It is in this class also that what little social intercourse is kept up at Rome is most frequent. It was this class that chiefly participated in the benefits of the recent changes; and they look back to the past with a regret in which personal interests and self-love may have no inconsiderable influence. While the Roman shopkeeper (who lolls and lounges in his bulk all day, and asks a price à capriccio for his French and British wares), seeks his recreation at the pulicorda or the comic opera; while the inferior dealer knows no enjoyment beyond stuffing, with twenty others, into a hired calesh, on Sunday noons, and driving through the hot and dirty streets, per fare il pizzacarolo,' the cittadini have more refined sources of recreation; they hold a musical academia in each other's houses, or assemble to assist at a < tragedia alla tavola' (the reading round a table some favorite tragedy of Alfieri or Monti); or, if the higher order, they attend the conversazione of some mezza dama, or half lady; a class of provincial nobility, who come from the cities of La Marca, or the legations, to pass the winter at Rome, and who, if permitted by courtesy to visit a signora principessa, are never presumed to be of her circle, nor admitted to the house of such ambassadors as rightly undersiand the true Roman dignità!'

Apart from the great mass of the population, separated by the distinctions of ages, foul and

ROMFORD, a market town of Essex, situated on the road from London to Colchester; seventeen miles south-west of Chelmsford, and twelve E. N. E. of London. This town is supposed by Stukeley to occupy the site of the Roman station Durolitum, and he conjectures that its present name is a contraction for Romanford, in which opinion he is supported by Mr. Lethieullier. Lysans, however, derives it from the Saxon words Rom and Ford (the BroadFord), in allusion to an ancient ford over a rivulet which flows past the western extremity of the town. Romford is first mentioned in the red book of the exchequer; where it is said that, in 1166, Roger Bigod, duke of Norfolk, held the wood of Romford by serjeancy, and payment of 56. a-year. It is next noticed in 1277, at which time the manor formed part of the possessions of Adam de Cretingy. It afterwards passed to Thomas de Brotherton, earl of Norfolk, from whom it descended by marriage to the Mowbrays, dukes of Norfolk; but on the death of John, the fourth duke, without male issue, in 1477, it became vested in James lord Berkeley. The town of Romford consists chiefly of one long street running along the high road. Near the middle of the town stands the market-house and town-hall which were repaired in 1768, at the expense of the crown. The church, which is a chapel of Hornchurch, is an ancient structure, probably erected about the commencement of the fifteenth century, when the inhabitants obtained a bull from the pope, authorising them to consecrate a cemetery adjoining the town, for the burial of their dead, who had previously been carried to Hornchurch burying-ground. It is dedicated to the Virgin Mary and Edward the

fatuous as an Indian fakeer, and sunk in the dusky niche of its splendid sty, vegetates the Roman patrician, or prince of the empire! The morning is lounged away by the heir of the Gregories and the Clements in a dusty great coat (the modern Roman toga), rarely changed at any season of the day for a better garb. An early, but not a princely dinner, follows; succeeded by the siesta and the Corso, a funereal drive in a long narrow street, relieved in summer by a splashy course in the Piazza Navona. The prima sera is passed in some noble palace, where, at the end of a long suite of unlighted rooms, sits the signora principessa, twinkling her eyes before a solitary lamp, or pair of candles, whose glimmer is scarce visible in the gloomy space, which a fire never cheers; while the caldanini, whose embers have expired in the atmosphere of her petticoat, is presented to the most distinguished of her visitors; and such a conversation ensues as minds without activity or resource may be supposed to supply: a sermon of the popular preacher, Padre Pacifico, if it be Lent; a cecisbio faithless or betrayed, if at the carnival, fill up the time till the opera commences, or until the only two genuine Roman houses open to society in Rome light up their Rouge et noir tables, the sole object for which company is received or for which company go."

