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2. S. perennis, with a shrubby branching stalk, grows naturally in Sheppey Island. This has a shrubby branching stalk about six inches long; the points of the articulations are acute; the stalks branch from the bottom, and form a kind of pyramid. They are perennial, and produce their flowers in the same manner as the former. The inhabitants near the sea coasts, where these plants grow, cut them up towards the latter end of summer, when they are fully grown; and, after having dried them in the sun, they burn them for their ashes, which are used in making of glass and soap. These herbs are by the country people called kelp, and promiscuously gathered for use. Barilla is likewise made from them. They are also used for dyeing leather red, instead of the shenan.

SA'LIENT, adj. Latin, saliens. Leaping; bounding; moving by leaps.

The legs of both sides moving together as frogs, and salient animals, is properly called leaping.

Browne's Vulgar Errours.

A salient point, so first is called the heart, By turns dilated, and by turns comprest, Expels and entertains the purple guest. Blackmore.

Who best can send on high

The salient spout, far streaming to the sky. Pope. SALII, in Roman antiquity, priests of Mars, of whom Numa instituted twelve, who wore painted particolored garments, and high bonnets; with a steel cuirass on the breast. They were called salii, from saltare to dance; because, after assisting at sacrifices, they went dancing about the streets, with bucklers in their left hand, and a rod in their right, striking with their rods on one another's bucklers, and singing hymns in honor of the gods. Their feasts were uncommonly sumptuous, whence dapes saliares is proverbially applied to repasts splendid and costly. Their chief, called præsul and magister saliorum, was one of their members, and led the band, the rest imitating all his steps and motions. The whole company was called collegium saliorum. Sext. Pompeius makes mention of salian maids, virgines saliares, hired for the purpose, and joined with the salii, wearing a kind of military garb, called paludamentum, with high round bonnets like the salii, and like them performing sacrifice with the pontifices.

SALIMBENI (Venura), an eminent historical painter, born at Sienna, in Tuscany, in 1557. There was a fine picture by him of the descent of the Spirit on the apostles at Pentecost, in the possession of the earl of Pembroke. He died in

1613.

SA'LINE, adj. Į

Lat. salinus. Consisting SALI'NOUS, adj. of, or forming, salt. We do not easily ascribe their induration to cold; but rather unto salinous spirits and concretive juices. Browne.

This saline sap of the vessels, by being refused reception of the parts, declares itself in a more hostile manner, by drying the radical moisture.

Harvey on Consumptions. If a very small quantity of any salt or vitriol be dissolved in a great quantity of water, the particles of the salt or vitriol will not sink to the bottom, though they be heavier in specie than the water; but will evenly diffuse themselves into all the water, so as to make it as suline at the top as at the bottom.

Newton's Optics.

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SALISBURY, the capital or county town of Wiltshire, is situated in a vale, at the confluence of the Wiley and Nadder, with the Avon. It owed its origin to the cathedral, which was begun in 1220, by bishop Poor, and finished in 1256, when the see was held by William of York. This building is in the early pointed style of architecture, and may be justly regarded as one of the most elegant and regular ecclesiastical structures in the kingdom. It is in the form of a double cross, and consists of a nave and choir, with two side aisles, and two transepts, each with its aisle. Connected with it is a handsome quadrangular cloister, and an octagon chapterhouse. The spire, which is evidently a later erection, and was probably begun at the latter end of Edward II., or the beginning of Edward III.'s reign, rises on four pillars, at the intersection of the nave and principal transept, to the stupendous height of 400 feet. Although it declines above two feet from the perpendicular, it has yet withstood the storms and tempests of ages, and the effects of time and accident; and seems likely to remain for centuries a monument of singular architectural boldness, skill, and perseverance. The chapter-house is also a beautiful specimen of architecture, the groined roof of fifty feet in diameter being poised on a single slender pillar in the centre.

The cathedral establishment consists of a dean, forty-one prebendaries, six of whom are residentiary, and called canons, a sub-dean, sub-chanter, four vicars choral, seven lay-vicars, one of whom is organist, and eight choristers. The chapter is composed of the dean and residentiary canons; and the close in which the cathedral is situated is environed with a wall, and forms a distinct jurisdiction, under the dean, in virtue of letters patent granted by Edward III. The bishop, who is a member of the cathedral establishment, as prebendary of Pottern, has under him the archdeacons of Sarum, Wilts, and Berks, for the superintendance of his diocese. In the close is a college, for the maintenance of a certain number of clergymen's widows, built and endowed by bishop Seth Ward.

