none of the traditions, explications, or modifications of the Pharisees; they kept only to the text of the law; and maintained that only what was written was to be observed. The Sadducees are accused of rejecting all the books of Scripture except those of Moses. But Scaliger vindicates them from this reproach, and observes that they did not appear in Israel till after the canon was completed; and that, if they had been to choose out of the canonical Scriptures, the Pentateuch was less favorable to them than any other book, since it often mentions angels. Besides, the Sadducees were present in the temple, where the books of the prophets were daily read, and were in the chief employments of the nation; many of them were even priests. Menasseh Ben Israel says, expressly, that they did not reject the prophets, but that they explained them in a sense very different from that of the other Jews. Josephus assures us that they denied destiny or fate; alleging that these were only sounds void of sense, and that all the good or evil that happens to us is in consequence of the good or evil side we have taken, by the free choice of our will. They said, also, that God was far removed from doing or knowing evil, and that man was the absolute master of his own actions. Yet it is certain they were not only tolerated among the Jews, but were admitted to the high priesthood itself. John Hyrcanus, high priest, separated from the Pharisees, and went over to this sect; and gave strict command to the Jews, on pain of death, to receive the maxims of this sect. Aristobulus and Alexander Jannæus, sons of Hyrcanus, favored the Sadducees; and Maimonides assures us that under Alexander Jannæus they possessed all the offices of the Sanhedrim, and that there only remained of the party of the Pharisees Simon the son of Secra Caiaphas, who condemned Jesus Christ, was a Sadducee, as well as Ananus the younger, who put to death St. James. The modern Jews hold as heretics that small number of Sadducees that are among them. The sect of the Sadducees was much reduced by the destruction of Jerusalem, and by the dispersion of the Jews; but it revived afterwards. At the beginning of the third century it was so formidable in Egypt that Ammonius wrote against them, or rather against the Jews, who tolerated the Sadducees, though they denied the fundamental points of their religion. The emperor Justinian mentions the Sadducees in one of his acts, banishes them out of his dominions, and condemns them to the severest punishment, as people that maintained atheistical and impious tenets. nus, or Ananus, a disciple of Juda, son of Nachman, a famous rabbi of the eighth century, declared himself in favor of the Sadducees, and strenuously defended them; as did also, in the twelfth century, Alpharag, a Spanish rabbi. This doctor wrote against the Pharisees, and maintained that the purity of Judaism was only to be found among the Sadducees; that the traditions avowed by the Pharisees were useless; and that the ceremonies, which they had multiplied without end, were an insupportable yoke. An SADLER (Anthony), D. D., an eminent English divine; born at Chilton, in Wiltshire, in 1610. He took his degree in 1665, and was appointed one of the king's chaplains by Charles II. He died in 1680. SADLER (William Windham), an ingenious aeronaut, who fell a victim to the practice of his profession. On the 30th of September, 1824, he ascended from the neighbourhood of Blackburn in Lancashire; and in the descent, the car being driven against a chimney, Mr. Sadler was thrown out, at the height of about forty yards from the ground, when his skull was fractured, and he was otherwise so injured as to occasion his death, in the twenty-eighth year of his age. He had made thirty aerial voyages, in one of which he crossed the Irish channel, ascending at Dublin and alighting on the Welsh coast, and possessed considerable talents as a chemist and engineer, in which capacities he was employed by the first gas company established at Liverpool, where he had also fitted up warm, medicated, and vapor baths. SADOLET (James), a learned cardinal, born at Modena in 1477. Leo X. made him his secretary. Sadolet was soon after made bishop of Carpentras, near Avignon. He was made a cardinal in 1536, by Paul III., and employed in several negociations and embassies. He died in 1547, not without the suspicion of poison, for corresponding too familiarly with the Protestants, and for testifying too much regard for some of their doctors. His works, which are in Latin, were collected in 1607 at Mentz, in 1 vol. 8vo. All his contemporaries spoke of him in the highest terms. SADYATTES, the son of Gyges, king o Lydia, father of Alyattes II., and grandfather of the famous Croesus. He succeeded Ardysus II. about A. A. C. 631; carried on a war against the Milesians for six years, and died in 619, in his thirteenth year. SAFE, adj. & n. s. : Fr. sauf; Lat. salvus. Secure; free from danger for hurt; harmless a safe place for depositing food; a safe-conduct is, a pass or warrant to pass; a convoy : safeguard, protection; defence; pass and, as a verb neuter, to protect: safely and safeness follow the senses of safe, adjective: safety is, security; freedom or preservation from hurt; custody. To write the same things to you, to me is not grievous, but to you safe. Phil. iii. 1. We serve the living God as near as our wits can reach to the knowledge