apprehended to be the plan of the first churches recorded in the New Testament. And the peculiar doctrine maintained by them may be learned from the works of Mr. John Glas, and from Mr. Robert Sandeman's Letters to Mr. Hervey, in which he endeavours to show that his notion of faith is contradictory to the Scripture account of it, and could only serve to lead men, professedly holding the doctrines commonly called Calvinistic, to establish their own righteousness upon their frames, inward feelings, and various acts of faith. In these letters Mr. Sandeman attempts to prove that faith is neither more nor less than a simple assent to the divine testimony concerning Jesus Christ recorded in the New Testament; and he maintains that the word faith, or belief, is constantly used by the apostles to signify what is denoted by it in common discourse, viz. a persuasion of the truth of any proposition; and that there is no difference between believing any common testimony and believing the apostolic testimony, except that which results from the nature of the testimony itself. This led the way to a controversy among those who were called Calvinists, concerning the nature of justifying faith; and those who adopted Mr. Sandeman's notion of it, and who received the denomination of Sandemanians, formed themselves into church order, in strict fellowship with the Independent churches in Scotland, but holding no kind of communion with other churches. The chief points in which this sect differs from other Christians are their weekly administration of the Lord's Supper: their lovefeasts, of which every member is not only allowed but required to partake, and which consist of their dining together at each other's houses, in the interval between the morning and afternoon service; their kiss of charity used on this occasion at the admission of a new member and at other times, when they deem it to be necessary or proper; their weekly collection before the Lord's Supper, for the support of the poor, and defraying other expenses; mutual exhortation; abstinence from blood and things strangled; washing each other's feet, the precept concerning which, as well as other precepts, they understand literally; community of goods, so far as that every one is to consider all that he has in his possession and power as liable to the calls of the poor and the church; and the unlawfulness of laying up treasures on earth, by setting them apart for any distant, future, and uncertain use. They allow of public and private diversions, so far as they are not connected with circumstances really sinful; but, apprehending a lot to be sacred, disapprove of playing at cards, dice, &c. They maintain a plurality of elders, pastors, or bishops, in each church; and the necessity of the presence of two elders in every act of discipline, and at the administration of the Lord's Supper. In the choice of these elders second marriages disqualify for the office; and they are ordained by prayer and fasting, imposition of hands, and giving the right hand of fellowship. In their discipline they are strict and severe; and think themselves obliged to separate from the communion and worship of all such religious societies as appear to them

not to profess the simple truth for their only ground of hope, and who do not walk in obedience to it.

SAN'DERLING, n. s. Of uncertain origin. A bird.

We reckon coots, sanderlings, pewets, and mews. Carew. SAN'DERS, n. s. Lat. santalum. A kind of Indian wood.

Aromatize it with sanders. Wiseman's Surgery. SANDERS, OF SAUNDERS, in botany. See PreROCARPUS, SANTALUM, and DYEING.

SANDERS (Robert), a Scottish author, born near Breadalbane, in 1727. He went to London, and compiled, partly from his own survey and partly from books, a work entitled The Complete English Traveller, in folio. He next compiled The Newgate Calendar. He afterwards became amanuensis to lord Lyttleton; and Dr. Johnson mentions that he was in his lordship's employment when he wrote his History of Henry II. But of all his writings, that which made most noise was his Gaffer Graybeard, an illiberal work, in 4 vols. 12mo., in which the most eminent dissenting ministers of the age were treated with very little ceremony. He died in 1783.

SANDERSON (Robert), F. R. S., a learned and laborious antiquary, who was usher of the court of chancery, and clerk of the chapel of the rolls. He assisted Mr. Ryder in publishing his valuable work entitled Fœdera; and continued it after his death; beginning with the sixteenth volume, the title of which says, Ex schedis Thomæ Rymer, potissimum edidit Robertus Sanderson. 1715; and ending with the twentieth, August 21st, 1735. He died December 25th, 1741.

SAND'EVER, n. s. Fr. suindever. Defined

below.