The city, which is erected on ground originally belonging to the see, acknowledges the bishop as lord of the manor. It is incorporate, and governed by a mayor, high steward, recorder, twelve justices, fourteen aldermen, and thirty commoncouncilmen. The justices are chosen from the aldermen, and the aldermen from those who have borne the office of mayor.

It contains the three parish churches of St. Thomas, St. Edmund, and St. Martin; and in cludes the suburbs of Fisherton and East Harnham.`

An attempt was made, under bishop Ward, in the reign of Charles II, to render the Avon navigable to Christchurch; and, about thirty years ago, a canal was begun to form a water communication with the port of Southamptom; but both these projects proved abortive. With respect to land communications, the city was essentially benefited by the turning of the great

western road through it, which was effected soon after the commencement of the cathedral. To this advantage, and to its central situation in regard to the great towns, in the west and south of England, Salisbury owes much of its present importance; for its manufactures of cloth, flannel, and lace, are now in a manner extinct, and its cutlery much reduced, in consequence of the competition of Birmingham, Sheffield, &c. Besides the parish churches, the principal buildings are the council-house, erected at the expense of the late earl of Radnor; the general infirmary, supported by voluntary contribution; and the county prison. These two last are situated in Fisherton. There are many alms-houses and charitable establishments, the chief of which is the hospital of St. Nicholas, founded, or at least endowed, by bishop Bingham. Salisbury is twenty-one miles north-east from Southampton, eighty-two W. S. W. from London, ninety-one E. N. E. from Exeter, and thirty-seven southwest from Bath. Lat. 51° 3′ N., long. 1° 42′ E. It sends two representatives to parliament, the right of election being vested in the corporation. Old Sarum, the parent of the present city, which is sometimes called New Sarum, is situated about a mile and a half to the north. It consists of a circular rampart and ditch, formed by scarping down a hill, and a mound in the centre, which was probably crowned by the keep or citadel. It was originally a fortress of the Britons; was afterwards occupied by the Romans, of whose military ways, four diverged from this spot; next by the Saxons; and finally rendered by the Norman sovereigns a post of considerable importance. Of its buildings nothing remains but a few trifling fragments, though it still enjoys the privilege of sending two members to parliament, who are chosen by the occupiers of certain lands in the vicinity.

SALISBURY, a post town of Hillsborough county, New Hampshire, on the west side of the Merrimack; fourteen miles N. N. W. of Concord, thirty-eight south-east of Dartmouth College, fifty-nine W. N. W. of Portsmouth. The fourth New Hampshire turnpike passes through this town, and upon this road, in the south part of the town, there is a pleasant village, containing a Congregational meeting house, and an academy; and about two miles above, on the turnpike, there is a Baptist meeting-house. On the Merrimack near the mouth of the Winnipiseogee, there is another flourishing village. Salisbury is a very good agricultural town.-Also a post town of Essex county, Massachusetts, on the north bank of the Merrimack; four miles north-west of Newburyport, thirty-six N. N. E. of Boston. It contains two parishes, and has a pleasant and considerable village, on the north bank of the Merrimack, below the junction of the Powow River. Considerable business is done at this village at ship building, and here is some trade in the fisheries.-Also a post town of Litchfield county, Connecticut, in the north-west corner of the state; twenty-four miles north-west of Litchfield. It is a considerable town, and the neighbourhood contains large quantities of iron

ore.

SALIVA, n. s." SAL'IVAL, adj. SALIVOUS, SALIVATE, v. a.

Every thing

Lat. saliva. that is spit up; more strictly that juice which is separated by the glands called salival: relating to the saliva: to salivate is to cleanse or purge by means of the salival glands.

The woodpecker, and other birds that prey upon flies, which they catch with their tongue, in the room of the said glands have a couple of bags filled with a viscous humour, which, by small canals, like the salival, being brought into their mouths, they dip their tongues herein, and so with the help of this natural bird-lime attack the prey.

