little of what Tully calls communitas, in which condition each individual member contributes his quota of benefits, that he may be a joint partaker in the common stock of happiness.

The counterpart of the sirens, fabled in ancient story, who have been deemed by some to exist only in the imagination of poets, may be found at Oahu, who win not by a voice tuned to enchant by melodious warbling, but by the far more powerful spell of female suasion, that

Οστις αιδρείη πελάσει καὶ φθογγων ἀκόμσει Σειρήνων τῶ δ' ουτι κυνὴ, και νήπια τέκνα Οικαδε νοστήσαντι παρίσταται, ουδε γανυνται. He who was so void of understanding as to listen to the pleasing sorcery of their enticements never after felt any longings after the blandishments of home, nor the fond caresses of his wife and children. And it is no uncommon thing to witness a youth of respectable parentage and hopeful parts, allured, on his first visit to Oahu, into the vortex of sensual delights, and, after reeling a few years in dizzy dissipation, snatched away by a fit of apoplexy, unless he be removed from nevitable ruin by some forceful interposition. One would not be inclined to predict that a gentleman, who had been fostered in the bosom of society, could prefer a life at Oahu, where there are none of those things which we significantly call comforts, to his maternal hearth, where they come unbought and unasked for. But we have seen instances in which all the advantages and all the charities of life were exchanged for a pleasing companion and the delicious liberty of Honolulu. We have adverted to this effect upon the minds of foreigners by way of extenuating, if it can be admitted as an extenuation, the licentious habits of a great proportion of the natives, and to give the reader some perception of the baits which pleasure holds out in a place wherein a stranger, at the first glance, would not expect to find such a profusion of her dainties.

Few encomiums can be justly bestowed upon the moral rectitude and integrity of their minds, but in spite of degeneracy there have been many, and still are a few remaining, who in this respect might be patterns for people of a better education. The frequent examples of falsehood and covenant-breaking arise not altogether from a malignity of nature, but in some measure from the want of a customary or intuitive discrimination of right and wrong, and of consequence the selfish passions, receiving little or no check from enlightened reason, are allowed to gain the ascendant; and hence, unless profit be in the prospective, a benefit seldom finds a counterpart in the mutual good offices of friendly intercourse. To make a native a present in order to entice him to engage in any work of utility would be the most effectual way to baffle the hopes of performance; and we have been taught by experience the necessity of deliberating when about to recompense a servant for his services, whether we could dispense with his attendance for several days; for no sooner was he in possession of the reward than he presently disappeared to enjoy it. There is radically in their disposition a certain waywardness and inclination to play the truant, the growth of a long-enjoyed free

dom from established rules of action, which, in order to render them capable of discharging those duties which devolve upon us from the relations of civil and social life, must be cured; and this cannot be done by any foreigner, whether priest or layman, without the coercive authority of some superior chief exerting itself in pursuing the runnaways to their hiding places, and bringing them back to their fancied hard bondage. All the experiments we have seen tried or heard related frustrated the exertions of their foster parents, except on one who was a girl, confided to the care of a respectable missionary by a chief woman of Hawaii, who, as often as the maiden eloped from confinement despatched her people in all directions to find out the place of her concealment. The damsel did not, as might have been expected, retain any resentment, but requited their pains by waiting on her sick master and mistress unaided, with the most diligent and loving attention. In the summer of 1827, when we visited the family, the little maid was still living with them, and appeared an emblem of good nature and assiduity. We notice this fact. because, while it illustrates their native disposition, it encourages the philanthropist to hope that if the same discipline, grievous indeed for a time to the child, could be made use of, many who, without education would be given up to lasciviousness, might by timely interposition be retrieved and made to fulfil with applause those duties which heaven has ordained for our general benefit.

