pass through the bed or body of indurated clay İying underneath the rock-salt, which had been so long known and wrought. This indurated clayey inaterial was found to be from ten to eleven yards in thickness; and immediately beneath it a second stratum of rock-salt was met with, the upper part of which differed little in purity from that of the higher stratum or layer of rock; but, on penetrating into it to the extent of from twenty to twenty-five yards, it was there found to be much more pure and free from earthy admixture. But it continued to have this increased degree of purity for four or five yards only; while, for fourteen yards still lower, to which depth the pit or shaft was sunk, the proportion of earthy matter was again as large as in the upper part of the stratum. It was therefore, on this account, thought useless to sink the pit to any greater depth. Many other proprietors of pits, shafts, or mines, in the same neighbourhood, it is stated, followed the example which had been thus set them; and penetrated through the bed of indurated clay lying beneath the upper stratum of rock-salt. A second stratum of rocksalt was constantly met with below this; and, on passing down into it, the same order of disposition as to purity was observed, as in the pit or mine in which it had been first noticed and examined; and the same has been found to prevail in all the pits, shafts, works, and mines, which have since been sunk in the same vicinity. It is further noticed that there is great uniformity in the strata which are passed through in sinking pits for rock-salt or brine; and that they very generally consist of clay and sulphate of lime mixed in various proportions; that of the latter somewhat increasing as the pit, shaft, or work, approaches the rock or brine. The workmen distinguish the clay by the appellation of metal, giving it the name of red, brown, or blue metal, according to its color; and the sulphate of lime by that of plaster. The strata formed by these are, in general, close and compact; allowing very little fresh water to pass through them. In some places, however, they are broken and porous: and they admit so much fresh water into the pit or work, that, whenever they have been met with, it has been usual to discontinue any attempts to pass through them in sinking the pits. In these places the workmen call the metal saggy. It was thought not only impracticable to overcome a water, which vulgar prejudice had magnified into a great stream running under ground; but it was believed, even if the sinking could be continued below this, that the water could not be kept out of the pit, shaft, or work, and that it would either weaken the brine so as to destroy its value, or would find its way into the cavity of any rock, pit, or mine, which might be found below it. Later experience, it is said, has proved that these ideas were not altogether well founded. few years ago an attempt was made in Witton to pass through this porous stratum, in order to get to the brine. It was met with about twentyeight yards from the surface; the thickness of it was about thirteen feet; and the quantity of water, which was forced through it into the pit or shaft, was 360 gallons a minute. By means of VOL. XIX. A a steam-engine, the sinkers were enabled to pass through this water; to fix a gauge or curb a few yards below it, in a stratum of indurated clay; and thence to bring up a wooden frame, supporting a wall of puddled earth twelve inches thick, by which the access of the fresh water into the pit or shaft was in a great degree prevented, and an opportunity given to pass down to the brine below. A shaft was afterwards sunk through this porous stratum, for the purpose of obtaining rock-salt; which object was, after a short time, defeated, by the influx of brine into the shaft at the surface of the upper stratum of rock-salt; an accident originating in a cause completely distinct from the fresh water in the porous stratum or bed. An exact section of the different strata sunk through in reaching the second bed of rock-salt in the pit at Witton, near Northwich, is given by Mr. Holland in the above report; and all the strata in the neighbourhood of the last town are supposed to have nearly a similar disposition. The inclination of them in the pit or shaft at the above place was from north-west to south-east; and the dip about one yard in nine. The stratum through which the fresh water flowed is shown, and the level it found, it is said, was sixteen yards from the surface, which, it is remarked, nearly corresponds with that of the brook below. The line of separation, between the lowest stratum of earth and the first of rock-salt, is very exactly defined; they are perfectly distinct, and