Grew. Holding of ill tasted things in the mouth will make a small salivation. ld. Cosmologia.

pears from the contrivance of nature in making the The necessity of spittle to dissolve the aliment apsalivary ducts of animals which ruminate, extremely open: such animals as swallow their aliment without chewing, want salivary glands. Arbuthnot. Not meeting with disturbance from the saliva, I' the sooner extirpated them. Wiseman's Surgery. She was prepossessed with the scandal of salivating, and went out of town. Id. the abundance of salivous humour flowing upon it. There happeneth an elongation of the uvula, through

Wiseman.

3.

5.

SALIVA is that fluid by which the mouth and tongue are continually moistened in their natural state; and which is supplied by glands which form it, called salivary glands. This humor is thin and pellucid, incapable of being concreted by the fire, almost without taste and smell. Saliva, beside water, which constitutes at least four-fifths of its bulk, contains the following ingredients:-1. Mucilage. 2. Albumen. Muriate of soda. 4. Phosphate of soda. Phosphate of lime. 6. Phosphate of ammonia. Like all the other animal fluids, it is however liable to many changes from disease, &c. Brugnatelli found the saliva of a patient laboring under an obstinate venereal disease impregnated with oxalic acid. The concretions which sometimes form in the salivary ducts, &c., and the tartar or bony crust which so often attaches itself to the teeth, are composed of phosphate of lime. It has a great affinity for oxygen, absorbs it readily from the air, and gives it out again to other bodies. Hence the reason why gold or silver, triturated with saliva in a mortar, is oxidated, as Du Tennetar has observed. Hence also the reason that saliva is a useful application to sores of the skin. Dogs and other animals have constantly recourse to this remedy, and with much advantage.

SALIVATION, in medicine, is effected chiefly by mercury. The use of salivation is in diseases belonging to the glands and membrana adiposa, and principally in the cure of the venereal disease; though it is sometimes also used in epidemic and cutaneous diseases, &c.

SALIX, the willow, in botany, a genus of the diandria order, and diœcia class of plants: natural order fiftieth, amentaceæ: amentum of the male scaly: COR. none, but a nectariferous glandule at the base of the flower: female amentum scaly COR. none; style bifid: CAPS. unilocular and bivalved: SEEDS pappous. The willow has been frequently the theme of poetical description,

both in ancient and modern times. There are seventy species; of which the most remarkable are, 1. S. alba, white or silver-leaved willow, growing to a great height and considerable bulk, having smooth pale green shoots; long, spearshaped, acuminated, sawed, silvery-white leaves, downy on both sides, with glands below the serratures. This is the common white willow, which grows abundantly about towns and villages, and by the sides of rivers and brooks, &c. 2. S. Babylonica, Babylonian pendulous salix, commonly called weeping willow, grows to a largish size, having numerous long, slender, pendulous branches, hanging down loosely all round, and long, narrow, spear-shaped, serrated, smooth leaves. This curious willow is a native of the east, and is retained in our hardy plantations for ornament, and exhibits a most agreeable variety; particularly when disposed singly by the verge of any piece of water, or in spacious openings of grass ground.

3. S. caprea, the common sallow tree, grows to but a moderate height, having smooth, darkgreen, brittle branches; oval, waved, rough leaves, indented at top, and woolly underneath. It grows abundantly in this country, but more frequently in dry than moist situations; it is of a brittle nature, and therefore unfit for the basket-makers; but will serve for poles, stakes, and to lop for fire-wood; and its timber is good for many purposes.

4. S. fissa, basket osier. Leaves alternate, pedicelled, minutely toothed. A shrub four or five feet high, with erect, flexible, and very tough branches, of a yellowish ash color, sometimes purplish. A native of various parts of Europe, on the sandy banks of rivers, and in England cultivated in fens as preferable to all other willows or osiers for basket-work.

5. S. fragilis, fragile or crack willow, rises to a middling stature, with brownish, very brittle branches; long, oval, lanceolate, smooth leaves, of a shining green on both sides, having dentated glandular foot-stalks. This kind in particular being exceedingly fragile, so that it easily cracks and breaks, is unfit for culture in osiergrounds.

6. S. pentandria, broad-leaved, sweet-scented willow, grows to some considerable stature, having brownish-green branches; oblong, broad, scattered, smooth, sweet-scented leaves, shiningabove; and pentandrous flowers.

