salt, corn, and cattle. It has an extensive fishery of pilchards. Inhabitants 5200. Forty-five miles south of Nantes. SABLIERE (Anthony), de Ranibouille de la, a French poet, who died in Paris in 1680. His Madrigals, which are much celebrated, were published after his death by his son. SABOLCS, a palatinate of the east of Hungary, bounded on the west and north by the river Theyss. It has a superficial extent of 2120 square miles, consisting entirely of level ground; in part covered with sand, and another part with small lakes, of so little depth as to dry up in summer, when soda is found in the bottom. The Theyss often overflows its banks, and causes great ravages; yet this district produces large quantities of corn, tobacco, and fruit. The chief town is Nagy Kallo, and the inhabitants of the palatinate, amounting to 135,000, are Calvinists. SABON, an island of a triangular form, at the south entrance of the straits of Malacca. It is about twenty-four miles in circumference, and separated from the island of Sumatra by a navigable channel, called the Straits of Sabon. Long. 103° 21' E., lat. 0° 42′ N. SA'BRE, n. s. Fr. sabre. I suppose of To me the cries of fighting fields are charms; Dryden. gave, In the vile habit of a village slave, Pope's Odyssey. SABRE, a kind of sword with a very broad and heavy blade, thick at the back, and a little falcated or crooked towards the point: it is generally worn by the heavy cavalry. The grenadiers, belonging to the whole of the French infantry, are likewise armed with sabres. The blade is not so long as that of a small sword, but it is nearly twice as broad. French hussars wear the curved ones somewhat longer than those of the grenadiers. SABRE-TASCHE, from the Ger. tasche, pocket. An appointment or part of accoutrement which has been adopted for the use and convenience of dragoon officers. It consists of a pocket which is suspended from the sword-belt on the left side, by three slings to correspond with the belt. It is usually of an oblong shape scolloped at the bottom with a device in the centre, and a broad lace round the edge. The color of it always corresponds with that of the uniform. SACE, an ancient people of Scythia, who inhabited the country east of Bactriana and Sogdiana, north of Mount Imaus. They lived in tents and built no towns. Ptol. vi. 13, Herod. iii. c. 93. SACEA, a feast which the ancient Babylonians and other orientals held annually in honor of the deity Anaitas. The Sacæa were in the east what the Saturnalia were at Rome, viz. a feast for the slaves. One of the ceremonies was to choose a prisoner condemned to death, and allow him all the pleasures and gratifications he could wish before he was carried to execution. SACCANIA, one of the four provinces into which the Peloponnesus or Morea was divided by the Turks. It is bounded by the province of Zakounia (the ancient Laconia) by the isthmus of Corinth, and the gulfs of Lepanto, Egina, and Napoli, and comprehends the ancient territories of Corinth, Sicyon, and Argos, forming the north-east part of the Morea. See GREECE. SACCHARINE, adj. Lat. saccharum. Having the taste, or any other of the chief qualities of sugar. Manna is an essential saccharine salt, sweating from the leaves of most plants. Arbuthnot on Aliments. SACCHAROMETER, the name of an instrument for ascertaining the value of worts, and the strength of different kinds of malt liquors. It is merely an hydrometer contrived to ascertain the specific gravity of worts, or rather to compare the weight of worts with that of equal quantities of the liquor employed in the brewery. The principle is as follows:-The menstruum or water employed by the brewer becomes heavier or more dense by the addition of such parts of the materials as have been dissolved or extracted by, and thence incorporated with it: the operation of boiling, and its subsequent cooling, still adds to the density of it by evaporation : so that, when it is submitted to the action of fermentation, it is more dense than at any other period. In passing through this operation a remarkable alteration takes place. The fluid no sooner begins to ferment than its density begins to diminish; and, as the fermentation is more or less perfect, the fermentable matter becomes more or less attenuated; and, in lieu of every particle thus attenuated, a spirituous particle, of less density than water, is produced; so that when the liquor is again in a state of quietude, it is so much specifically lighter than it was before, as the act of fermentation has been capable of attenuating the component parts of its acquired density. SACCHARUM, the sugar cane, in botany, a genus of the digynia order and triandria class of plants; natural order fourth, gramina: CAL. none but a long down: cor. bivalved. Species eleven; the chief is, S. officinarum, called by former botanists arundo saccharifera. It is a native of Africa, the East Indies, and of Brazil; whence it was introduced into our West India islands soon after they were settled. For the process of making sugar, see SUGAR. SACCHI (Andrew), a celebrated painter, born at Rome in 1594. He was the disciple of Francis Albano, whom he afterwards surpassed in taste and correctness. He distinguished him self by his paintings in fresco, and arrived at a high degree