do not at all run into each other. It is farther noticed that, in carrying a horizontal tunnel for 100 yards along the upper stratum of rock-salt, this was found to be irregular and unequal on its surface; the irregularities in a great measure corresponding with those on the surface of the ground above. Considerable salt-works are carried on in Scotland, and in the northern counties of this country on the sea-coast, by the evaporation of sea-water. At Lymington, in Hampshire, the sea-water is evaporated to one-sixth of the whole by the action of the sun and air. A Mr. Lowndes some time since published a method of greatly improving the English brinesalt, so as to make it at least equal to the French bay-salt. His method is: let a brine-pan, containing about 800 gallons of liquor, be filled with brine to within an inch of the top; then make and light the fire, and, when the brine is just luke-warm, put in either an ounce of blood from the butcher's, or the whites of two eggs. Let the pan boil with all possible violence, and as the scum rises take it off. When the fresh or watery part is pretty well decreased, throw into the pan the third part of a pint of new ale, or the same quantity of the grounds of any malt liquor. When the brine begins to grain, add to it the quantity of a small nut of fresh butter, and, when the liquor has stood half an hour longer, draw out the salt. By this time the fire will be greatly abated, and so will the heat of the liquor; let no more fuel be thrown on the fire, but let the brine gently cool, till a person can just bear to put his hand into it; keep it in that degree of heat as nearly as possible, and when it has worked for some time, and is beginning to grain, throw in the quantity of a small nutmeg of fresh butter, S and about two minutes after that scatter throughout the pan, as equally as may be, an ounce and three quarters of common alum, pulverised very fine; then instantly, with the common iron scrape-pan, stir the brine very briskly in every part of the pan for about a minute; then let the pan settle, and constantly feed the fire, so that the brine may never be quite scalding hot, yet always a great deal more than luke-warm; let the pan stand working thus for about three days and nights, and then draw it, or take out the salt. The brine remaining will, by this time, be so cold that it will not work at all, therefore fresh coals must be thrown upon the fire, and the brine must boil for about half an hour, but not near so violently as before the first drawing; then, with the usual instrument, take out such salt as is beginning to fall, and put it apart; then let the pan settle and cool. When the brine becomes no hotter than one can just put one's hand into it, proceed as before, and let the quantity of alum not exceed an ounce and a quarter, and about eight-and-forty hours after draw the pan, and take out all the salt. Lowndes's Brine Salt improved. Mr. Lowndes afterwards directs cinders to be chiefly used in preparing the fires, the better to preserve an equal heat, and by that means also he proposes saving a considerable expense, asserting that at present cinders are so little valued in Cheshire as to be thrown out into the highways. Mr. Lowndes adds that, in a pan of the size before-mentioned, there may be prepared, at each process, 1600 lbs. weight of salt from the best brine in Cheshire, and 1066 lbs. from the ordinary brine of that county. This, as the process continues five days, is a little more than five bushels and a half of salt a day from the best brine, and a little more than four bushels a day from the ordinary kind. The commerce of salt has formerly brought an immense profit to France, or rather to the royal treasury than to the makers and sellers, on account of the heavy duty. The English and Dutch, and (when they are at war with France) the Swedes and Danes, have taken off most of the salt of the Comté Nantois; paying for it, communibus annis, from twenty to thirty-five livres the load. That of Guerande has been preferred, by the English and Irish, to all the rest, as the best. Yet that of Borneuf, though browner and heavier, is most used in France, as also throughout the Baltic; particularly in Poland, where, besides the ordinary uses, it serves in tilling the ground; being found to warm it, and prevent little vermin from gnawing the grain. The English and Dutch have often striven hard, in times of war, to do without the French salt; and to that end have endeavoured to take salt from the Spaniards and Portuguese; but there is a disagreeable sharpness and serosity natural to this salt, which renders it very unfit for the salting of flesh, fish, &c. To remove this they boil it with sea-water, and a little French