7. S. purpurea, purple or red willow, grows to a large height, having long, reddish, very pliable shoots, and long, spear-shaped, serrated, Smooth leaves, the lower one being opposite.

8. S. viminalis, or osier willow, grows but to a moderate height, having slender rod-like branches; very long, pliant, greenish shoots: and very long, narrow, spear-shaped, acute, almost entire leaves, hoary, and silky underneath. 9. S. vitellina, yellow or golden willow, grows but to a moderate height; having yellow, very pliant shoots; oval, acute, serrated, very smooth leaves, with the serratures cartilaginous, and with callous punctures on the foot-stalks. All the species are of the tree kind, very hardy, remarkably fast growers, and several of them attaining a considerable stature when permitted to run up

to standards. They are generally the most abundant and of most prosperous growth in watery situations: they however will grow freely almost any where, in any common soil and exposure: but grow considerably faster and stronger in low moist land, particularly in marshy situations, by the verge of rivers, brooks, and other waters; which places, often lying waste, may be employed to good advantage in plantations of willows for different purposes.

SALLEE, a large walled sea-port on the coast of Morocco, situated in the province of Benihassen, at the mouth of a river of the same name. It was formerly the great hold of Moorish piracy, and immense depredations were committed from it upon European commerce.

SALLENGRE (Albert Henry de), F. R. S., an ingenious writer, born at the Hague in 1694. His father was receiver general of Walloon Flanders, and of an ancient family. He sent young Albert to Leyden, who, having finished his studies, commenced advocate in Holland. After the peace of Utrecht, in 1713, he travelled into France. In 1716 he was made counsellor to the princess of Nassau; in 1717 commissary of finances to the States. In 1719 he visited England, and was elected F. R. S. He wrote commentaries on Ovid's epistles and other classics; and was writing a History of the United Provinces, when he was cut off by the small pox

in 1723.

SALLO (Denis de), a French writer, born in Paris in 1626. He studied the law, and was admitted a counsellor in the parliament of Paris in 1652. It was in 1664 he laid the plan of the Journal des Sçavans; and the year following began to publish it, under the name of Sieur de Heronville, which was that of his valet de Chambre. But he criticised so severely, and authors retorted so powerfully, that M. de Sallo, after he had published his third Journal, gave up the undertaking, delivering it over to the abbe Gallois; who, without presuming to criticise, contented himself merely with giving the titles of new books, and making extracts. M. de Sallo died in 1669. SAL'LOW, n. s. genus of willow.

Lat. salir. A tree of the

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SAL'LOW, adj. Belg. zalow; Teut. low: the noun substantive corresponding. SALLOWNESS, n. s. sulo, black. Sickly; yel

What a deal of brine
Hath washt thy sallow cheeks for Rosaline !
Shakspeare.

No roses bloom upon my fading cheek,
The scene of beauty and delight is changed:
Nor laughing graces wanton in my eyes;
But haggard Grief, lean-looking sallow Care,
And pining Discontent, a rueful train,
Dwell on my brow, all hideous and forlorn. Rowe.

A fish diet would give such a sallowness to the celebrated beauties of this island, as would scarce make them distinguishable from those of France.

Addison.

SALLUSTIUS (Caius Crispus), a celebrated Roman historian, born at Amiternum, in Italy, A. U. C. 669. His Roman History, in SIX

books, from the death of Sylla to the conspiracy of Catiline, the great work from which he chiefly derived his glory among the ancients, is unfortunately lost, excepting a few fragments; but the two detatched pieces of his history which happily remain entire are sufficient to justify the great encomiums he has received as a writer. No man has inveighed more sharply against the vices of his age than this historian; yet no man had less pretensions to virtue. His youth was spent in a most lewd and profligate manner, and his patrimony rapidly squandered. Marcus Varro, a writer of undoubted credit, relates, in a fragment preserved by Aulus Gellius, that Sallustius was actually caught in bed with Fausta the daughter of Sylla, by Milo her husband; who scourged him very severely, and did not suffer him to depart till he had redeemed his liberty with a considerable sum. In A. U. C. 694 he was made questor, and in 702 tribune of the people; in neither of which places did he acquit himself with honor. By his questorship he obtained an admission into the senate; but was expelled by the censors in 704 on account of his debauched way of life. In 705 Cæsar restored him to the dignity of a senator, and made him questor a second time. In the administration of this office he behaved very scandalously. In 707, when the African war was at an end, he was made prætor for his services to Cæsar, and sent to Numidia. Here he outrageously plundered the province; and returned with such immense riches to Rome, that he purchased a magnificent building upon mount Quirinal, with those gardens which still retain the name of Sallustian gardens, besides his country house at Tivoli. Eusebius tells us that he married Terentia, the divorced wife of Cicero ; and that he died at the age of fifty, A. U. C. 710, four years before the battle of Actium. Besides his histories of the Catilinarian and Jugurthine wars, we have some orations, printed with his fragments.

