SANGUINARIA, in botany, blood-wort, a genus of the monogynia order, and polyandria class of plants; natural order twenty-seventh, rhoadeæ; COR. octopetalous: CAL. diphyllous; the siliqua ovate and unilocular. There is only one species, viz.

S. Canadensis, a native of the northern parts of America, where it grows plentifully in the woods; and in spring, before the leaves of the trees come out, the surface of the ground is in many places covered with the flowers which have some resemblance to our wood anemone; but they have short naked pedicles, each supporting one flower at top. Some of these flowers will have ten or twelve petals, so that they appear to have a double range of leaves, which has occasioned their being termed double flowers; but this is only accidental, the same roots in different years producing different flowers. The plant will bear the open air in this country, but should be placed in a loose soil and sheltered situation, not too much exposed to the sun. It is propagated by the roots; which may be taken up and parted, in September, every other year. The Indians paint themselves yellow with the juice of these plants.

SANGUISORBA, in botany, greater wild burnet, a genus of the monogynia order, and tetrandria class of plants; natural order fifty-fourth, miscellaneæ: CAL. diphyllous; germen situated betwixt the calyx and corolla. The most remarkable species is

S. officinalis, with oval spikes. This grows naturally in moist meadows in many parts of

Britain. The stalks rise from two to three feet high, branching towards the top; and are terminated by thick oval spikes of flowers of a grayish brown color, which are divided into four segments almost to the bottom. These are succeeded by four oblong cornered seeds. The leaves of this sort are composed of five or six pairs of lobes placed along a midrib, terminated by an odd one. These are heart-shaped, deeply dentated on their edges, and a little downy on their under sides. The cultivation of this plant has been greatly recommended as food to cattle.

tors.

SANHEDRIM, or SANHEDRIN, Heb. 15, was the name whereby the Jews called the great council of the nation, assembled in an apartment of the temple of Jerusalem, to determine the most important affairs both of their church and state. This council consisted of seventy senaThe room they met in was a rotunda, half of which was built without the temple, and half within; that is, one semicircle was within the compass of the temple, the other semicircle was without, for the senators to sit in, it being unlawful for any one to sit down in the temple. The nasi, or prince of the sanhedrim, sat upon a throne at the end of the hall, having his deputy The other senators were ranged in order on each at his right hand and his sub-deputy on his left. side. The rabbins assert that the sanhedrim has always subsisted in their nation from the time of Moses down to the destruction of the temple by the Romans. See Grotius's Commentaries, and his book De jure Belli et Pacis, lib. i. c. 3, art. 20, and Selden de Synedriis veterum Hebræorum; also Calmet's Dissertation on the Polity of the ancient Hebrews, before his Comment upon the Book of Numbers. As to the qualifications of the judges, their birth was to be untainted. They were often taken from the race of the priests or Levites, or out of the number of the inferior judges, or from the lesser sanhedrim, which consisted only of twenty-three judges. They were to be skilful in the law, traditional and written. Eunuchs were excluded from the sanhedrim, usurers, decrepit persons, players at games of chance, such as had any bodily deformities, those that had brought up pigeons to decoy others to their pigeon-houses, and those that made a gain of their fruits in the sabbatical year. Some also exclude the highpriest and the king, because of their power; but others insist that the kings always presided in the sanhedrim, while there were any kings in Israel. Lastly, the members of the sanhedrim were to be of a mature age, a handsome person, and of considerable fortune. Such at least are the requisites mentioned by the rabbins. The authority of the great sanhedrim was, according to these authors, very extensive. This council decided such causes as were brought before it by appeal from the inferior courts. The king, the high-priest, the prophets, were under its jurisdiction. If the king offended against the law, if he kept too many horses, if he hoarded up too much gold and silver, the sanhedrim, according to these rabbins, had him stripped and whipped

in their presence. But whipping among the Hebrews was not ignominious; and the king is said to have borne this correction by way