salt, which they procure by means of neutral nations, which not only softens it, but increases its quantity by onethird. But it should seem their refining does not succeed to their wish, by the eagerness with which they return to the salt of Bretagne, &c. The duties on salt in this country are nov. wholly insignificant. SALT, in chemistry. This term has been usually employed to denote a compound, in definite proportions, of any acid, with an alkali, earth, or metallic oxide. When the proportions of the constituents are so adjusted that the resulting substance does not affect the color of infusion of litmus, or red cabbage, it is then called a neutral salt. When the predominance of acid is evinced by the reddening of these infusions the salt is said to be acidulous, and the prefix super, or bi, is used to indicate this excess of acid. If, on the contrary, the acid appears to be less than is necessary for neutralising the alkalinity of the base, the salt is then said to be with excess of base, and the prefix sub is attached to its name. See CHEMISTRY, and the various acids and metals in the alphabetical arrangement. SALT, ARSENICAL, NEUTRAL OF MACQUER. Superarseniate of potash. SALT, BITTER, CATHARTIC. magnesia. SALT, COMMON. SALT, DIGESTIVE, OF SYLVIUS. Acetate of potash. Sulphate of Muriate of soda. SALT, DIURETIC. Acetate of potash. SALT, EPSOM. Sulphate of magnesia. SALT, FEBRIFUGE, OF SYLVIUS. Muriate of potash. SALT, FUSIBLE. Phosphate of ammonia. SALT, FUSIBLE, OF URINE. Triple phosphate of soda and ammonia. SALT, GLAUBER'S. Sulphate of soda. SALT, MARINE, ARGILLACEOUS. Muriate of alumina. SALT, MICROCOSMIC. Triple phosphate of soda and ammonia. SALT, NITROUS, AMMONIACAL. ammonia. of SALT OF AMBER. Succinic acid. Nitrate of Benzoic acid. SALT OF COLCOTHAR. Sulphate of iron. SALT OF EGRA. Sulphate of magnesia. SALT OF LEMONS, ESSENTIAL. Superoxalate potash. Acetate of lead. Subcarbonate of soda. SALT OF SODA. SALT, SEDATIVE. Boracic acid. Muriatic acid was formerly called by this name, which it still retains in commerce. SALT, SULPHUREOUS, OF STAHL. Sulphate of caverns. Wraxall describes them thus, in his Memoirs of the Courts of Berlin, Dresden, Warsaw, Vienna:-'After being let down,' says he, by a rope to the depth of 230 feet, our conductors led us through galleries which, for loftiness and breadth, seemed rather to resemble the avenues to some subterranean palace than passages cut in a mine. They were perfectly dry in every part, and terminated in two chapels, composed entirely of salt, hewn out of the solid mass. The images which adorn the altars, as well as the pillars and ornaments, were all of the same transparent materials; the points and spars of which, reflecting the rays of light from the lamps which the guides held in their hands, produced an effect equally novel and beautiful. Descending lower into the earth, by means of ladders, I found myself in an immense hall or cavern of salt, many hundred feet in height, length, and dimensions, the floor and sides of which were cut with exact regularity; 1000 persons might dine in it without inconvenience, and the eye in vain attempted to trace or define its limits. Nothing could be more sublime than this vast subterranean apartment, illuminated by flambeaux, which faintly discover its prodigious magnitude, and leave the imagination at liberty to enlarge it indefinitely. After remaining about two hours and a half under ground, I was drawn up again in three minutes with the greatest facility.' SALTA, or SAN MIGUEL DE SALTA, a city and district of Tucuman, South America, was founded in 1582, under the name of San Clemente de la Nueva Sevilla, but was afterwards changed to its present site in the beautiful valley of Lerma. Its environs are very fertile, abounding in wheat, rye, and vines, with pastures for the cattle exported from this place to Peru; and its commerce consists in corn, meal, wine, cattle, salt meat, fat, hides, and other commodities, which are sent to all parts of Peru. It is computed that the number of mules fattened in the valley of Lerma amount, during the months of February and March, when the annual fair is held, to 60,000; and, besides these, there are generally 4000 horses and cows. The natives are subject to a species of leprosy, and nearly all the women, after they have attained the age of twenty, have the goitrous swelling in the throat, which disfigures them very much. It is fifty miles south of Jujui; and the river which washes the town turns east, and enters the Vermeijo. SALTASH, a borough and market town of Cornwall, seated on the side of a steep hill, on the banks of the Tamar; it has three streets, which, from the declivity, are washed clean by every shower of rain that falls. It