SALLY, n. s. & v. a. I Fr. sallie. Erup SALLYPORT. tion; issue from a place besieged; quick egress; escape: to make such egress a sally-port is a gate at which sallies are made.

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We have written some things which we may wish never to have thought on some sallies of levity Swift. ought to be imputed to youth.

SALLY-PORTS, in fortification, or posterns as they are sometimes called, are those underground passages which lead from the inner works to the outward ones; such as from the higher flank to the lower, or to the tenailles, or the communication from the middle of the curtain to the ravelin. When they are made for men to go through only, they are made with steps at the entrance and going out. They are about six feet wide, and eight feet and a half high. There is also a gutter or shore made under the sally ports, which are in the middle of the curtains, for the water which runs down the streets to pass into the ditch; but this can only be done when they are wet ditches. When sally-ports serve to carry guns through for the out works, instead of making them with steps, they must have a gradual slope, and be eight feet wide. See FORTIFICATION.

SALMANASAR, or SALMANESER, the son of Tiglath-pileser, king of Assyria, succeeded his father, about A. M. 3276. He took Samaria, put an end to the kingdom of Israel, and carried the Israelites into captivity, A. M. 3283. He was afterwards defeated by the Tyrians; and died about A. A. C. 714. He was succeeded by his son Sennacherib.

SALMASIUS (Claudius), a French writer of great abilities and immense erudition, descended from an ancient and noble family, and born at or near Semur in 1596. His mother, who was a Protestant, educated him in her own religious opinious, and he at length converted his father. He settled at Leyden; and in 1659 paid a visit to Christina, queen of Sweden, who showed him extraordinary marks of regard. Upon the death of king Charles I. he was prevailed on by the royal family, then in exile, to write a defence of that king, which was answered by the celebrated Milton in 1651, in a work entitled Defensio pro Populi Anglicano contra Claudii Salmasii Defensionem Regiam. This book was read over all Europe; and conveyed such a proof of the writer's abilities that he was respected even by those who hated his political principles. Salmasius died in 1653. His works are numerous, and of various kinds; but the greatest monuments of his learning are his Note in Historia Augustæ Scriptores, and his Exercitationes Plinianæ in Solinum.

SALMASIUS (Claudius), son of the preceding, published the answer to Milton, which his father had begun, but did not live to finish; and dedi cated it to king Charles II. in 1660.

SALMO, the salmon, in ichthyology, a genus of the order of abdominales. The head is smooth, and furnished with teeth and a tongue; the rays of the gills are from four to ten; the back-fin is fat behind, and the ventral fins have

many rays. There are many species, of which the most remarkable are the following:

1. S. albus, the white, migrates out of the sea into the river Esk in Cumberland, from July to September. When dressed the flesh of these fish is red and most delicious eating. They have, on their first appearance from the salt water, the lernæa salmonea, or salmon louse, adhering to them. They never exceed a foot in length. The upper jaw is a little longer than the lower; in the first are two rows of teeth, in the last one; on the tongue are six teeth. The back is straight, the whole body of an elegant form, the lateral line is straight; color, between that and the top of the back, dusky and silvery intermixed; beneath the line white; first dorsal fin spotted with black; tail black, and much

forked.