of penance, and himself made choice of the person that was to exercise this discipline. The general affairs of the nation were also brought before the sanhedrin. The right of judging in capital cases belonged to this court, and this sentence could not be pronounced in any other place but in the hall called Laschat haggazith, or the hall paved with stones, supposed by some to be the Aloopwrog, or pavement, mentioned in John xix. 13. Hence the Jews were forced to quit this hall when the power of life and death was taken out of their hands, forty years before the destruction of their temple, and three years before the death of Jesus Christ. In the time of Moses this council, say the rabbies, was held at the door of the tabernacle of the testimony. As soon as the people were in possession of the land of promise, the sanhedrim followed the tabernacle. It was kept successively at Gilgal and Shiloh, at Kirjathjearim, at Nob, at Gibeon in the house of Obededom; and, lastly, it was settled at Jerusalem till the Babylonish captivity. During the captivity it was kept up at Babylon. After the return from Babylon it continued at Jerusalem to the time of the Sicarii or Assassins. Then, finding that these profligate wretches whose number increased every day sometimes escaped punishment by the favor of the president or judges, it was removed to Hanoth, which were certain abodes, situated, as the rabbies tell us, upon the mountain of the temple. Thence they came down into the city of Jerusalem, withdrawing themselves by degrees from the temple. Afterwards they removed to Jamnia, thence to Jericho, to Uzza, to Sepharvaim, to Bethsanim, to Sephoris, last of all to Tiberias, where they continued to the time of their utter extinction. This is the account which the Jews give us of the sanhedrim. But the learned do not agree with them in all this. F. Petau fixes the date of the first sanhedrim, when Gabinius was governor of Judea, who, according to Josephus, erected tribunals in the five principal cities of Judea; Jerusalem, Gadara, Aniathus, Jericho, and Sephora or Sephoris, in Galilee. Grotius places the origin of the sanhedrim under Moses, as the rabbies do; but he makes it terminate at the beginning of Herod's reign. Basnage places it under Judas Maccabæus, or his brother Jonathan. We see, indeed, under Jonathan Maccabæus, that the senate with the high-priest sent an embassy to the Romans. The rabbies say that Alexander Jannæus, king of the Jews, of the race of the Asmonæans, appeared before the sanhedrim, and claimed a right of sitting there, whether the senators would or not. Josephus informs us that, when Herod was but yet governor of Galilee, he was summoned before the senate, where he appeared. It must be therefore acknowledged that the sanhedrim was in being before the reign of Herod. It was in being afterwards, as we find from the gospel and from the Acts. Jesus Christ, in St. Matthew (v. 22), distinguishes two tribunals. Whosoever is angry with his brother without a cause shall be in danger of the judgment.' This, they say, is the tribunal of the twenty-three judges. "And whosoever shall say to his brother, Raca shall

be in danger of the council; that is, of the great sanhedrim, which had the right of life and death, at least generally, and before this right was taken away by the Romans. See Mark xiii. 9, xiv. 55, xv. 1; Luke xxii. 52. 66; John xi. 47; Acts iv. 15, v. 21, where mention is made of the synedrion or sanhedrim. The origin of the sanhedrim is involved in uncertainty; for the council of the seventy elders established by Moses was not what the Hebrews understand by sanhedrim. Besides we cannot perceive that this establishment subsisted either under Joshua, the judges, or the kings. We find nothing of it after the captivity, till the time of Jonathan Maccabæus. The tribunals erected by Gabinius were very different from the sanhedrim, which was the supreme court of judicature, and fixed at Jerusalem; whereas Gabinius established five at five different cities. Lastly, this senate was in being in the time of Jesus Christ; but it had no longer then the power of life and death. John xviii. 31.

SANICULE, SANICULA, or self-heal, in botany, a genus of the digynia order, and petandria class of plants; natural order forty-fifth, umbellatæ. The umbels are close together, almost in a round head; the fruit is scabrous; the flowers of the disk abortive. There are three species, viz.

1. S. Canadensis, sanicle of Canada.

2. S. Europæa, European self-heal; and, 3. S. Maralandica, the sanicle of Maryland; all of which are found in many parts both of Scotland and England. These plants were long celebrated for healing virtues, but are now disregarded.

SA'NIES, n. s. Lat. sanies. Thin matter;

serous excretion.

How pregnant, sometimes, his replies are! A happiness that madness often hits on, Which sanity and reason could not be So prosperously delivered of. Shakspeare. Hamlet.