Confessor, and consists of a nave, chancel, and north aisle, with a tower at the west end. In the east window of the chancel is a whole length on glass of Edward the Confessor. Not far from the church is a charity-school for forty boys, and another for twenty girls, founded and endowed in 1728; and at a short distance from the western end of the town are barracks for the accommodation of a regiment of cavalry, erected in 1795. Romford is governed by a bailiff and wardens, who, though forming no corporation, are empowered by letters patent to hold a weekly court for the trial of all causes, whether civil or criminal, high treason itself not excepted. The privilege of holding a weekly market was first granted to the inhabitants by king Henry III. To the westward, about two miles, lies Hainault Forest, in which is a very remarkable tree, called Fairlop-oak, which Gilpin informs us, in his Remarks on Forest Scenery, is traced by tradition half way up the Christian era.' It is thirty-six feet in girt near the base or root, and spreads its branches over a circumference of 300 feet. Round the Fairlop-oak, on the first Friday in July, is held an annual fair. Markets on Monday for hogs, Tuesday for calves, sheep, and lambs, and Wednesday for corn, cattle, poultry, butchers' meat, &c.

ROMILLY (Sir Samuel), K. C., an eminent modern chancery advocate, was the son of a jeweller, of French extraction, who carried on business in Frith Street, Soho. Here he was born, March 1st, 1757, and, receiving a private education, was placed in the office of a solicitor, which he quitted to study for the bar, to which he was called in 1783. His chief practice was long confined to draughts in equity, but he gradually

rose to distinction in court, and agreeing in his general politics with the whigs, during the administration of Mr. Fox and lord Grenville, he was appointed solicitor-general. In parliament he was highly distinguished by his talent in debate, and particularly by the eloquence with which he pleaded for a revision of the criminal code, with a view to the limitation of capital punishment. On this subject he also composed a very able pamphlet. Sir Samuel also published a remonstrance against the creation of the office of vice-chancellor; and was in the height of his popularity, when a nervous disorder, produced by grief at the death of his lady, seems to have deprived him of reason, and in a fit of temporary frenzy he terminated his existence, November 2d, 1818.

ROMNEY, OLD, a market town of Kent, once a place of note, and a sea-port at the mouth of the Rother, but the river having changed its course to Rye, and the sea having receded, it has long since fallen to decay. Here is an old church in the massive circular style.

ROMNEY, NEW, a borough and market town of Kent, seven miles south-west from Hithe, and seventy-one and a half south-east from London. This place, though not so ancient as Old Romney, is recorded to have been a flourishing town at the time of the conquest, having had five parishes. The town consists chiefly of one broad, well-paved street, intersected by another smaller one. St. Nicholas' church is an ancient structure, consisting of three aisles and three chancels, with a square tower at the western extremity. The charitable institutions of the town are an hospital and a school-house. The market house is a modern building, standing in the main street. The chief trade of this place is grazing cattle on Romney Marsh. This marsh is a rich tract of land of about 50,000 acres, defended from the encroachments of the sea, by an embankment three miles in length, twenty feet high, twenty feet broad at the top, and nearly 300 at the bottom. Towards the sea it is defended by piles and stakes, at an expense of about £4000 per annum, which is raised by an assessment on the proprietors of the marsh. This is called Dymchurch Wall, along which there is a good road for carriages. The corporation consists of a mayor, twelve jurats, chamberlain, recorder, town-clerk, &c., and is one of the cinque-ports, though its harbour has long been destroyed; the hall, where the courts of the Cinque-Ports are held, is near the church. It sends two members to parliament, the right of election being in the mayor, who is returning officer, jurats, and commonalty. Market-day, Thursday.

ROMNEY (George), a modern painter, was born in Lancashire, in 1734. After an attempt of his father to settle him in trade, he was placed with an artist, and in 1762 came to London. In 1765 he gained a prize from the Society for the Encouragement of Arts and Sciences, for a picture of the Death of King Edmund, and in 1773 went to Italy for two years. On his return he enjoyed the most uninterrupted success in his profession, painting in one year portraits to the amount of £3635. He also gave illustrations of Boydell's Shakspeare. Romney died in 1802. VOL. XIX.

Arbuthnot.

In the kitchen, as in your proper element, you can laugh, squall, and romp in full security. Swift. Romp loving miss Thomson.

Is hauled about in gallantry robust.
Men presume on the liberties taken in romping.
Clarissa.