There is one thing, independent of a genial climate, which tends to encourage the promiscuous intercourse of the sexes, namely, on particu lar occasions the herding together of many hundreds of both sexes within the confines of one apartment or dwelling-house, who, during the time of repose, when they are extended or rather strewed upon the matting, adjust themselves so as mutually to serve as pillows for each other, and by their numerous intersections form such a species of network as a traveller is seldom indulged with a sight of. Besides there is a certain roving propensity among the better sort, especially derived from an old custom of sojourn ing but a short season in any province or island, and this practice was, anterior to the port town of Honolulu becoming the emporium of the whole group of islands, so prevalent, that these successive pilgrimages answered the purpose of a sort of memorial notation for measuring the time elapsed since the happening of any important event. But since it is not practicable to come at all the foreign commodities in so expeditious a manner as at Honolulu, the chiefs who reside there content themselves by indulging this hereditary propensity to peregrinations on a smaller scale, and with removing to houses newly erected by themselves or their friends and equals, and hence the privileges of the host or hostess being in no respect different from those of the guests, a stranger, on his first visit, finds it difficult to distinguish the occasional inmates from the original proprietor of the tenement. We have been told that Tamahameha, who subjugated all the islands to the yoke of Hawaii, being aware of this disposition of his subjects, when he had built a

house, levied the toll of a crown upon every chief and commoner who came to visit him in his new residence; but such is the excess of this peculiar species of curiosity and fondness for novelty, that I never heard but that this exaction was cheerfully paid, though money was not at that time very plentiful among them. In their intellectual character they sometimes evince a degree of shrewdness for which an observer, from a contemplation of some parts of their mental exertion, would not antecedently be inclined to give them credit; to mention an instance or two which fell under my own notice :-While a numerous circle of natives, whom, at the writer's departure, he for the first time admitted into his room, were offering various articles of native art for sale to one of his brother officers, he remarked to him that a fisherman was exhorting one with whom he was in treaty not to lower his demands; but the former, guessing the nature of our communication, very gravely told the writer that as his conversation was addressed to another he had no business to apply or hear any part of it. A person who was steward of all the sandal-wood exported from Oahu was accused of embez. zling his master's property; the chief, after reflecting a few minutes, said, in reply, I know that this man robs me, but he will not allow another to do so; now I know, if I trust you, that you will not only rob me yourself, but suffer others to do it. Nothing can be more complete than the dominion which the Christians have obtained over their minds, nor any thing surpass the eagerness which they evince to be better acquainted with the statutes and ordinances of Holy Writ.

The American missionaries, who have been chiefly instrumental in changing the features of these islands, are, in the relative sense of language, men of unblemished moral character, notwithstanding the strange load of calumnies and obloquy which has been cast upon them by their adversaries; for none of the many grievous charges which they had brought against the missionaries could be made good when they were convened in a public manner for the specific purpose of finding them guilty; and so little foundation had their railings in truth and verity that they speedily dropped the cause, and were fain to change sides with the defendants. The capital offence which the missionaries have given to the residents and visitors is by instigating the chiefs to prevent the intercourse of the unmarried women with foreign suitors, by prohibiting their going on board the vessels. The moral character of the missionary is not to be impeached because an enlightened judgment does not always lead him to frame the best schemes and adopt the most eligible methods for gaining his purpose. Men of no great learning, and less acquaintance with secular matters, often endeavour to make the general rule efficient with out taking into the account those corrections which the various modifications to which it is subjected when put in practice might seem to require. The logic of the missionary teaches him to argue thus:- Hath not the Scripture said it, and shall men presume to add to or take from that book?' No: but a divine command

ment sometimes resolves itself into one o a more general influence; as, for example, that of keeping the sabbath holy does into that precept to show mercy and kindness to all God's creatures. To cut off occasion for cavilling we will divest their reports of that machinery which has dignified the progressive issue of the labors, and briefly sum up the effect of their exertions, which we think every wise man will allow to be highly beneficial. They have taught the idolaters, as far as the instruments of communication assist them, the unity of the God-head, and the infinite perfection of the divine attributes, the scope and design of revelation, and the obligation of moral virtues. They have fixed the varying sounds of language in a permanent orthography, and have instructed the majority of the natives in the nature and use of these symbols, so that they can read what is written and communicate with their friends by means of letters; and, lastly, they have prevented an unspeakable deal of hard usage by reviving the primeval law which ordained that man was not only the head, but the protector of his helpmate.