That which our English classmen call sandever, and the French, of whom probably the name was borrowed, suindever, is that recrement that is made when the materials of glass, namely, sand, and a fixt lixiviate alkali, having been first baked together, and kept long in fusion, the mixture casts up the superfluous salt, which the workmen afterwards take off with ladles, and lay by as little worth. Boyle.

SANDING ISLES, Pulo Sanding, or Sandiang, two small islands off the south-west coast of Sumatra, near the south-eastern extremity of the Nassau or Poggy Isles, in which group they are sometimes included. They are inhabited, and only remarkable for the production of the long nutmeg, which grows wild; and some good timber, particularly of the kind known by the name of marbaw. An officer and a few men were landed here in 1769, with a view to the establishment of a settlement, but the scheme was subsequently abandoned.

SANDIVER, a whitish salt, continually cast up from the metal, as it is called, whereof glass is made; and, swimming on its surface, is skimmed off. Sandiver is also plentifully thrown out in the eruptions of volcanoes; some is of a fine white, and others tinged bluish or yellowish.

SANDIUS (Christopher), a celebrated Socinian writer, born at Konigsberg, in Prussia, in 1464. He wrote Nucleus Historiæ Ecclesiastica, and various other works in favor of his opinions, and died at Amsterdam. in 1680.

SANDOMIR, a palatinate or province of the new kingdom of Poland. It is bounded on one part by the Vistula, on another by the Pilica; the rest of the boundary is formed by the palatinate of Cracow. Its area is about 4700 square miles, with 448,000 inhabitants. It abounds in wood, and has several sandy tracks and marshes, but in general is of great fertility, and wants only a skilful and efficient cultivation to render it flourishing. This palatinate has a greater variety of minerals than is common in Poland. Sandomir was also the name of a palatinate in the old kingdom of Poland. It was of considerable extent, but in 1772 the part to the right of the Vistula was ceded to Austria.

SANDOMIR, a town in the south of Poland, on the Vistula, opposite to the influx of the San, and the chief place of the foregoing palatinate. In a remote age this was the residence of the court. At present it is a poor place, and the houses built of wood.

SANDORICUM, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and decandria class of plants; natural order twenty-third, trihillata: CAL. quinquedentate; petals five, and linear shaped ; nectarium having ten denta, on which the antheræ grow; the fruit is a drupa, and five in number, each of which has one seed. There is only one species, viz.

S. Indicum, a native of Africa and the East Indies.

SANDRAT (Joachim), a celebrated German painter and author, born at Frankfort, in 1606. He was early sent to a grammar school, but, showing an inclination for engraving, he was allowed to follow his own wishes. He went on foot to Prague, and placed himself with Giles Sadler, a celebrated engraver, who advised him to study painting. He accordingly went to Utrecht, and studied under Gerard Huntorst, who took him to England, where he staid till 1627. He then went to Venice, where he copied the paintings of Titian and Paul Veronese; and thence went to Rome, where he became eminent, He then went to Naples, and thence to Sicily and Malta, and through Lombardy to Frankfort, where he married. The manor of Stokau having fallen to him, he repaired it at a great expense, but had hardly got it finished, when it was burnt by the French. Upon their retreat, he rebuilt it in a better style than ever; but, on the rumor of a second invasion, sold it, and settled in Augsburg; which, on his wife's death, he left, and went to Nuremburg, where he set up an academy of painting. Here he also published several volumes on subjects relating to his profession; the most esteemed of which is, The Lives of the Painters, with their Effigies; being an abridgment of the biographical works of Vasari, Ridolfi, and Van Mander. He painted till he was seventy years of age, and died in 1683, aged seventy-seven.

SANDROCOTIUS, an Indian of mean birth, contemporary with Alexander the Great, who, from the prodigy of a lion once licking the sweat from his brow as he was sleeping, prognosticated future greatness to himself. For impertinence to Alexander, he had been ordered out of his presence, but, on the death of that conqueror,

he actually made himself master of a part of the country in the hands of Seleucus.

SANDSTONE, in mineralogy. See MINERALOGY.