ROMSEY, or RUMSEY, a market town and parish of Hampshire, eight miles N. N. W. of Southampton, and seventy-four west by south of London. It is situated on the little river Test, which falls into Southampton Bay, and was formerly noted for its monastery of Benedictines, founded by king Edgar, and of which the daughter of king Stephen was an abbess. The church, formerly belonging to the monastery, is a noble edifice, built in the form of a cross, and arched with stone in the Saxon style; it contains several curious monuments. Besides the church, there is a meeting house for Presbyterians; an almshouse for six widows; a charity-school, and a free-school. There is also a town-hall, and an audit-house, below which are accommodations for the market people. The corporation consists of a mayor, recorder, six aldermen, and twelve capital burgesses. The principal trade of the town is in shalloons, sacking, and paper, and it has been noted for the excellence of its ale. The market, on Saturday, is a good corn market.

ROMULUS, the son of Rhea Silvia, the founder and first king of Rome. See ROME. On a medal of Antoninus Pius, he appears like Mars Gradivus, with a spear in one hand, and a trophy on the opposite shoulder. It is very probable that several of the supposed figures of Mars, with a trophy so placed, belong rather to Romulus, who was the inventor of trophies among the Romans.

The whole story of the birth of this hero is represented in a relievo at the villa Mellini in Rome. It is divided into four compartments. In the first Mars is going to Rhea as she sleeps by the Tiber. In the second she is sitting with her twins in her lap, whilst Amulius seems to be upbraiding her. In the third the two infants, Romulus and Remus, are exposed on the banks of the river; and the fourth represents them as cherished by the wolf, whilst Faustulus stands surprised at their strange situation. This work is but indifferent; however, the particulars of it are to be met with in other works of better ages. The descent of Mars to Rhea is not uncommon; and the circumstance of Romulus and Remus being suckled by the wolf is very common on medals, gems, and statues.

RONALDSEY, NORTH, the most northern island of Orkney, two miles long, and one broad; six miles north of Sandy. The surface is flat, the soil sand, and clay. The coasts af

D

ford sea ware, from which many tons of kelp are made annually.

RONALDSEY, SOUTH, the most southern island of Orkney, about six miles long, and three broad; bounded by the German Ocean on the east, by the Pentland Frith on the south and west, and by the Ferry of Water Sound, which separates it from Burray, on the north. The climate is excellent; the surface is pretty level; the soil various, but fertile. It has several good harbours, which will admit ships of 600 tons, as Widewall Bay on the west, and St. Margaret's Hope on the north. It is much frequented by lobster smacks. This island has three headlands; viz. Barsick, Halero, and Stoic's Head. RONCESVALLES, a valley in the province of Navarre, Spain, between Pampeluna and St. Jean Pied du Port, surrounded by mountains, one of which, the Ronceval, is among the highest of the Pyrenees. This valley is celebrated for the defeat of Charlemagne by Loup, duke of Gascony, assisted by the Saracens. A pillar erected on the spot, in commemoration of the victory, was destroyed by the French in 1794. The small town of this name is fourteen miles N. N. E. of Pampeluna.

RONDA, a large but uninteresting town of Granada, Spain, except in respect to its situation. This is most romantic, and its natural curiosities are not few. It stands on the summit of a rocky mountain, divided by a deep ravine or fissure, which winds around the town, the river rushing along its bottom. This ravine is full of abrupt cliffs and crags, lightly covered with earth: over the fissure there are two bridges, each of a single arch: one is at the height of 120 feet above the water, the other at that of 280 feet! This arch is 110 feet in span, and supported by pillars of masonry from the bottom of the river. Seen from this elevation, the Guadiaro is dwindled to a brook. Hardly any scene can be more striking than the view from below this bridge, of part of the houses and spires of the town, which seem to overhang the spectator. The public walk is paved with marble, and bordered with vine branches in trellises, which in hot weather afford an agreeable shade. Leather, and silk stuffs are manufactured here, and the environs are well cultivated, and fertile in corn, wine, and oil. Inhabitants 20,000. The plain abounds in cattle, and the hills in game. The Sierra de Ronda, a chain of mountains which takes its name from this town, is of considerable height, and extends all the way to Gibraltar. About a league south-east of the town is the Cresta de Gallo, so called from the supposed resemblance to a cock's comb. It is frequently the first land discerned at sea, on approaching. Cadiz, and contains mines of iron, tin, and lead. RONDELETIA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and pentandria class of plants; COR. funnel-shaped: CAPS. bilocular, inferior, and polyspermous, roundish, and crowned. Species eleven, natives of the West Indies.