SANNAZARIUS (James), a celebrated Latin and Italian poet, born at Naples in 1458. He ingratiated himself into the favor of king Frederick; and, when that prince was dethroned, attended him into France, where he staid with him till his death, which happened in 1504. Sannazarius then returned into Italy, where he applied himself to polite literature, and particularly to Latin and Italian poetry. His gay and facetious humor made him sought for by all companies; but he was so afflicted on hearing that Philibert, prince of Orange, general of the emperor's army, had demolished his country house, that it threw him into an illness, of which he died in 1530. He wrote a great number of

Italian and Latin poems: among those in Latin his De Partu Virginis and Eclogues are chiefly esteemed; and the most celebrated of his Italian pieces is his Arcadia.

SAN-PIETRO, or SAMPIERO, called also Bastilica, from Bastia, in Corsica, his birth-place, was a celebrated general in the French service, under Francis I., Henry II., and Charles IX. He bore arms at an early age against the Genoese, and by his valor and military skill soon became formidable to them. He married Vanini Ornano, a rich and beautiful heiress, only daughter of the viceroy of Corsica. Still inveterate against the Genoese, he went into France with his wife and family, where he served the court successfully during the civil wars. He then set out for Constantinople to solicit the grand signior to send a fleet against the Genoese. Mean time the Genoese sent their agents to his wife, then at Marseilles, soliciting her to return to her native country, promising the restoration of her fortune, and even giving hopes of a pardon to her husband. The credulous Vanini was persuaded. She set out with her furniture, jewels, and family, for Genoa. A friend of San-Pietro's armed a ship, pursued her, brought her back to France, and delivered her to the parliament of Aix. San-Pietro, returning from Constantinople, was enraged. He then went to Aix, and demanded his wife, and afterwards murdered her. He immediately after set out for Paris, appeared before Charles IX., confessed his crime, pleaded his former services, and demanded a pardon. The whole court was shocked, but the pardon was granted in 1567. He was soon after, however, assassinated by the brothers of his wife.

SANQUEL, one of the largest rivers of South America, in Patagonia. It has its rise in the snowy mountains of the Cordillera, on the east side, and derives its name from a thorny, thick, and rough reed, called sanquel, with which the country between this river and the first Desaguero abounds. It makes its first appearance at a place called Diamante, whence the Spaniards sometimes call it the Rio del Diamante. It has a course of 300 miles, and enters the Rio Negro by a wide mouth.

SANQUHAR, a royal borough, seated on the Nith, on the borders of Ayrshire; nearly equidistant from the Solway Frith and the Atlantic, It has one principal street, about a quarter of a mile long, and has long been famed for its woollen manufactures. Sanquhar was erected into a burgh of barony in 1484; but had previously been a burgh from time immemorial, as that charter relates. King James VI. made it a royal borough in 1596. It is governed by a provost, three bailiffs, dean of guild, treasurer, and eleven counsellors. It joins with the boroughs of Dumfries, Annan, Kirkcudbright, and Lochmaben, in electing a representative in the imperial parliament. It lies twenty-seven miles N. N. W. of Dumfries, thirty-two north of Kirkcudbright, and thirty-three from Ayr.

SANSANDING, a large town of Central Africa, in the state of Bambarra. It is situated on the Niger, and has a considerable trade, particularly in salt. The market-place is an extensive square, constantly crowded, where the different articles are exposed on stalls, roofed with mats. The currency is in cowries, 3000 of which go to a monkalli of gold, valued at 12s. 6d. sterling. Twenty-five miles north-east of Sego.

SANS-CULOTTES, Fr. from sans, without, and culottes, breeches; a term of contempt, used by the proud noblesse of France under the ancient despotism, towards those of the inferior ranks. This rankled in the minds of the people, when they got the power into their hands, and the plebeians, in the pride of their power, at last ennobled this term of reproach, and some of their bravest generals in their despatches announcing their victories, gloried in having been born sansculottes. The term and its fate merit preservation in a work of science, as a caveat against the pride of the higher ranks and the folly of the lower.