thereof, even according to his own will; and do therefore trust that his mercy shall be our safeguard. Our separated fortune Hooker. Shakspeare. Macbeth. If you do fight in safeguard of your wives, Id. Shakspeare. God safely quit her of her burden, and with gentle A trumpet was sent to the earl of Essex for a safeguard or pass to two lords, to deliver a message from the king to the two houses. Ascend; I follow thee, safe guide, the path Thou leadest me. Id. Milton. But Trivia kept in secret shades alone, Dryden. Put your head into the mouth of a wolf, and, when you've brought it out safe and sound, talk of a reward. L'Estrange. Who is there that hath the leisure and means to collect all the proofs, concerning most of the opinions he has, so as safely to conclude that he hath a clear and full view? Locke. If a man should forbear his food or his business, till he had certainty of the safeness of what he was going about, he must starve and die disputing. South. If her acts have been directed well, While with her friendly clay she deigned to dwell, Shall she with safety reach her pristine seat, Find her rest endless, and her bliss complete? Prior. Great numbers, descended from them, have, by the blessing of God upon their industry, raised themselves so high in the world as to become, in times of difficulty, a protection and a safeguard to that altar, at which their ancestors ministered.- Atterbury. Thy sword, the safeguard of thy brother's throne, Is now become the bulwark of thy own. Granville. Beyond the beating surge his course he bore, With longing eyes observing to survey Some smooth ascent, or safe sequestered bay. Pope. SAFE-CONDUCT is a security given by a prince under the great seal, to a stranger, for his safe coming into and passing out of the realm. There are letters of safe-conduct which must be enrolled in chancery; and the persons to whom they may be granted must have them ready to show. SAFETY LAMP. For a description of this humane and useful invention see LAMP and COAL. One inconvenience attached to this lamp was, that the perfect safety which attended its use often induced the men at work in the mines to go into more deteriorated atmospheres than they otherwise would, which sometimes occasioned the lights to be extinguished. To obviate this inconvenience, Sir Humphrey Davy has contrived to suspend a coil of platinum wire over the flame of each lamp, the effect of which is, that the moment the light is extinguished by the superabundance of carbureted hydrogen gas in the atmosphere, the coil of platinum wire becomes of an intense red heat; and this affords light enough to enable the men to find the road through the different passages to the entrance of the mine. This alone would have been an important improvement--but this is not all; for no sooner is the lamp brought into a part of the mine in which the atmosphere contains less than one-fourth of carbureted hydrogen gas, than the heated platinum wire of itself re-lights the lamp, and the men are enabled to return to their work without further interruption and in perfect safety. Mr. Murray's new safety lamp, preresented in the annexed diagram, consists of two concentric cylinders of thick glass, the space between being filled with water through a pipe at top, and represented in the figure, having an airescape aperture on the opposite side. Over the flame of the wick,' says Mr. M., is a bell or funnel, with a double recurved pipe issuing from its summit, and passing below the lamp, terminating immediately under a single central aperture. Here the products of combustion are discharged (the excess is of course disengaged by the usual aperture at the top of the cylinder), and mingled with the exploand passing to the flame of the sive atmosphere rising from below, lamp. This is again mixed more intimately at its immediate ingress, where it passes through the apertures represented on each side of the lamp. The rest may be inferred from a simple inspection of the figure, in which two of the ribs that fence in the outer cylinder (a guard from external injury) are supposed to be removed, in order to show the internal arrangement to better advantage. By a circular band of lead affixed to its base, the instrument will always fall vertically; and, should it accidentally fall on its side, it will immediately recover its upright position. The water will not spill in any condition of the instrument, for the resistance of the atmosphere will prevent this. It is shown lower in the cylinders than it ought to be, in order to be clearly represented. The water will preserve the inner cylinder of an equable temperature. Hedged in by water, external injury may only affect the outer wall; but, granting that the instrument is crushed to atoms in an explosive atmosphere, the worst that can happen is the extinction of the flame within by a flood of water.' 