RONDE, RHONDE ISLAND, OF REDONDA, one of the Grenadines, or dependencies of the island of Grenada, in the West Indies; situate about mid-way between Cariacou or Cariovacou, and the north end of Grenada, about six miles

north of Grenada, and eleven south-west of Cariovacou. It contains about 500 acres of land applied to pasturage, and the cultivation of cotton. Long. 61° 39′ W., lat. 12° 19′ N.

RON'DLE, n. s. From round. A round mass. Certain rondles given in arms, have their names according to their several colours. Peacham. RONION, n. s. fat bulky woman.

Fr. rognon, the loins. A

Give me, quoth I;

Aroint thee, witch, the rump fed ronyon cries. Shakspeare.

RONSARD (Peter) de, a French poet, born in Vendomois, in 1524. He was descended of a noble family, and was educated in Paris in the college of Navarre. He then became page to the duke of Orleans, and afterwards to king James V. Ronsard continued in Scotland with king James upwards of two years, and afterwards went to France, where he was employed by the duke of Orleans in several negociations. He accompanied Lazarus de Baif to the diet of Spires, and studied the Greek language with his son under Dorat. He cultivated poetry with such success that he acquired the appellation of the Prince of the Poets of his time. Henry II., Francis II., Charles IX., and Henry III. loaded him with favors. Having gained the first prize of the Jeux Floraux, the city of Thoulouse caused a Minerva of massy silver of considerable value to be made and sent to him.. This present was accompanied with a decree declaring him The French Poet, by way of distinction. Ronsard afterwards made a present of his Minerva to Henry II. Mary queen of Scots gave him a very rich set of table plate. He wrote hymns, odes, a poem called the Franciad, eclogues, epigrams, sonnets, &c. Ronsard, though it is doubtful whether he ever was in orders, held several benefices in commendam; and he died at one of these, Saint-Cosme-les-Tours, in 1585, being then sixty-one years of age. Ronsard's poems appeared in Paris in 1567, in six vols 4to., and in 1604, in ten vols. 12mo.

RONT, or Goth. rian naut. An animal RUNT, n. s. stinted in the growth. My ragged onts all shiver and shake, As done high towers in an earthquake; They wont in the wind, wag their wriggle tails,. Peark as a peacock, but nought it avails. Spenser. ROOD, n. s. From rod. The fourth part of an acre in square measure.

Satan,

With head uplift above the wave, his other parts Prone on the flood, extended long and large, Lay floating many a rood.

Milton.

for eighteen-pence a rood, and make the walls for the For stone fences in the North, they dig the stones same price, reckoning twenty-one foot to the rood or pole. Mortimer.

I've often wished that I had clear,
For life, six hundred pounds a-year,
A terras-walk, and half a rood
Of land, set out to plant a wood.
No stately larch-tree there expands a shade
O'er half a rood of Larisséan glade.

Swift.
Harte.
ROOD, n. s.
Sax. node; Goth. roda. The
cross; sometimes an image of a saint.
By the holy rood,

I do not like these several councils.

Shakspeare

ROOF, n. s.& v. a. Sax. hpop; Goth. raf. ROOF'T, adj. In the plural Sidney has rooves: now obsolete. The cover of a house; any covering: to cover with a roof.

Her shoulders be like two white doves, Perching within square royal rooves. Sidney. From the magnanimity of the Jews, in causes of most extreme hazard, those strange and unwonted resolutions have grown, which, for all circumstances, no people under the roof of heaven did ever match. Hooker.

Return to her, and fifty men dismissed! No, rather I abjure all roofs, and chuse To wage against the enmity o' the' air. Shakspeare. Swearing till my very roof was dry With oaths of love. Id. Merchant of Venice. Here had we now our country's honour roofed, Were the graced person of our Banquo present.

Shakspeare. Some fishes have rows of teeth in the roofs of their mouths; as pike, salmons, and trouts.

Bacon's Natural History.

I'll tell all strictly true, If time, and foode, and wine enough accrue Within your roofe to us; that freely we

May sit and banquet.

Chapman.

Large foundations may be safely laid; Or houses roofed, if friendly planets aid.

Creech.

He entered soon the shade High rooft, and walks beneath, and alleys brown. Milton.