SANSON (Nicholas), a celebrated French geographer, born at Abbeville, in Picardy, December 12th, 1600. Having finished his studies, he entered into business as a merchant, but, meeting with considerable losses, he gave up merchandise, and applied himself to geography; his father having studied that science, and published several maps. In 1619 he completed a map of ancient Gaul, which was very favorably received, and encouraged him to further exertions. After this he published about 300 large maps of different countries, ancient and modern; and caused 100 tables to be engraved, exhibiting the divisions of modern Europe. He also published several tracts to illustrate his maps; as, 1. Remarks upon the Ancient Gauls; 2. A Treatise on the Four Parts of the World; 3. Two Tables of the Cities and Places in the Maps of the Rhine and Italy; 4. A Description of the Roman Empire, of France, Spain, Italy, Germany, and the British Isles; together with the ancient Itineraries. He also wrote: 5. The Antiquity of Abbeville, which involved him in a controversy with F. L'Abbe, the Jesuit, and others; 6. Sacred Geography; and, 7. A Geographical Index of the Holy Land. Cardinal Richelieu and Mazarine patronised him greatly; and the latter appointed him royal geographer. He died in Paris, while preparing an Atlas of all his maps, in 1667; leaving two sons.

SANSONATE, a district and own of Guatimala, to the southward of Suchitepec. The town is a sea-port, and is situated 120 miles south-east of the city of Mexico, with about 2000 inhabitants. The population of the district is about 40,000, consisting almost entirely of Indians, mulattoes, and negroes, and its capital is La Trinidad or Sansonate, situated on the river Sansonate, at its mouth.

SANSOVINO (James), an eminent sculptor and architect, born in Florence in 1479. The

were magnificent specimens of his skill. He was so highly esteemed at Venice, that, when a general tax was laid on the inhabitants, he and Titian alone were exempted. He died in that city, in 1570, at the age of ninety-one. U

east.

SANTA BARBARA, a sea-port and settlement of New California, visited by Vancouver in 1793, who gave the name of Point Felipe to the west point of its harbour. The interior a few miles only from the sea coast is composed of rugged barren mountains, which rise in five distinct ridges a great distance inland, and to the Vancouver says that the sheep and poultry at this settlement exceed, both in size and delicacy of flavor, those of any of the other settlements which he visited. Santa Barbara was founded in 1786, and lately contained 1100 inhabitants. It is garrisoned by about sixty soldiers, out of which it affords guards also to the mission of the same name. Long. 240° 43′ E., lat. 34° 24' N.

SANTA CRUZ, the capital of the island of Teneriffe, and residence of the governor of the Canaries, is also the centre of the trade of these islands. Here reside all the consuls and commissaries of foreign powers, and this port may be considered as a great caravansary on the road between America and the Indies. It is situated in a plain, surrounded by barren mountains, and its only natural advantage is a road, which affords safe anchorage in deep water, where ten or twelve ships of war may lie. A mole stretches out into the sea, which is rounded at the extre mity, to afford a landing place, and is ascended by a stair at the top of which is placed the customhouse, which it is thus impossible to avoid. The streets are tolerably broad, and generally well built. The houses have all a wide court in the interior. Travellers remark the vast number of ecclesiastics seen on the streets, and of the importunity of beggars. The population is about

8400.

SANTA CRUZ DE LA SIERRA, a town and province of Buenos Ayres, founded in 1558, and afterwards removed 150 miles more to the south, to the place where it now stands, in lat. 14° 20′ S., at the foot of a chain of mountains, which bounds the country of the Chiquitos Indians to the north, and thence runs in a north-east direc tion to Lake Xarayes. It was at first called San Lorenzo, and stands on the Puapay.

SANTALUM, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and octandria class of plants: CAL. superior: COR, monopetalous; the stamina placed in the tube; the stigma is simple; the fruit a berry. It grows to the size of a walnuttree. Its leaves are entire, oval, and placed opposite to each other. Its flower is of one single piece, charged with eight stamina, and supported upon the pistil, which becomes an insipid berry, resembling in form that of the laurel. Its wood is white in the circumference, and yellow in the centre when the tree is old. This difference of color constitutes two kinds of sanders, both employed for the same purposes, and having equally a bitter taste, and an aromatic smell. With the powder of this wood a paste is prepared with which the Chinese, Indians, Persians, Arabians, and Turks, anoint their bodies. It is likewise burnt in their houses, and yields a fragrant and wholesome smell.