'I see,' continues the inventor, no necessity for shielding the inner cylinder by metallic bars, because explosion cannot take place within. The lamp is a self regulator; for, as the quantity of azote, &c., will be in the ratio of the quantity of the disarmed explosive mixture, and consequent elongation of the spire of flame, so soon as it amounts to a maximum, extinction takes place, and the comparative color of the flame, with the varied phenomena of the exotic lamben: flame, will afford an elegant measure of that explosive force which has been disarmed before its transmission from the portal below. This lamp has been submitted to the ordeal of explosive atmospheres, with the most complete success. No explosion whatever occurs within the cylinder. When the explosive atmosphere, mixed with the product of combustion, passes towards the lamp, the color of its flame is changed, and it shoots up into the bell or funnel (which carries off these chemical products of flame, in order that they may be mixed with the explosive atmosphere, before it passes into the cylinder); and, as the explosive mixture increases, a lambent attenuated flame plays silently round that of the lamp, which finally disappears; and, when it has reached its maximum, it is tranquilly extinguished. SAFFI, or AZAFFI, a sea-port of Morocco, the capital of the province of Abda. It is supposed to be a town originally built by the Carthaginians, and is situated between two hills. Here is a very fine road, affording anchorage in every season, except in winter, when the winds blow from the south and south-west. The French had several factories there, where they took in great quantities of wool, wax, gum, and leather; but the emperor, having founded (Mogodor, gave it the monopoly of the trade with Europe. The country round consists of a dry and barren sand, and the Moors are very rude and fanatical here. The population is stated by Jackson at 12,000. Long. 9° 5' W., lat. 32° 20′ N. SAFFRON, n. s. Fr: sufran; from Arab. saphar; Span. azafran. A plant. Are these your customers? Did this companion, with the saffron face, Shakspeare. Soon as the white and red mixt finger'd dame Chapman's Odyssey. Grind your bole and chalk, and five or six chives of saffron. Peacham. Now when the rosy morn began to rise, An herb they call safflow, or bastard saffron, dyers Saffron is generally planted upon fallow ground, and they prefer that which has borne barley the year before. The saffron ground is seldom above three acres; and, in choosing, the principal thing is, that it be well exposed, the soil not poor, nor a very stiff clay, but a temperate dry mould, such as commonly lies upon chalk, and is of a hazel color. The ground being chosen, about Lady-day or the beginning of April it must be carefully ploughed, the furrows being drawn much closer together, and deeper, if the soil will allow, than is done for any kind of corn; and accordingly the charge is greater. About five weeks after, during any time in May, they lay between twenty and thirty loads of dung upon each acre; and, having spread it with great care, they plough it in as before. The shortest rotten dung is the best; and the farmers spare no pains to make it good, being sure of a proportionable return. About midsummer they plough a third time, and between every sixteen feet and a half they leave a broad furrow, which serves both as a boundary to the several parcels, and for throwing the weeds into at the proper season. The time of planting is commonly in July. The only instrument used at this time is a small narrow spade, commonly called a spit shovel. One man with his shovel raises about three or four inches of earth, and throws it before him about six or more inches. Two persons, generally women, foilow with roots, which they place in the farthest edge of the trench made by the digger, at about three inches from each other. As soon as the digger has gone once the breadth of the ridge, he begins again at the other side; and, digging as before, covers the roots last set, which makes room for another row of roots at the same distance from the first. The only dexterity necessary in digging is to leave some part of the first stratum of earth untouched to lie under the roots; and, in setting, to place the roots directly upon their bottom. The quantity of roots planted on an acre is generally about sixteen quarters, or 128 bushels. From the time of planting till September, or sometimes later, there is no more labor required; but at that time they begin to vegetate, and are ready to show themselves above ground, which may be known by digging up a few of the roots. The ground is then to be pared with a sharp hoe, and the weeds raked into the furrows, otherwise they would hinder the growth of the saffron. In some time after the flowers appear. They are gathered before they are full blown, as well as after; and the proper time for it is early in the morning. The owners of the saffron fields get together a sufficient number of hands, who pull off the whole flowers, and throw them by handfuls into a basket, and so continue till about 11 o'clock. Having then carried home the flowers, they immediately fall to picking out the stigmata or chives, and together with them a pretty large proportion of the stylus itself; the rest of the flower they throw away. Next morning they return to the field, without regarding whether the weather be wet or dry; and so on daily, till the whole crop is gathered.