possesses many privileges, and has jurisdiction on the Tamar, to the mouth of the port, claiming anchorage dues of all vessels that enter the harbour; and their coroner sits upon all bodies found drowned in the river. It has sent two members to parliament ever since the reign of Edward VI., who are elected by the mayor, recorder, six aldermen, and twenty freeholders It has a market on Saturday, and sufficient depth of water in its harbour for large vessels. It lies six miles north-west of Plymouth, and 220 W. S. W. of London. SALTATION, n. 8. Lat. saltatio. The act of dancing; jumping: beat; palpitation. The locusts being ordained for saltation, their hinder legs do far exceed the others. Browne's Vulgar Errours. If the great artery be hurt, you will discover it by its saltation and florid colour. Wiseman's Surgery. SALTCOATS, a sea-port town of Ayrshire, five miles north-west of Irvine. It has an excellent harbour, capable of admitting vessels of 220 tons. In 1700 it became the property of Sir Robert Cunningham, who began to work the valuable strata of coals in the neighbourhood, and built a harbour at Saltcoats to export them. He also erected several large pans for the manufacture of salt; which proved so successful that there is now made above 3000 bolls annually. Ship-building was also commenced and carried on with success. Notwithstanding the population and prosperity of this town it has neither magistrates, nor police, nor even a weekly market, but only one annual fair. A bailiff levies the dues of anchorage, and executes such regulations as are necessary for loading the vessels, sailing, &c., and the masters or owners of these vessels enter into a written obligation to observe these regulations. Saltcoats lies ten miles northwest of Ayr, and twenty-two south-west of Glasgow. SALTER (John), an English officer, born in 1709, who by his merit rose from the ranks to be a major-general, and lieutenant-colenol, of the first regiment of foot. The duke of Cumberland, then in the guards, first noticed him, made him serjeant in his own company, and some time after gave him a commission, and patronised him publicly in presence of all the other officers. He died in 1787, aged seventy-eight. . SALTER (Samuel), D.D., a learned English divine, born at Norwich, and educated at the Charter House. He was admitted of Benet College, Cambridge, in 1730, where he obtained the degree of B. A. and a fellowship. He became soon after preceptor to the sons of Sir Philip Yorke, chief justice of the king's bench, who also made him his chaplain, a prebendary of Gloucester, and rector of Burton Coggles, in 1740, where he married Miss Secker, a relation of the bishop of Oxford. In 1750 he was made minister of Great Yarmouth; in 1751 archbishop Herring created him D.D.; in 1756 the lord chancellor made him rector of St. Bartholomew; and, in 1761, master of the Charter House. He published Pindaric Odes, in Greek, on the nuptials of the Princes of Wales and Orange; Latin Verses on the Death of Queen Caroline; and Sermons, Tracts, &c. He died May 2, 1778. SALTFLEET, a sea-port town of Lincolnshire, with a market on Saturday; seven miles south of the mouth of the Humber, thirty-three north-east of Lincoln, and 158 north of London. SALTIER, n. s. Fr. saultiere. A term of heraldry, A saltier is in the form of a St. Andrew's cross, and by some is taken to be an engine to take beasts; in French it is called un sautoir it is an Peacham. honourable bearing. This, says G. SALTIER. See HERALDRY. Leigh, in his Accidence of Arms, was anciently made of the height of a man, and driven full of pins, the use of which was to scale walls, &c. Upton derives this word from saltus, i. e. a forest. The French call this ordinary sautoir, from sauter, to leap; perhaps because it may have been used by soldiers to leap over walls of towns, which in former times were low; but some think it is borne in imitation of St. Andrew's cross. SALTINBANCO, n. s. Lat. saltare in banco, to climb as a mountebank mounts a bank or bench. A quack or mountebank. Saltinbancoes, quacksalvers, and charlatans, deceive them were Esop alive, the Piazza and Pont-neuf could not speak their fallacies. Browne's Vulgar Errours. He played the saltinbanco's part, Transformed to a Frenchman by my art. Hudibras. SALTPETRE. See GUNPOWDER and NITRIC ACID. SALV'ABLE, adj. SALVABILITY, N. s. SALVAGE, Lat. salvo. Possible to be saved; the noun substantive correspondSALVATION, ing: salvage is a legal SALVATORY. claim for assisting a wrecked vessel: salvation, preservation from eternal death the act of saving. As life and death, mercy and wrath, are matters of understanding or knowledge, all men's salvation, and all men's endless perdition, are things