2. S. alpinus, the red charr, is an inhabitant of the lakes of the north, and of those of the mountainous parts of Europe. It chooses clear and pure waters, and is very 'rarely known to wander into running streams. It is found in vast abundance in the cold lakes on the summits of the Lapland mountains, and is almost the only fish that is met with in any plenty in those regions. The larvæ of a species of gnat afford food to the fish, who in their turn are a support to the migratory Laplanders, in their summer voyages to the distant lakes. There are but few lakes in our island that produce this fish; and even those not in any abundance. It is found in Ullswater and Windermere in Westmoreland; in Llyn Quellyn, near the foot of Snowdon; and, before the discovery of the copper mines, in those of Llynberris; but the mineral streams have entirely destroyed the fish in the last lakes. In Scotland it is found in Loch Inch and other neighbouring lakes, and is said to go into the Spey to spawn. They are supposed to be in the highest perfection about May, and continue so all the summer; yet are rarely caught after April. When they are spawning in the river they will take a bait, but at no other time; being commonly taken, as well as the other species, in what they call breast-nets, which are in length about twenty-four fathoms, and about five where broadest. They are taken in greatest plenty from the end of September to the end of November. This species is much esteemed for the table, and is very delicate when potted.

3. S. eperlanus, the smelt, inhabits the seas of the northern parts of Europe, and is found as far south as the Seine. They are also taken in the Straits of Magellan, and of a most surprising size, some measuring twenty inches in length and eight in circumference. They inhabit the seas that wash these islands the whole year, except when they ascend the rivers. In certain rivers they appear a long time before they spawn, being taken in great abundance in November, December, and January, in the Thames and Dee, but in others not till February; and in March and April they spawn; after which they all return to the salt water, and are not seen in the rivers till the next season. They never come into the Mersey as long as there is any snow water in the river. These fish vary greatly in size; but the largest we ever heard of was thir

teen inches long, and weighed half a pound. They have a very particular scent, whence is derived one of their English names, smelt, i. e. smell it. That of sparling, which is used in Wales and the north of England, is taken from the French sperlan. The fishing for smelts in the Thames is prohibited under heavy penalties, and the exertions of the magistrates have nearly put an end to it. The fish can hardly be purchased in London at any price however extravagant. It is a fish of a very beautiful form and color; the head is transparent, and the skin in general so thin that with a good microscope the blood may be observed to circulate. The irides are silvery; the pupil of a full black; the under jaw is the longest; in the front of the upper jaw are four large teeth; those in the sides of both are small; in the roof of the mouth are two rows of teeth; on the tongue two others of large teeth. The scales are small, and readily drop off; the tail consists of nineteen rays, and is forked. The color of the back is whitish, with a cast of green, beneath which it is varied with blue, and then succeeds a beautiful gloss of a silvery hue.

4. S. fario, the trout: the colors of which vary greatly in different waters, and in different seasons. Trouts differ also in size. The stomachs of the common trouts are uncommonly thick and muscular. They feed on the shell-fish of lakes and rivers, as well as on small fish. They likewise take into their stomachs gravel or small stones, to assist in comminuting the testaceous parts of their food. The trouts of certain lakes in Ireland, such as those of the province of Galway and some others, are remarkable for the great thickness of their stomachs, which, from some slight resemblance to the organs of diges tion in birds, have been called gizzards; the Irish name the species that has them gillaroo trouts. These stomachs are sometimes served up to table alone, under the appellation of gillaroo. Trouts are most voracious fish, and afford excellent diversion to the angler. Trouts shift their quarters to spawn; and like salmon make up towards the heads of rivers to deposit their roes. The under jaw of the trout is subject, at certain times, to the same curvature as that of the salmon. Trouts are caught in very great plenty at all seasons of the year; one weighing a pound and a half is a usual size, though some are caught of four pound weight. Five or six ounces is a common weight; the largest are commonly the best for the table, when a deep salmon color. In winter great quantities are potted along with the charre, and sent to London, &c. Geld fish (those without spawn) are the firmest and best.

5. S. lavaretus, the gwiniad, is an inhabitant of several of the lakes of the Alpine parts of Europe. It is found in those of Switzerland, Savoy, and Italy; of Norway, Sweden, Lapland, and Scotland; in those of Ireland and of Cumberland; and in Wales, in that of Llyntegid, near Bala, in Merionethshire. It is the same with the ferra of the lake of Geneva; the schelly of Hulsewater; the pollen of Loch Neah; the vangis and juvengis of Loch Mbaon. It is said to have been first introduced into Scotland by queen Mary; and as in her time the Scottish

and

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