-The next labor is to dry the chives on the kiln. The kiln is built upon a thick plank, that it may be moved from place to place. It is supported by four short legs; the outside consists of eight pieces of wood of three inches thick, in form of a quadrangular frame, about twelve inches square at the bottom on the inside, and twenty-two on the upper part; which last is likewise the perpendicular height of it. On the foreside is left a hole of about eight inches square, and four inches above the plank, through which the fire is put in; over all the rest laths are laid pretty thick, close to one another, and nailed to the frame. They are then plastered over on both sides, as are also the planks at bottom, very thick, to serve for a hearth. Over the mouth is laid a hair-cloth, fixed to the edges of the kiln, and likewise two rollers or moveable pieces of wood, which are turned by wedges or screws, to stretch the cloth. Instead of the hair-cloth, some people use a network of iron wire, by which the saffron is sooner dried, and with less fuel; but the difficulty of preserving it from burning makes the hair-cloth preferred by the best judges. The kiln is placed in a light part of the house; and they begin with putting five or six sheets of white paper on the hair-cloth, and upon these they lay out the wet saffron two or three inches thick. It is then covered with some other sheets of paper, and over these is laid a coarse blanket five or six times doubled, or, instead of this, a canvas pillow filled with straw; and, after the fire has been lighted for some time, the whole is covered with a board having a considerable weight upon it. At first they apply a pretty strong heat; and at this time a great deal of care is necessary to prevent burning. When it has been thus dried about an hour they turn the cakes of saffron upside down, putting on the coverings and weight as before. If no accident happens during these first two hours the danger is over; and nothing more is requisite but to keep up a very gentle fire for twenty-four hours, turning the cake every half hour. That fuel is best which yields least smoke; for which reason charcoal is preferred. The quantity of saffron produced at a crop is uncertain. Sometimes five or six pounds of wet chives are got from one rood, sometimes not above one or two, and sometimes not so much as is sufficient to defray the expense of gathering and drying. But it is always observed that about five pounds of wet saffron go to make one pound of dry for the first three weeks of the crop, and six pounds during the last week. When the heads are planted very thick two pounds of dry saffron may at a medium be allowed to an acre for the first crop, and twenty-four pounds for the two remaining ones, the third being considerably larger than the second. To obtain the second and third crops the hoeing, gathering, picking, &c., must be repeated; and about midsummer, after the third crop is gathered, the roots must all be taken up and transplanted. For taking up the roots sometimes the plough is used, and sometimes a forked hoe; and then the ground is harrowed once or twice over. During all the time of ploughing, harrowing, &c., fifteen or more people will find work enough to follow and gather the heads as they are turned up. The roots are next to be carried to the house in sacks, where they are cleaned thoroughly from earth, decayed old pieces, involucra, or excrescences, after which they become fit to be planted in new ground, or they may be kept for some time without danger of spoiling. At a medium, twenty-four quarters of clean roots, fit to be planted, may be had from each acre. In purchasing saffron that kind ought to be chosen which has the broadest blades; this being the mark by which English saffron is distin guished from the foreign. It ought to be of an orange or fiery red color, and to yield a dark yellow tincture. It should be chosen fresh, not above a year old, in close cakes, neither dry nor yet very moist, tough and firm in tearing, of the same color within as without, and of a strong, acrid, diffusive smell. SAFFRON, the Kрокоç of the Greeks, crocus of the Latins, and zaffaran, or zahafaran of the Arabians, was held in much estimation by the Hebrews, who called it carcom, and was greatly celebrated in ancient times both by physicians and poets. In medicine it was considered to be very powerful, but it is not now much used. Saffron imparts the whole of its virtues and color to rectified spirit, proof spirit, wine, vinegar, and water. A tincture drawn with vinegar loses greatly its color in keeping; the watery and vinous tinctures are apt to grow sour, and then lose their color also; that made in pure spirit keeps in perfection for many years. SAFFRON, BASTARD. See CARTHAMUS. SAFFRON WALDEN, a market-town and parish of Essex, twelve miles north from Bishop's Stortford, and forty-two north-east from London. The church is a fine old Gothic building, and there are Presbyterian, Baptist, and Quakers' meeting-houses, with several well-endowed almshouses, and a free-school. A considerable trade is carried on in malting, and in the manufacture of bolting-cloths, checks, fustians, &c. The town is irregularly built and not paved. It was incorporated by Edward VI., and is governed by a mayor and aldermen. The keep of its ancient castle is still to be seen, and on the green behind it is a singular work, called the Maze, consisting of a number of concentric circles, with four outworks issuing from the four sides, all cut in the chalk, and supposed by Dr. Stukely to have been a British place of exercise for the soldiery. Audley-End, the seat of lord Braybrook, stands on the site of a priory of Benedictines, and was once a royal palace of great magnificence and extent, but part of it has been pulled down. Market on Saturday. SAG, v. n. Goth. and Swed. siga. To hang heavy. The mind I say by, and the heart I bear, Shall never sag with