman; Germ. runen; To whisper. whence Chaucer writes it roun. Obsolete.

Being come to the supping place, one of Kalender's servants rounded in his ear; at which he re tired. Sidney.

They're here with me already; whispering, rounding, Sicilia is a so forth; 'tis far gone. Shakspeare. Cicero was at dinner, where an ancient lady said she was but forty: one that sat by rounded him in the ear, she is far more out of the question: Cicero answered, I must believe her, for I heard her say so any time these ten years. Bacon.

The fox rounds the new elect in the ear, with a piece of secret service that he could do him.

L'Estrange.

ROUNDS, in military matters, a detachment from the main guard, of an officer or a non-commissioned officer and six men, who go round the rampart of a garrison to listen if any thing be stirring without the place, and to see the sentinels be diligent upon their duty, and all in order. In strict garrisons the rounds go every half hour. The sentinels are to challenge at a distance, and to rest their arms as the round passes. All guards turn out, challenge, exchange the parole, and rest their arms, &c.

ROUSE, n. s. Teut. rusch, half drunk. Hence our word carouse. A dose of liquor rather too large. Not in use.

They have given me a rouse already,

-Not past a pint as I am a soldier. Shakspeare. No jocund health that Denmark drinks to-day, But the great cannon to the clouds shall tell; And the king's rouse shall bruit it back again, Bespeaking earthly thunder.

Id.

reisa;

See

ROUSE', v. a., V. N., ., & n. s. Gothic ROUSER, n. s. Swed. resa. RAISE. To wake up; wake from rest; excite to action; drive from a covert: as a verb neuter to awake from slumber or inaction; be excited: a rouser is the agent or instrument of rousing. He stooped down, he couched as a lion, and as an old lion; who shall rouse him up? Gen. xlix. 9.

As an eagle, seeing prey appear,
His hairy plumes doth rouse full rudely dight;
So shaked he, that horror was to hear.

The blood more stirs,
To rouse a lion, than to start a hare.

Faerie Queene.

Shakspeare.

And when they smiled because he deemed it near, His heart more truly knew that peal too well Which stretched his father on a bloody bier, And roused the vengeance blood alone could quell: He rushed into the field, and, foremost fighting, fell. Byron.

ROUSE (John), an English antiquary of the fifteenth century, who was born in Warwickshire; and lived at Guy's Cliff, near Warwick. He wrote, 1. A Chronicle of the Kings of England; and 2. The Antiquities of Warwick. He died in 1491.

ROUSSEAU (James), an eminent painter, born in Paris in 1630. He studied first under Swanevelt, after which he travelled into Italy, practising in perspective, architecture, and landscape. On his return home he was employed at Marly. He distinguished himself in painting buildings, and, from his knowledge of perspective, Louis XIV. employed him to decorate his hall at St. Germaine-en-Laie, where he represented the operas of Lulli. Being a Protestant, he quitted France on the persecution of his brethren, and retired to Switzerland. Louis invited him back: he refused, but sent his designs, and recommended a proper person to execute them. After a short stay in Switzerland, he went to Holland; whence he was invited to England by Ralph duke of Montagu, to adorn his new house in Bloomsbury. Some of his pictures, both in landscape and architecture, are at Hampton Court; and he etched some of his own designs. He died in Soho Square, London, in 1693.

ROUSSEAU (Jean Baptiste), a celebrated French poet, born in Paris in April, 1671. His father, who was a shoemaker, in good circumstances, had him educated in the first colleges of Paris. He distinguished himself while young by several short poetical pieces, and was admitted as an eleve, into the Academy of Inscriptions