SANDWICH, a borough, cinque port, and market-town in Eastry hundred, Kent, sixtyeight miles east by south of London. It contains three parish churches, and was, previous to the blocking up of its harbour by the sand, a place of considerable importance. It was walled and surrounded by a ditch, and was considered in ancient times a place of great strength. The town is irregularly built, standing on the bank of the river Stowe; the streets are narrow and incommodious; the principal manufactures are those of ropemaking and shipbuilding. The exports of Sandwich are grain, flour, seeds, hops, wool, malt, and leather. The town is governed by a mayor, recorder, twelve jurats, and twenty-four common councilmen, and, being the principal cinque-port, the mayor carries a black knotted staff, whilst the other cinque-ports are only allowed white ones. The members belonging to Sandwich are Fordwich, Deal, Ramsgate, Reculver, Sarre, Stoner, and Walmer. It sends two members to parliament, who are returned by the corporation and freemen, and it also gives the title of earl to the family of Montagu. There is an hospital for six poor men and as many women, and another for twelve men, dedicated to St. Thomas; also two good charityschools. In the town-hall is the council chamber and court-hall, in which half-yearly sessions are held. Market on Saturday.

SANDWICH, an island of the Eastern seas, opposite New Ireland. It is rather low, and covered with trees. Long. of the most westerly point, 50° 54' 15" E., lat. 2° 59′ 26o S.

SANDWICH ISLANDS, an interesting group of islands, consisting of eleven islands, discovered by captain James Cook in the beginning of the year 1778, lying between the parallels of 18° 54′ and 22° 15′ N., and extending in longitude from the meridian of 154° 54′ to 160° 24′ W. They are called by the natives Owhyee (Hawaii), Mowee (Maui), Ranai (Lanai), Morotinnee (Molokina), Kahowrowee (Kahauraui), Morotoi (Molokai), Woahoo (Oahu), Atooi (Kauai), Oneehou (Niihau), Oreehoua (Lihaua or Liihaua), Tahoora (Kahura).

Hawaii, the easternmost, and by far the largest of these islands, is of a triangular shape, and nearly equilateral. The angular points make the north-east and southern extremities. Its greatest length, which lies in a direction nearly north and south, is eighty-four miles and a half; its breadth seventy-two miles; and it is about 293 miles in circumference. Of the six large districts into which this island is divided, Ehidu is the most healthful and fertile. The chiefs at Oahu generally speak of its exuberance and beauty with the liveliest expressions of recollected pleasure, since Hawaii is the birth-place and cradle of sovereignty. A great part of the coast presents only a few trees growing out of the mouldering remains of volcanic eruptions, and shapeless slags of lava; but, after ascending a few hundred feet, the traveller finds himself shrouded in a cloud, and amid the soft verdure

of a most luxuriant vegetation. The black cattle, which were introduced by the circumnavigator, have multiplied exceedingly; and there is reason to believe, from the accounts given by the natives who have penetrated into the central parts of the country, that its recesses contain a store of vegetables to reward the pains, and inform the understanding, of the laborious and enlightened botanist. Mauna Roa, or the great mountain, is estimated to be nearly 16,000 feet high; a volcanic mountain, once the source of superstitious fears and the engine of priestly bondage, as it is now the wonder of all who visit Hawaii, and the wished-for bower of their toil and travail.

Maui lies at the distance of twenty-four miles N. N. E. from Hawaii, and is 140 geographical miles in cirumference. A low isthmus divides it into two circular peninsulas, of which that to the east is called Òamadua, and is double the size of the eastern peninsula called Wailukee. Its mountains are so high that, by an optical illusion, their summits appear like hills resting upon the clouds. Lihaua, the residence of the princess Nahienaena, and of her missionary tutors, presents a very beautiful landscape when viewed from the sea, but disappoints the spectator as he approaches the landing place, for want of a green carpet to conceal the disagreeableness of a dirty red soil. Captain King remarks that this pleasant scene was shortly changed on advancing a few miles to the westward. The face of the country became totally different, the shores and sides of the hills had no indications of being inhabited, and were almost destitute of vegetable productions.' There appeared to be a rude mass of naked, barren rocks, broken into deep gulleys, that extended from the mountains to the sea-side.'-Vancouver.

Lanai is about nine miles distant from Maui, and lies to the south-west of the passage between these islands. The country, to the south, is high and craggy, but the other parts of the islands present a better prospect.