There is one phenomenon, though familiar to all, which a traveller in ascending the mountains, if he possesses any relish for the sublime and beautiful, cannot fail to admire; this is the appearance of rainbows in arcs of various curvatures, hung as it were in the ample void of the deep valleys below him: sometimes a thread or two only of the complex twine of light curving to the sun's altitude, are spread on the bosom of a hill; at others the purpled scarf of iris, like an oblique zone, partly encircles one of the lesser mountains, and thence it comes to pass that this strange imagery, added to other entertainments of nature, beguile the mind from regarding the concernments of the body, which is toiling through black mud and drenching rains to climb the headlong ascent of some lofty eminence. In the year 1827, August 18th, when crossing the wilderness of Wairoa, we witnessed a rainbow which seemed best fitted to make the way-faring man turn aside and wonder at the bright enchantment; the primary bow appeared like a solid arch, with its two ends resting on the plain a few paces from us, and was strengthened by three supernumerary red arches of unusual splendor; the secondary bow was not complete, but had one supernumerary arch. This glorious apparition appeared to a lively imagination calculated to afford a glimpse at a similitude of those transcendant spectacles described by St. John and the prophet Ezekiel.

The frequent showers which fall in the higher parts of this island are to be ascribed to the trade wind, which brings along with it a mass of vapors. These being impelled by the current of air are, in order to surmount the obstruction of the interposing ridges, obliged to ascend into a region of less relative heat and density, where the atmosphere, being unable to hold the vapory particles any longer in solution, sheds them upon the brows of the highest mountains.

Diet. The vegetable called poe may be justly said to be the staff of life, and to answer the purpose of bread among us. is made by first roasting and then macerating

This

the roots of the taro till they can be reduced by kneading and the gradual admixture of water to a pulpy solution, which, after it has remained in calabashes a few hours to acquire of fermentation a slight degree of acidity either with or without a little animal food, forms the stay of a Sandwich islander's diet. The nauseous custom of eating dogs is very much tempered in the imagination by observing in what manner the animal is nurtured, that it never goes abroad without being carried, and that it eats of the same morsel and drinks out of the same cup as its mistress. The flesh is thus rendered more wholesome and palatable than that of the swine, whose feeding is not half so delicate. Modern cookery has not devised a method more simple or more effectual for dressing meat, without hardening the muscular fibre or dissipating the savory juices, than the custom used from time immemorial of wrapping up the flesh in the succulent leaves of the taro, and submitting it to the action of heated stones in an oven hollowed out of the ground. This viand, when served up with the vegetable sauces, is called luau.

We may specify the following as the principal productions of these islands:-1. Ohia, metrosideros, a species in which this country is comparatively rich, are distinguished by some adjunctive epithet importing their respective uses or properties. 2. Ohia-ai, or edible ohia, which, instead of the capsules borne by the rest of the genus, yields a pear-shaped fruit of a very mild and juicy nature. This is a tree of peculiar beauty and stateliness, and the large dark green leaves are strikingly set off by the bunches of red flowers which are followed by clusters of fruit garnishing the lower part of the branches in rosy prufusion. 3. Pilo, a species of capparis, bearing a large white flower singly from the bosoms of alternate, smooth, elliptical leaves, and an oblong yellow berry. 4. Limii, a general name for the submarine productions of that part of cryptogamous botany called algae, but particularly of the various species of fucus which are made into saline pickles, and are very much relished by them; a peculiar sort called kala is the most esteemed. Every species has its appropriate name. 5. Kukui, aleurites tribloba, or candle-nut tree. The hoary foliage of this tree diversifies the hills with the appearance of white patches. The nuts, when divested of their integuments, were formerly set in order upon a sharp stick, and burnt in the room of candles. They also yield by expression an oil that has the practical uses of linseed oil. 6. Ko, corelia sebestena, a large shady tree which grows by the sea side. This genus is chiefly characterised by having a divided style, which, with its globular stigmata, resembles the figure of that kind of ancient scourge called scorpions. 7. Ko, saccharum, the sugar-cane, which grows wild on the banks of rivulets, has, by cultivation, been modified into at least twenty varieties, distinguished from one another by the color of the stem, sheath, and midrib of the leaf, and the variations of its surface. Were industry as kind to this people as nature is in the production of this plant, the making of sugar might be made a manufacture of great importance to them.