doubt, nor shake with fear. Shakspeare. SAGAN, in Scripture history, the suffragan or deputy of the Jewish high-priest. According to some writers, he was only to officiate for him when he was rendered incapable of attending the service through sickness or legal uncleanness on the day of expiation; or, according to others, he was to assist the high-priest in the care of the affairs of the temple and the service of the priests. SAGAPENUM, in pharmacy, &c., a gumresin brought to us in two forms; the finer and purer is in loose granules or single drops; the coarser kind is in masses composed of these drops of various sizes cemented together. In either case it is of a firm and compact substance, considerably heavy, and of a reddish color on the outside, brownish within, and spotted in many places with small yellowish or whitish specks. Its smell is strong and disagreeable; its taste acrid and unpleasant. It is imported from Persia and the East Indies. The plant which produces it is supposed to be of the ferula kind, from the seeds and fragments of the stalks sometimes met with in the body of it. Its dose is from ten grains to two scruples; but it is now seldom given alone. It is an ingredient in the theriaca, mithridate, and many other compositions of the shops. SAGARA, the ancient Helicon of Greece, stands a few miles to the north of the gulf of Corinth. It is of considerable height, and its scenery is picturesque. Here may still be traced the fountains of Aganippe and Hippocrene, the stream of Permessus, and the village of Ascra, the birth-place of Hesiod, now also called, after the mountain, Sagara. From its top may be seen a great part of Greece. SAGE, adj. & n. s. SAGE'LY, adv. SAGE'LINESS, n. s. vity or wisdom: the tive corresponding. Fr. sage; Ital. saggio; Lat. sugar. Wise; grave; prudent: a man of graadverb and noun substan Though you profess Yourselves such sages; yet know I no less, Nor am to you inferior. Tired limbs to rest, O matron sage, quoth she, I hither came. Sandys. Faerie Queene. Vane, young in years, but in sage councils old, Than whom a better senator ne'er held The helm of Rome. At his birth a star proclaimed him come, And guides the eastern sages, who enquire His place, to offer incense, myrrh, and gold. Milton. Can you expect that she should be so sage To rule her blood, and you not rule your rage? Id. Waller. Marbled with sage the hard'ning cheese she pressed. SAGE, in botany. See SALVIA. SAGE (Alan René Le), a celebrated French writer, born at Ruys, in Brittany, in 1667. He was a complete master of the French and Spanish languages, and wrote several admired novels in imitation of the Spanish authors. These were, The Bachelor of Salamanca, 2 vols. 12mo.; New adventures of Don Quixote, 2 vols. 12mo.; The Devil on Two Sticks, 2 vols. 12mo.; and Gil Blas, 4 vols. 12mo. He produced also some comedies, and died in 1747, near Paris. SAGHALIEN, called also Oku Jesso, the Upper Jesso, and by the natives Tchoka, a large island at the eastern extremity of Asia, immediately to the north of the island of Jesso. It is about 450 miles in length from north to south, and from forty to 130 in breadth from east to west, separated from the continent by a narrow channel, called the channel of Tartary. It has become a subject of controversy among navigators whether this channel extends along the whole western coast, thus forming Saghalien into an island, or whether there be an isthmus connecting it with Tartary, rendering it a peninsula. D'Anville, in his maps, describes it sometimes one way and sometimes the other; and though Peyrouse entered the channel, he was obliged, by adverse winds, to quit it before examining its whole extent. On enquiring of the people of Saghalien itself, he was assured that it was an island, separated from the continent only by a narrow strait. The people of Tartary, on the other hand, asserted that Saghalien was connected with the continent by an isthmus of sand. Peyrouse, on the whole, was led to conclude that there was a strait, but so obstructed by sand and sea-weed as to be scarcely passable. Some geographers are of opinion that all the circumstances may be best accounted for, by supposing a very narrow and winding strait separating the two coasts. This is the delineation followed in the Chinese and Japanese maps. Saghalien, late Jesso, appears to be very mountainous towards the centre, and on the eastern coast. To the south of 51° the country becomes more level, and exhibits only sand-hills. Here the soil exhibits a vigorous vegetation, and is covered with forests of pine, oak, willow, and birch. The surrounding sea and the rivers produce an extraordinary quantity of fish. Roses, angelica, and other flowers, flourish on the hills. The eastern coast, along which the Russian navigator Krusenstern sailed, appeared to be nearly destitute of inhabitants. Peyrouse gives a very favorable account of those with whom he had intercourse. They sail in boats of willow bark, similar to those made on the neighbouring island of Jesso. The north-east coast, opposite to the mouth of the Saghalien, is occupied by a colony of Mantchou Tartars. The Japanese had formed a colony in the bay of Aniwa, at the southern extremity of the island; but it has been destroyed by the Russians. SAGINA, in botany, pearl-wort, a genus of the tetragynia order, and tetrandria class of plants; natural order twenty-second, caryophylleæ: CAL. te |