In thy fane, the dusty spoils among,
High on the burnished roof, thy banner shall be hung.
Dryden.
Snakes,

Whether to roofy houses they repair,
Or sun themselves abroad in open air,
In all abodes of pestilential kind

To sheep.
Id. Georgicks.
I have not seen the remains of any Roman build-
ings that have not been roofed with vaults or arches.

Addison.

A Roof is the covering of a building, by which its inhabitants or contents are protected from the injuries of the weather. It is the essential part of a house, and is often used to express the whole. To come under a person's roof is to enjoy his protection and society, to dwell with him. Tectum was used in the same sense by the Romans. To be within our walls rather expresses the being in our possession: a roof therefore is not only an essential part of a house, but it even seems to be its characteristic feature.

The Greeks, who have perhaps excelled all nations in taste, and who have given the most perfect model of architectonic ordonnance within a certain limit, never erected a building which did not exhibit this part in the most distinct manner; and though they borrowed much of their model from the orientals, ás is evident to any who compares their architecture with the ruins of Persepolis, and of the tombs in the mountains of Sciraz, they added that form of roof which their own climate taught them was necessary for sheltering them from the rains. The roofs in Persia and Arabia are flat, but those of Greece are without exception sloping. It seems therefore a gross violation of the true principles of taste in architecture (at least in the regions of Europe), to take away or to hide the roof of a house; and it must be ascribed

to that rage for novelty which is so powerful in the minds of the rich. Our ancestors seemed to be of a very different opinion, and turned their attention to the ornamenting of their roofs as much as any other part of a building. They showed them in the most conspicuous manner, running them up to a great height, broke them into a thousand fanciful shapes, and stuck them full of highly dressed windows. We laugh at this, and call it Gothic and clumsy; and our great architects, not to offend any more in this way, conceal the roof altogether by parapets, balustrades, and other contrivances. Our forefathers certainly did offend against the maxims of true taste, when they enriched a part of a house with marks of elegant habitation, which every spectator must know to be a cumbersome garret: but their successors no less offend, who take off the cover of the house altogether, and make it impossible to know whether it is not a mere skreen or colonnade. The architect is anxious to present a fine object, and a very simple outline discusses all his concerns with the roof. He leaves it to the carpenter, whom he frequently puzzles (by his arrangements) with coverings almost impossible to execute. Indeed it is seldom that the idea of a roof is admitted by him into his great compositions. A pediment is often stuck up in the middle of a grand front, in a situation where a roof cannot perform its office; for the rain which is supposed to flow down its sides must be received on the top of the level buildings which flank it. This is a manifest incongruity. The tops of dressed windows, trifling porches, and sometimes a projecting portico, are the only situations in which we see the figure of a roof correspond with its office. Having thus lost sight of the principle, it is not surprising that the draughtsman (for he should not be called architect) runs into every whim and we see pediment within pediment, a round pediment, a hollow pediment, and, the greatest of all absurdities, a broken pediment, which is as ridiculous as a hat without its crown. But, when one builds a house, ornament alone will not do. We must have a cover; and the enormous expense and other inconveniences which attend the concealment of this cover by parapets, balustrades, and screens, have obliged architects to consider the pent roof as proper, and to regulate its form. A high pitched roof will undoubtedly shoot off the rains and snows better than one of a lower pitch. The wind will not so easily blow the dropping rain in between the slates, nor will it have so much power to strip them off. It will exert a smaller thrust on the walls, both because its strain is less horizontal, and because it will admit of lighter covering. But it is more expensive, because there is more of it. It requires a greater size of timber to make it equally strong, and it exposes a greater surface to the wind. There have been great changes in the pitch of roofs: our forefathers made them very high, and we make them very low. It does not, however, appear that this change has been altogether the effect of principle. In the simple unadorned habitations of private persons, every thing comes to be adjusted by an experi