so opposite, that whosoever doth affirm the one must necesHooker. sarily deny the other. Why do we Christians so fiercely argue against the salvability of each other, as if it were our wish that all should be damned, but those of our particular Decay of Piety. sect? Our wild fancies about God's decrees have in event reprobated more than those decrees, and have bid fair to the damning of many whom those left salvable. Him the most High, Id. Wrapped in a balmy cloud with winged steeds, I consider the admirable powers of sensation, phantasy, and memory, in what salvatories or repositories the species of things past are conserved. Hule's Origin of Mankind. SALVADOR (ST), the city of San Salvador, the chief place of the province, and the second of Brasil, is built on a rocky eminence 600 feet nigh, on the east shore of All Saints' bay, a ieague within Cape Salvador, the east point of the entrance. The streets, though wide, are so steep as generally to preclude the use of carriages. The number of private houses is about 2000, mostly of stone, and massively built. The religious buildings are of course numerous and rich, particularly the cathedral, dedicated to San Salvador. The population has been estimated at 30,000 whites, and 70,000 Indians and negroes. The natural strength of the position is aided by strong fortifications, and the garrison usually consists of 5000 regular troops, besides a large white and black militia. Many ships of war and merchant vessels are built here. The buildings are chiefly of the seventeenth century, ill constructed, and, from the slightness of the materials, rapidly decaying, which diminishes the effect of many of them once sumptuous. The town is divided into high and low, the latter consisting of streets filled with store houses on the shores of the bay, for the convenience of loading and unloading. SALVADOR (St.), the name given by the Portuguese missionaries to the capital of the kingdom of Congo, in Western Africa. We have no account of it, except theirs, which is somewhat antiquated. They describe it as built at the top of a rocky and steep hill, in a plain about ten miles in circumference. The king's palace consists of a vast enclosure, about a league in circuit. The Portuguese had a quarter assigned to them, they tell us, which they built partly of stone and enclosed. They had erected a church, and invested one of their number with the title of bishop. The late British expedition, though they found no Portuguese on any part of the Zaire, were yet informed that a few still remained in this capital. SALVADOR (St.), a district of Guatimala, in South America, which produces in great abundance sugar-cane and indigo. SALVADOR (St.), the capital of the above province, situated on the banks of a river, at the distance of twelve miles from the Pacific. It has a little trade, and is the residence of a goand castes. vernor. Population about 5000 Indians, whites, 140 miles E. S. E. of Guatimala. SALVADOR (St.), one of the Bahama Islands, discovered by Columbus in 1492. It is also known by the name of Cat Island, and, except at the south extremity, is very narrow. The population in 1797 amounted, including whites, to 657, and in 1803, the era of patented estates granted by the crown for cultivation, to 28,903. SALVADORA, in botany, a genus of the monogynia order, and tetrandria class of plants: CAL. quadrifid: COR. none: BERRY monospermous; species one only, a Persian shrub; the seed covered with an antlus or loose coat. SALVAGE, adj. Fr. saulvage; Ital. sel- Prove as a desert, and none there make stay SALVAGE MONEY, a reward allowed by the civil and statute law for the saving of ships or goods from the danger of the sea, pirates or enemies-Where any ship is in danger of being stranded or driven on shore, justices of peace are to command the constables to assemble as many persons as are necessary to preserve it; and, on its being preserved by their means, the persons assisting therein shall, in thirty days after, be paid a reasonable reward for their salvage; otherwise the ship or goods shall remain in the custody of the officers of the customs, as a security for the same. And in case the said officer of the customs, and the owners, &c., of the ship shall be unable to agree concerning the sum to be paid as salvage, they shall have power to nominate three neighbouring justices, who shall adjust the quantum of the gratuity to be paid to the several persons acting in the salvage of the ship or goods; and such adjustment shall be binding on all parties, and shall be re coverable in an action at law to be brought by the respective persons to whom the same shall be allotted by the justices. And, in case no person shall appear to make his claim to all