Oahu lies to the north-west of Molokai, at the distance of about seven leagues, and is computed to be about forty miles long, and somewhat less than eight in width. The highest mountain is conjectured to be about 4000 feet in height, and was first ascended by the writer of this paper in company with several natives and two of the mission family. The natives mocked their dread of a monstrous mou or lizard, which superstitious awe had created and endowed with supernatural attributes, by charging themselves with the load of warlike weapons; and after mou's ascent invoked his fancied godship in tones of defiance. The deep recesses of the mountains are rich in the varied produce of stately trees and other vegetable curiosities. A wide extended plain, called the wilderness of Weuroa, runs obliquely across the island, and is at least 300 feet above the level of the sea. Its fertility might, by industrious means, be turned to a good account. Between Kahauraui and Maui lies the small uninhabited island of Molokina.

Molokai is only seven miles and a half from Maui, to the north-west; very barren, and nearly without wood.

Kauai lies to the north-west of Ohau, and is

distant from it about eighty-one miles. The face of the country to the north-east and north-west is broken and rugged, but to the south it is more even; the hills rise in a gentle slope from the sea side, and at some distance back are covered with wood.

Niihau lies fifteen miles to the westward of Tauai. The eastern coast is high, and rises abruptly from the sea; but the rest of the island consists of low ground, excepting a cliff on the south-east point. This island produces the best kind of yams that are to be obtained among the islands, and the dracaena terminalis, or tea-root (kii), which yields, by boiling, a luscious juice resembling molasses.

Liihaua, separated from Niihau by a channel about a mile in breadth, is of very small extent, and entirely composed of one barren rock, to all appearance destitute of soil, and presenting no indication of ever having been by choice the residence of human creatures.

Kahura is a low sandy island, and visited only for the purpose of catching turtle and sea-fowls,

The island of Hawaii was on the 25th of

February, 1794, ceded to Great Britain by Tamaahamaah, or, according to the present orthography, Kamehameha, the king of Hawaii, who by right of conquest became afterwards su preme governor of all the islands, and hence it is evident that all the Sandwich Islands are, both by discovery and cession, the property of Great Britain. This is now the more to be insisted upon, because the American government, presuming that the islands were autocratical, empowered captain Jones of the Peacock to negociate a treaty of neutrality with the natives, in which it was, among other things, stipulated that, in the case of a war between Great Britain and America, any ship should be indemnified by taking shelter in any of the ports of the Hawaiian Islands. This treaty was in a very clandestine manner brought about through the ministry of some of the American missionaries, who in this instance seem to have forgotten the nature of their high calling, and humbled themselves to become the instruments of a secular, and not very honest, policy. A desire to blot out the remembrance of the generosity of Great Britain, by razing the memorials of her good deeds done to the islanders, gave occasion, as the writer has reason to believe, to the following otherwise unaccountable transaction, of which he was an eyewitness:-Returning one evening from the consul's house to his rooms at Whitehall, the former residence of the late prime minister Karaimoku (shortly after the orders of the late king and queen of these islands had arrived), he was surprised to see all the principal chiefs of the neighbouring islands assembled round the door of the sepulchre which had been reared for the reception of the coffins; and yet more astonished on entering to behold one of the coffins just about to be lowered down into a grave prepared for that purpose. His presence was immediately announced by murmurs of the foreigner (ta haure), and they listened with submission to his admonition, that charged them with an unaccountable piece of ungrateful conduct in removing these great pledges of king George's love, which, in the sen