ence of inconveniences which have resulted from too low pitched roofs; and their pitch will always be nearly such as suits the climate and covering. Our architects, however, go to work on different principles. Their professed aim is to make a beautiful object. The sources of the pleasures arising from what we call taste are so various, so complicated, and so whimsical, that it is almost in vain to look for principle in the rules adopted by our professed architects. Much of their practice results from a pedantic veneration for the beautiful productions of Grecian architecture. Such architects as have written on the principles of the art in respect of proportions, or what they call the ordonnance, are much puzzled to make a chain of reasoning; and the most that they have made of the Greek architecture is, that it exhibits a nice adjustment of strength and strain. But, when we consider the extent of this adjustment, we find that it is wonderfully limited. The whole of it consists of a basement, a column, and an entablature; the entablature exhibits something of a connexion with the frame-work and roof of a wooden building; and it originated from this in the hands of the orientals, from whom the Greeks borrowed their forms and their combinations. We could easily show in the ruins of Persepolis, and among the tombs in the mountains (which were long prior to the Greek architecture), the fluted column, the base, the Ionic and Corinthian capital, and the Doric arrangement of lintels, beams, and rafters, all derived from unquestionable principle. The only addition made by the Greeks was the pent roof; and the changes made by them in the subordinate forms of things are such as might be expected from the exquisite judgment of beauty. But the whole of this is very limited; and the Greeks, after making the roof a chief feature of a house, went no further, and contented themselves with giving it a slope suited to their climate. This we have followed, because in the milder parts of Europe we have no cogent reason for deviating from it; and if any architect should deviate greatly, in a building where the outline is exhibited as beautiful, we should be disgusted: but the disgust, though felt by almost every spectator, has its origin in nothing but habit. In the professed architect or man of education the disgust arises from pedantry; for there is not such a close connexion between the form and uses of a roof as shall give precise determinations; and the mere form is a matter of indifference. We should not therefore reprobate the high-pitched roofs of our ancestors, particularly on the continent. It is there where we see them in all the extremity of the fashion, and the taste is by no means exploded as it is with us. A baronial castle in Germany and France is seldom rebuilt in the pure Greek style, or even like the modern houses in Britain; the high pitched roofs are retained. We should not call them Gothic, and ugly because Gothic, till we show their principle to be false or tasteless. It will be found quite the reverse; and that, though we cannot bring ourselves to think them beautiful, we ought to think them so. The construction of the Greek architecture is a transference of the practices that are necessary in a wooden building to a

building of stone. To this the Greeks have adhered, in spite of innumerable difficulties. Their marble quarries, however, put it in their power to retain the proportions which habit had rendered agreeable. But it is next to impossible to adhere to these proportions with free-stone or brick, when the order is of magnificent dimensions. Sir Christopher Wren saw this; for his mechanical genius was equal to his taste. He composed the front of St. Paul's church in London of two orders, and he coupled his columns ; and still the lintels which form the architrave are of such length that they could carry no additional weight, and he was obliged to truss them behind. Had he made but one order, the architrave could not have carried its own weight. It is impossible to execute a Doric entablature of this size in brick. It is attempted in a very noble front, the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburgh. But the architect was obliged to make the mutules and other projecting members of the corniche of granite, and many of then broke down by their own weight. Here is surely an error in principle. Since stone is the chief material of our buildings, ought not the members of ornamented architecture to be refinements on the essential and unaffected parts of a simple stone building? There is almost as much propriety in the architecture of India, where a dome is made in imitation of a lily or of some other flower inverted, as in the Greek imitation of a wooden building. The principles of masonry, and not of carpentry, should be seen in our architecture, if we would have it according to the rules of just taste. Now this is the characteristic feature of what is called the Gothic architecture. In this no dependence is had on the transverse strength of stone. No lintels are to be seen; no extravagant projections. Every stone is pressed to its neighbours, and none is exposed to a transverse strain. The Greeks were enabled to execute their colossal buildings only by using immense blocks of the hardest materials. The Norman mason could raise a building to the skies without using a stone which a laborer could not carry to the top on his back. The architects studied the principles of equilibrium; and, having attained a wonderful knowledge of it, they indulged themselves in exhibiting remarkable instances. We call this false taste, and say that the appearance of insecurity is the greatest fault. But this is owing to our habits; our thoughts may be said to run in a wooden train, and certain simple maxims of carpentry are familiar to our imagination; and in the careful adherence to these consists the beauty and symmetry of the Greek architecture. Had we been as much habituated to the equilibrium of pressure, this apparent insecurity would not have met our eye: we should have observed the strength, and we should have relished the ingenuity. The Gothic architecture is perhaps entitled to the name of rational architecture, and its beauty is founded on the characteristic distinction of our species. It deserves cultivation; not the pitiful, servile, and unskilled copying of the monuments; this will produce incongruities and absurdities equal to any that have crept into the Greek architecture; but let us examine with