1. S. album, white sanders, is brought from the East Indies in billets, about the thickness of a man's leg, of a pale whitish color. It is that

part of the yellow sanders wood which lies next the bark. Great part of it, as met with in the shops, has no smell or taste, nor any sensible quality that can recommend it to the notice of the physician.

2. S. flavum, yellow sanders, is the interior part of the wood of the same tree which furnishes the white, is of a pale yellowish color, of a pleasant smell, and a bitterish aromatic taste, accompanied with an agreeable kind of pungency. Distilled with water it yields a fragrant essential oil, which thickens in the cold into the consistence of a balsam. Digested in pure spirit it imparts a rich yellow tincture; which, being committed to distillation, the spirit arises without bringing over any thing considerable of the flavor of the sanders. Hoffman looks upon this extract as a medicine of similar virtues to ambergris; and recommends it as an excellent restorative in great debilities.

3. S. rubrum, red sanders, though in less estimation, and less generally used, is sent by preference into Europe. This is the produce of a different tree, which is common on the coast of Coromandel. Some travellers confound it with the wood of Caliatour, which is used in dyeing. See PIEROCARPUS.

SANTANDER, or St. Andero, a province of Spain, called also, and more correctly, Las Montanas de Santander and de Burgos, or simply Las Montanas, stretching along the southern shore of the Bay of Biscay, between Asturias, Old Castile, and Biscay Proper. It consists of steep mountains and valleys, and the produce varies greatly, according to the elevation. The valleys produce maize; and the pasturage, whether on the plains or on the slope of the hills, is in general good. It contains mines of the finest iron; and there are foundries of artillery and steel at La Cavada and Lierganes. The coast has the excellent harbours of St. Vincent de la Barquera, Santillana, Castro de Urdiales, Santander, Laredo, and, above all, Santona. Ships of war are built at Guarnizo. This province formed part of the ancient Cantabria.

SANTANDER, the capital of the foregoing province, is situated on the declivity of a hill, in a circular peninsula, to the east of Santillana. Its port is of easy access for merchant vessels of all sizes; frigates of forty guns must wait the flow of the tide before they can pass the bar. The harbour is protected by two forts or castles, and the entry of vessels into the inner basin facilitated by a fine pier. Santander was long one of the ports called habilitados, or authorised to carry on a free trade with Spanish America. It also exports considerable quantities of wool. Population 10,000. Since 1754 it has been the see of a bishop. Fifty miles north-west of Bilboa, and seventy-nine north of Burgos.

SANTEE, a river of South Carolina, United States, formed by the union of the Congaree and Wateree. It runs into the sea by two mouths, twenty miles below Georgetown. This river affords a navigation at some seasons nearly 300 miles, and is connected with Cooper River by a canal. The main branch in North Carolina is called Catawba.

SANTEUIL, or SANTEUL (John Baptist), de,

was born in Paris in 1630. Having finished his studies in Louis XIV.'s college he applied himself entirely to poetry, and celebrated in his verses the praises of several great men. He was caressed by all the learned men of his time; and Louis XIV. gave him a pension. He attended the duke of Bourbon to Dijon, when that prince went thither to hold the states of Burgundy: and died there in 1697, as he was preparing to return to Paris. Besides his Latin hymns, he wrote a great number of Latin poems.

SANTIPORE, a town and celebrated factory of the East India Company in Bengal, district of Kishenagur. The factory chiefly purchases muslins, saunahs, sugar, and rum. It is esteemed one of the healthiest places in Bengal. Long, 28° 34′ E., lat. 23° 13′ N. There is another place of the same name in Allahabad.