timents of these islanders, are always accounted sacred. After some consultation the queen, calling me aside, requested that I would go and ask the concurrence of Karaimoku, the dying minister, who, in the laconic style of authority, said, 'It is enough.' The design was immediately dropped, and the dead suffered to sleep in peace. The face of things since the time of Cook has been completely changed, the cloak of vermiltinctured feathers once worn by the chieftains has been exchanged for a guise of European fashion, and the plumy sceptre, or kahele, which was wont to precede persons of distinction, is now displaced by some foreign badge of rank and office. Instead of the thrilling sound produced by the combination of various rhythmical instruments, played in measured cadence to the movements of a dance which was led in honor of some tutelary divinity, you hear the curious recitative of numerous scholars chanting their lessons, as they are taught to combine the flowing sounds of their native language into words and sentences. Nor has the outward garb alone undergone a great change since that period, if we may judge of the present generation by comparing them with a few old men who are the survivors of the last; for there has been a great falling off in mental activity and manly fortitude. An observer discovers a certain nobility of disposition indicated by the carriage of the elder race, and a certain frankness of humor, of which he cannot discern the slightest symptons in their drowsy-headed offspring who crowd the courts and dwellings of the chiefs. In the room of engaging in those sports and gymnic exercises which were once the favorite amusements of his forefathers, a native, when he has finished the task which necessity imposes on him, betakes himself to his mat, and solaces his cares by reciting a psalm or portion of sacred scripture, which the industrious missionary has clothed in the mother dialect of his willing convert.

:

An islander looks forward to the time of a special assembly and examination of the schools as to a day of general festivity, while all his thoughts are taken up in providing the best apparel for the occasion, and in repeating his lessons that he may merit the public applause of the chiefs and missionaries. The extraordinary fondness which these people exhibit for reading seems to be a phenomenon in the human mind; since, from the scantiness of translated matter, the same lesson is necessarily repeated many thousand times during the days of preparation preceding these general meetings and the intellectual gratifications required must therefore, on every view of the subject, be but a vanishing quantity. The allotted hours of labor, the proportional mean between the longest and shortest spaces of daylight, are not thought sufficient for the praxis of their palapala or reading, but in these seasons they borrow freely of the night, so that, when fever and pain have kept the writer waking, he has often heard, during the silent watches of midnight, the disjointed sounds of urmuring voices. This may however be explained by having recourse to the superior principle, that occupation is as necessary to the health of the mind, as the stimulus of the non

naturals is to that of the body, and hence we see one reason why a preference is given to an exercise that demands so few of our physical energies.

The government is at present monarchical, and was at a late period administered by Kahamanu, the favorite queen dowager of Tamehameha, at whose nod all the chiefs and subordinate governors tremble. All the land is said to be held in fee by the king or queen regent, who can take away or bestow it at their pleasure. The aristocratic part of the community let their lands by a kind of feodal tenure, which obliges the tenant to render allegiance to his landlord, and, in time of battle, to repair to his standard; who, besides receiving the customary rentage of half the produce, seldom scruples to take the fattest of his swine, and the choicest part of his crop. To remove this great discouragement to industry, some laws to secure the enjoyment of property are highly necessary. To aggravate their miseries, a law was passed some years ago obliging every man to dispose of this abundance to foreign ships, &c., by bringing it to the public market, where, besides paying the clerk, he was compelled to surrender half the price to the king; but this severe imposition was at the recommendation of the English consul taken off; and, by the abolition of interdictions and various species of tyranny, they begin to realize some of the advantages of freedom. We have often admired the silence and promptitude with which the orders of the queen were executed; the minister who has any particular part of her property in charge, or whose business it is to fill any office of government, seldom requires more than the silent expression of the countenance to interpret the will of his mistress.

They all acknowledge the supremacy of the English government, and are impatiently waiting for its interposition and advice in framing a few laws or maxims for adjusting their disordered state of affairs. Though there are differences of opinion as to what rules they ought to be governed by, and some complaints of the great austerity of the missionary discipline, yet there is not the slightest symptom of disturbance. The common people have sold and forgotten the use of their native arms; and the ambition of ruling over others is displaced by the desire of appearing more learned, more religious, and better habited, than their fellow creatures.

In order to train and bring under subjection the humors of the younger people, an absolute authority over them seems necessary. For where diet, lodging, and climate tend to foster the concupiscible part of our nature, and the restraints of legal enactments, custom and example are scarcely felt; the cordial draught, mingled by Circe for he unwary, becomes far more tasteful, and its draught attended with less remorse than in societies where legislation and the judgment of civil courts provide pains and penalties for transgressors. If we regard individual depravity, the Sandwich islander will appear to advantage over many civilised nations; but, to institute a just comparison, we must consider him in a state of society wherein he will come very short of an equality with most, there being