or any of the goods saved, then the chief officer of the customs of the nearest port shall apply to three of the nearest justices, who shall put him or some responsible person in possession of such goods, uch justices taking an account thereof in writing, to be signed by such officers of the customs; and if the goods shall not be legally claimed within twelve months, by the right owners, they shall be publicly sold, or, if perishable, forthwith sold, and the produce of the sale, after all charges deducted, with a fair account of the whole, shall be transmitted to the exchequer, there to remain for the benefit of the owner, when appearing; who, upon affidavit, or other proof of his right, to the satisfaction of one of the barons of the coif, shall, upon his order, receive the same out of the exchequer. SALVAGES, a group of uninhabited islands, or rather rocks, off the coast of Africa, immediately north of the Canaries. Latin salubris. Though most were sorely wounded, none were slain; The surgeons soon despoiled them of their arms, And some with salves they cure. Dryden. It will be hard if he cannot bring himself off at last with some salvo or distinction, and be his own confessor. L'Estrange. He has printed them in such a portable volume that many of them may be ranged together on a single plate; and is of opinion that a salver of spectators would be as acceptable an entertainment for the ladies, as a saiver of sweetmeats. Addison. If others of a more serious turn join with us deliberately in their religious professions of loyalty, with any private salvoes or evasions, they would do well to consider those maxims in which all casuists are agreed. Id. There must be another state to make up the ine SALU'BRIOUS, adj. Wholesome; health- qualities of this, and salve all irregular appearances. SALUBRITY, n. s. ful; promoting health; wholesomeness. The warm limbeck draws Salubrious waters from the nocent brood. Philips. SALVE, n. s. & v. a. Originally and pro SA'LVER, perly salf, which hav SAL'VO. Sing salves in the plural, the singular in time was borrowed from it. Sax. realp; Lat. salvus, salvo. A glutinous matter applied to wounds and hurts; a plaster; help; remedy to cure by medicaments; help by a salvo; salute (obsolete): a salver is a dish to save what is left: salvo, an exception, reservation, or excuse. Some seek to salve their blotted name With others blot, 'till all do taste of shame. Sidney. Our mother tongue, which truly of itself is both full enough for prose, and stately enough for verse, hath long time been counted most bare and barren of both; which default, when as some endeavoured to salve and cure, they patched up the holes with rags from other languages. Spenser. That stranger knight in presence came, And goodly salved them; who mought again Him answered as courtesy became. Faerie Queene. Many skilful leeches him abide, To salve his hurts. Id. Atterbury. Between each act the trembling salver ring, From soup to sweet wine. Pope. This conduct might give Horace the hint to say, that, when Homer was at a loss to bring any difficult matter to an issue, he laid his hero asleep, and this salted all difficulty. Broome. SALVE REGINA, among the Romanists, the name of a Latin prayer, addressed to the Virgin. It was composed by Peter, bishop of Compostella. The custom of singing it at the close of the office was begun by order of St. Dominic, in the congregation of Dominicans at Bologna, about 1237. Gregory IX. first appointed it to be general. St. Bernard added the conclusion, O dulcis! O pia, &c. SALVI (John), an eminent Italian historical painter, born near Urbino in 1504. He excelled chiefly in copying the works of the great masters, which he did with surprising accuracy. He died in 1590. SALVIA, sage, a genus of the monogynia order, and digynia class of plants; natural order forty-second, verticillata: COR. unequal; filaments placed crosswise on a pedicle. The most remarkable species are these: 1. S. auriculata, common sage of virtue, is well known in the gardens and markets. The leaves are narrower than those of the common sort; they are hoary, and some of them are indented on their edges towards the base, which indentures have the appearance of ears. The spikes of flowers are longer than those of either the second or fourth species, and the whorls are The flowers are smaller, and of a deeper blue generally naked, having no leaves between them. than those of common red sage. is cultivated in gardens, of which there are the 2. S. officinalis, the common large sage, which following varieties:-1. The common green sage. 2. The wormwood sage. 3. The green sage with a variegated leaf. 4. The red sage. 5. The red sage with a variegated leaf. These are accidental |