SANTOLINA, lavender cotton, in botany, a genus of the polygamia æqualis order, and synge 'nesia class of plants; natural order forty-ninth, compositæ. The receptacle is paleaceous; there is no pappus: CAL. imbricated and hemispherical. The most remarkable species are these:

1. S. chamaecyparisus, the common lavendercotton, has been long known in the English gardens; it was formerly called abrotanum fæmina, or female southernwood, and by corruption brotany; it grows naturally in Spain, Italy, and the warm parts of Europe. It has a ligneous stalk, dividing into many branches, garnished with slender, hoary, indented, leaves, that have a rank strong odor when handled. The branches are terminated by a single flower, composed of many hermaphrodite florets, which are sistular, cut into five parts at the top, of a sulphur-yellow and included in one common scaly empalement, having no borders or rays. These are succeeded by small, oblong, striated seeds, which are separated by scaly chaff, and ripen in the empalement; the plants thrive in a dry soil and a shel

tered situation.

2. S. chamamelifolia, with obtuse woolly leaves, has shrubby stalks, which rise three feet high, garnished with broader leaves than any of the other, whose indentures are looser, but double; they are hoary, and when bruised have an odor like chamomile. The leaves are placed pretty far asunder, and the stalks are garnished with them to the top. The stalks are divided likewise at the top into two or three foot-stalks, each sustaining one pretty large sulphur-colored

flower.

3. S. decumbens, with linear leaves, is of a lower stature than either of the former, seldom rising more than fifteen or sixteen inches high. The branches spread horizontally near the ground, and are garnished with shorter leaves than either of the former, which are hoary and finely indented; the stalks are terminated by single flowers, of a bright yellow color, which are larger than those of the first sort.

4. S. rosmarinifolia, with linear entire leaves, and shrubby stalks, which rise about three feet high, sending out long slender branches, garnished with single linear leaves of a pale-green color. The stalks are terminated by large, single, globular flowers, of a pale sulphur-color.

5. S. villosa, with woolly leaves, has a shrubby

stalk, which branches out like the first, but the plants seldom grow so tall. The branches are garnished very closely below with leaves; the flowers are of a deep sulphur-color. It grows naturally in Spain.

6. S. virens, with very long linear leaves, rises higher than any other of this genus. The branches are more diffused; they are slender, smooth, and garnished with very narrow long leaves, which are of a deep green color; the stalks are slender, naked towards the top, and terminated by single flowers of a gold color. All these plants may be cultivated so as to become ornaments to a garden, particularly in small bosquets of ever-green shrubs, where, if they are artfully intermixed with other plants of the same growth, and placed in the front line, they will make an agreeable variety; especially if care be taken to trim them twice in a summer, to keep them within bounds, otherwise their branches are apt to straggle, and in wet weather to be borne down and displaced, which renders them unsightly; but, when they are kept in order, their hoary and different colored leaves will have a fine effect in such plantations. They may be propagated by planting slips or cuttings during the spring, in a border of light fresh earth, but must be watered and shaded in hot dry weather, until they have taken root; after which they will require no farther care but to keep them clean from weeds till autumn, when they should be transplanted where they are designed to remain ; but, if the ground is not ready by that time to receive them, let them remain in the border until spring; for if they are transplanted late in autuinn, they are liable to be destroyed by cold in winter.

SANTORINI, SANTORIN, ST. ERINI, or ST. IRENE, the ancient Thera and Calista, an island in the Grecian archipelago, between Nanphio, Nio, and Candia. Its length and greatest breadth are about eight miles. It has the form of a crescent, and between its two points are the small islands of Therasia and Aspronisi, within which again are three others. All seem of volcanic origin, and have risen at different periods from the sea: Santorini being almost entirely covered with pumice-stone, ashes, and other volcanic substances. It is, however, well cultivated, and produces barley, cotton, vines, almonds, figs, and various fruits. Population 10,000. Long. 25° 36′ E, lat. 36° 28′ Ň.

SANTOS, a well-built town and port of St. Pauls, Brazil, is the storehouse of the province, and the resort of many vessels trading to the Rio de la Plata. The rice and bananas of the district, which are grown in great quantities, are considered the best in Brasil. It also exports sugar, coffee, rum, rice, mandioca, indigo, &c.

As Santos is the embarking place of St. Paul's, its intercourse with that town is very considerable. In the course of a day several hundred mules arrive, loaded with the produce of the country, and return with salt, iron, copper, earthenwares, and European manufactures. It has convenient water carriage, its river being navigable about twenty miles up to Cuberton, where an officer with a guard of soldiers is stationed to receive the duties, for the repair of the