and Belles Lettres, in 1701. He attended marshal Tallard into England as his secretary, and contracted a friendship with St. Evremond. On his return to Paris he was admitted at court, till in 1708, he was prosecuted as the author of some couplets, in which the characters of several persons were calumniated, in consequence of which he was banished in 1712 by a decree of the parliament of Paris. After this sentence he lived in foreign countries, where he found illustrious protectors. The count de Luc, ambassador of France in Switzerland, took him with him to Baden in 1714, and presented him to prince Eugene, who took him to Vienna, and introduced him to the emperor. Rousseau lived about three years with prince Eugene; but having lost his favor, by satirising one of his mistresses, he retired to Brussels, where he afterwards usually resided. It was here that he became acquainted with Voltaire, who admired his poetry, and made him a present of all his works. He came over, in 1721, to England, where he printed a collection of his works, in 2 vols. 12mo., London. This edition, published in 1723, brought him nearly 10,000 crowns, which he placed in the hands of the Ostend company, where he soon lost the whole of it. He now found an asylum in the establishment of the duke of Aremberg, whose table was open to him at all times, and who, being obliged, in 1733, to go to the army in Germany, settled on him a pension of 1500 livres. But, having been imprudent enough to publish in a journal that the duke d'Aremberg was the author of those verses for which he himself had been banished France, he was dismissed from his table, and his pride would not allow him to accept the pension after this rupture. The count de Luc and M. de Senozan, receivergeneral of the church revenue, now invited him to come privately to Paris, in the hopes of procuring a diminution of the period of his banishment, but all their attempts proved abortive; and after having staid three months at Paris, he returned to Brussels in February, 1740, where he died 1741. M. Seguy, in concert with the prince of la Tour Tassis, published a very beautiful edition of his works, in 3 vols. 4to., agreeable to the poet's last corrections. There is a larger collection in five volumes, which did both injury and honor to his memory, as he in it speaks both in favor of and against the very same persons.

ROUSSEAU (Jean Jacques), a celebrated French writer, born at Geneva in 1712. His father was a watchmaker. His education was but scanty, but he made up for this by self-application. His friends put him apprentice to an engraver, from whom he says he learnt to be idle, and even to steal; at length he eloped from him. Bornex, bishop of Anneci, from whom he solicited an asylum, committed the care of his education to madame de Warrens, a lady who had in 1725 left part of her wealth, and the Protestant religion, to throw herself into the church. By her assistance he went to Turin with letters of recommendation, and was admitted into a seminary there, having been first made a proselyte to the Roman Cathotholic religion by his benefactress. He was soon disgusted with his new life, which he quitted almost pennyless, and was obliged to engage

himself as a footman to a lady of quality. She dying in three months, her nephew procured him another place out of livery. He next commenced teaching music at Chamberi, where he remained till 1741, when he went to Paris, where he was long in very destitute circumstances. Meanwhile he began to emerge from obscurity, and the place of deputy under M. Dupin, farmer general, a man of parts, afforded him temporary relief, and enabled him to be of some benefit to Mad. de Warrens. The year 1750 was the commencement of his literary career. The academy of Dijon had proposed the question: Whether the revival of the arts and sciences has contributed to the refinement of manners?' He supported the negative side of the question, and the academy crowned his work. From that period he increased in celebrity. His next work was A Discourse on the Causes of Inequality among Mankind, and on the Origin of Social Compacts, a work written with a view to prove that mankind are equal; that they were born to live apart from each other; and that they have perverted the order of nature in forming societies. He bestows the highest praise on the state of nature, and depreciates the idea of every social compact. By presenting this performance to the magistrates, he was received again into his native country, and reinstated in all the privileges and rights of a citizen, after having abjured the Catholic religion. He soon however returned, and lived for some time in Paris, and afterwards retired into the country. His Letter to M. de Alembert on the design of erecting a theatre at Geneva, in 1757, first drew down upon him the envy of Voltaire, and was the cause of those indignities with which that author never ceased to load him. In 1752 he gave to the theatre a pastoral, The Village Conjuror, of which he composed both the poetry and music. His Dictionary of Music affords several excellent articles; some of them, however, are very inaccurate. Rousseau, soon after his Village Conjuror, published A Letter on, or rather against, French Music, in consequence of which he was insulted, menaced, and lampooned. Harmonic fanaticism went even to hang him up in effigy. He next published the New Heloisa, an epistolary romance, in six parts, 1761, 12mo. His Emilius afterwards obtained him more fame than the New Heloisa. This moral romance, which was published in 1762, in 4 vols. 12mo., treats chiefly of education. See EDUCATION. He dwelt from 1754 in a small house in the country near Montmorenci; a retreat which he owed to the generosity cf a farmer general. The French parliament condemned his Emilius in 1762, and entered a criminal prosecution against the author, which forced him to make a precipitate retreat; and he found an asylum in Neufchatel. His first care was to defend his Emilius against the archbishop of Paris, by whom it had been anathematised. The Letters of La Montaigne appeared soon after; but this work, far less eloquent, and full of envious discussions on the magistrates and clergy of Geneva, irritated the Protestant ministers without effecting a reconciliation with the Romish clergy. The protection of the king of Prussia, to whom Neufchatel belonged, was not