8. Ka, a species of cyperus, the root of which affords a gluey substance, used in glazing and scenting their native cloth. The odor is of such a narcotic nature that, if a piece of cloth treated in this way be allowed to remain in a close room, it is apt to affect the person who inhabits it with an intolerable sickness, which continues till the offensive material is removed. 9. Hapu cibotium chamoisa!, the ark-formed, distinguished from the Dicksonia by the determinate figure and cartilaginous nature of its capsules, which are a stem of that genus seated upon the margin of the frond. From a stock of about a foot high usually issue several doubly winged fronds; this is crowned with convolute bundles of brownish silk, which was formerly made into piliows and cushions. The hapu is sometimes roasted and eaten; but, from the admixture of woody matter, is not very nutritious, nor very easy of digestion. 10. Ie, climbing pandanus, the leaves at the top of the branch expand and form a cup-like receptacle for the fruit, which, by the absorption of oxygen, change to an acetous pulp. This, as well as the ripening berries, with which branched spikes are closely studded, is greedily devoured by the little birds. The stem is about an inch in diameter, sending forth many radicles, which attach themselves to, and imbibe, the juices of the larger trees, particularly the mimosa, heterophylla, or hoa. The tree, being robbed of its nutriment, after a few years begins to show signs of decay, becomes stag-headed, and ultimately dies. 11. Thoa, mimosa heterophylla, remarkable for the transformation of its leaves. This alienation is accounted for by supposing that the plastic substance provided by nature for the leaf is appropriated by the leaf-stalk; for, in the younger trees, it may be traced from an incipient winged expansion, till it ends in a single uniform leaf, at which time, the power of further vegetation being exhausted, the numerous leaflets, following an inverse ratio in number and size; disappear. The wood of this tree is very useful in the construction of canoes. 12. Thi, the oxalis and marsilea quadrifoliata, which latter genus is characterised by having a receptacle rising from the root, and forming a box, which contains many rows of capsules, separated by the doublings of a subtile membrane. The roots of this water plant, by their mode of propagation, weave a kind of net-work, which we have seen the chief women convert into a scarf, and wear about their necks and shoulders. 13. Oraná, a shrub belonging to the family of the urtica, belonging to the genus morens, furnishes, from the woody fibres of the bark, a fine material for the making of cordage. 14. Ahuhu, tephosia pircatoria, the bark used for poisoning fish. Vthi, a species of grasshopper roasted and eaten. 16. Irüahi, somtolum or sanders wood, an important article of commerce with China, but, like other sources of national wealth which are not the gradual result of honest industry, has, by inducing an over-confident hope in the adequacy of their means, brought upon the unwary people a huge mass of debts, of which, unless they continue to pursue the plan proposed by his Britannic majesty's consul, in erection of a poll toll they will not speedily disencumber themselves.

15.

SANDY RIVER, LITTLE, a river of the United States, in Kentucky, running into the Ohio, twenty miles below Big Sandy.

SANDYS (Edwin), D. D., and archbishop of York, an eminent English prelate, and zealous reformer, born at Hawkshead, in Lancashire, in 1519. He was educated at St. John's College, Cambridge, where he graduated. About 1547 he was chosen master of Catherine Hall, and, in 1553, vice-chancellor of the university. Having early embraced the Protestant religion, he, on the death of king Edward VI., zealously espoused the cause of lady Jane Gray; preached a sermon in favor of her title, and even printed it. Two days after, being ordered to proclaim queen Mary, he refused, and was thereupon deprived of all his preferments, and sent prisoner to the Tower, where he lay above seven months, and was then removed to the Marshalsea. He was afterwards liberated; but bishop Gardiner, hearing he was an incorrigible heretic, made strict search after him. The doctor escaped, however, in May 1554, to Antwerp, and thence went to Augsburg, and Strasburg, where he remained for some time. In 1558 he went to Zurich, and lodged five weeks with Peter Martyr, with whom he maintained an intimate correspondence ever after. On queen Mary's death he returned to England, January 19th, 1558-9. In March he was appointed, by queen Elizabeth, one of the nine Protestant divines to dispute with nine Roman Catholics before the parliament. He was also appointed one of the commissioners for preparing the Liturgy. He was then made bishop of Worcester, and, being well skilled in the dead languages, he was, in 1565, one of the bishops appointed to make a new translation of the Bible; and he accordingly translated the books of Kings and Chronicles. In 1570 he was appointed bishop of London, and in 1571 assistant to the archbishop of Canterbury, in the commission against papists and puritans. In 1576 he was promoted to be archbishop of York. In his zeal against the papists he was very severe. He died July 10th, 1588, aged sixty-nine. He was twice married. By his second wife Cecilia, daughter of Sir Thomas Wilford, of Hartridge, in Kent, he had seven sons and two daughters.

SANDYS (George), was born in 1577. He travelled over several parts of Europe and the east; and published an account of his journey in folio, in 1635. He made an elegant translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses; and composed some poetical pieces of his own, that were greatly admired. He also paraphrased the Psalms; and left behind him a Translation, with Notes, of a Sacred Drama written by Grotius, entitled Christus Patiens; on which, with Adamus Exul, and Masenius, was founded Lauder's impudent charge of plagiarism against Milton. See LAUDER. He became one of the privy chamber to Charles I.,

and died in 1643.

SANGALLAN, or CAPE GALLAN, the Cangallan of British seamen, is situated on the coast of Peru, N. N.W. of the island of Lobos, and three miles north-west of Carette island. On its south side is a good harbour, frequented by the coasting ships from Panama and Lima.

SANGAY, a volcanic mountain of South America, in the province of Quixos and Macas Quito. It rises to the height of 16,122 feet, and its north side is constantly covered with snow. From its summit, flames, smoke, and calcined matter, are seen continually to burst forth, accompanied with explosions, which are heard at Quito, 135 miles distant. The country adjacent is rendered totally barren by its incessant action. SANGARIS, or SANGARIUS, in ancient geography and mythology, a river of Phrygia rising in Mount Dindymus, and falling into the Euxine. The god of this river was fabled to have been the father of Hecuba, queen of Troy; and she became pregnant of Altes, by gathering boughs of an almond tree on its banks.

SANGIAC, in the Turkish polity, the governor of a province. Hence also the province so governed: it was particularly used in Egypt, which was divided into twenty-four sangiacs.

SANGIR, an oblong island in the eastern seas, between thirty-six and forty miles in length, and between ten and fifteen miles in breadth. It extends in a direction N. N.W., and is broadest towards the north; towards the south it has several good bays, and is said to be surrounded by forty-six smaller islands of various dimensions. The coast has better harbours, and is less dangerous from hidden rocks and shoals, than most of the eastern islands. The island is well wooded and inhabited, and affords refreshments of all kinds. Spices are also procured, with which a trade is carried on to Magindanao. The principal town and bay are about the middle of the west coast, and called Taroona, in lat. 3° 28′ N., long. 125° 44′ E.

SANGUIFEROUS, adj. 】
SANGUIFICATION, N. 8.
SAN GUIFIER,
SAN GUIFY, v. a.
SAN'GUINARY, adj.
SAN'GUINE, adj.
SAN'GUINENESS, N. 3.
SANGUIN'ITY,
SANGUIN'EOUS, adj.

Fr. sanguin; Lat. sanguifer, sanguis. Conveying blood: sanguification is the production of blood: sanguifier, a producer of blood to san

:

guify, to produce blood: sanguinary, bloody; cruel ; murderous (always used in a bad sense): sanguine, as a noun substantive, means blood color: as an adjective, red; having the color of sanguineness and sanguinity, heat; ardor; conblood; cheerful; ardent; abounding with blood: fidence: sanguineous, constituting blood, or abounding in blood.