of perfection. The works of Sacchi are finished with uncommon care and skill. He died in 1668. SACCHOLACTIC ACID. See MUCIC ACID. SACERDOTAL, adj. Lat. sacerdotalis. Priestly; belonging to the priesthood. They have several offices and prayers, especially for the dead, in which functions they use sacerdotur garments. Stilling fleet. He fell violently upon me, without respect to my sacerdotal orders. Dryden's Spanish Fryar. If ample powers, granted by the rulers of this world, add dignity to the persons intrusted with these powers, behold the importance and extent of the sacerdotal commission. Atterbury. SACHEVERELL (Dr. Henry), a clergyman of the Tory faction in the reign of queen Anne; who distinguished himself by his sermons and writings against the dissenters. He owed his consequence, however, to being indiscreetly prosecuted by the house of lords for his assize sermon at Derby, and his sermon on the 5th of November, at St. Paul's, in 1709; in which he asserted the doctrine of non-resistance to government in its utmost extent; and reflected severely on the act of toleration. The high and low church parties were then very violent, and Sacheverell's trial inflamed the high church party to dangerous riots and excesses; he was, however, suspended for three years, and his sermons burned by the common hangman. The Tories being in administration when his suspension expired, he was freed with every mark of honor and public rejoicing; was ordered to preach before the commons on the 29th of May, had the thanks of the house for his discourse, and obtained the valuable rectory of St. Andrew's Holborn. SACHTLEVEN (Cornelius and Herman), two celebrated Dutch painters. Herman was the most eminent. He was born at Rotterdam, in 1609, and was the disciple of Van Goyen. His pictures are rare and valuable. He died in 1685. SACK, n. s. & v. a. Sax. ræc; Heb. p; SACK-CLOTH, n. s. Gr. σakkoç; Lat. succus. It is observable of this word, says Dr. Johnson, that it is found in all languages, and it is therefore conceived to be antediluvian. A bag; a pouch; commonly a large bag; to put in bags; hence to plunder; pillage: and, as a noun substantive, the storm of a town: sack-cloth explains itself. Our sacks shall be a mean to sack the city: And we be lords and rulers over Roan. Id. Shakspeare. Henry VI. I'll make thee stoop and bend thy knee, Or sack this country with a mutiny. What armies conquered, perished with thy sword? What cities sacked? Fairfax. Who sees these dismal heaps, but would demand What barbarous invader sacked the land? Denham. If Saturn's son bestows Thy sack of Troy, which he by promise owes, The pope himself was ever after unfortunate, South. The great magazine for all kinds of treasure is the bed of the Tiber: when the Romans lay under the apprehensions of seeing their city sacked by a barbarous enemy, they would take care to bestow such of their riches this way as could best bear the water. Addison. Being clad in sackcloth, he was to lie on the ground, and constantly day and night implore God's mercy Ayliffe's Parergon. for the sin he had committed. Wood goes about with sackfuls of dross, odiously misrepresenting his prince's countenance. Swift. Coarse stuff made of goats hair, of a dark colour, worn by soldiers and mariners; and used as a habit among the Hebrews in times of mourning. Called sackcloth, either because sacks were made of this sort of stuff, or because haircloths were straight and close like a sack. Calmet. SACK. Fr. sec. Of uncertain etymology A kind of sweet wine, now brought chiefly from the Canaries. The sack of Shakspeare is believed to be what is now called sherry. Shakspeare. Pleash you drink a cup of sack. The butler hath great advantage to allure the maids with a glass of sack. Swift. Snuff the candles at supper on the table, because the burning snuff may fall into a dish of soup or sackposset. Id. SACK was a wine used by our ancestors, which some have taken to be Rhenish, and some Canary wine. Venner, in his Via Recta ad Vitam Longam, printed in 1628, says that sack, taken by itself, is very hot and very penetrative; being taken with sugar, the heat is both somewhat allayed, and the penetrative quality thereof also retarded.' He adds that Rhenish, &c., decline after a year, but sack and the other stronger wines are best when they are two or three years old. It appears probable that sack was not a sweet wine, from its being taken with sugar, and that it did not receive its name from having a saccharine flavor, but from its being originally stored in sacks or borachios. It does not appear to have been a French wine, but a strong wine, the production of a hot climate. Perhaps it was what is called dry mountain, or some Spanish wine of that kind. This is the more probable, as Howell, in his French and English Dictionary, 1650, translates sack by vin d'Espagne, vin sec. SACK BUT, n. s. buche; Lat. sumbuca. The trumpets, sackbuts, Make the sun dance. Fr. sambuque; Span. sacaA kind of pipe. psalteries, and fife, Shakspeare. Coriolanus. The SACKBUT is a musical instrument of the wind kind, being a sort of trumpet, though different from the common trumpet both in form and size; it is fit to play a bass, and is contrived to be drawn out or shortened, according to the tone required, whether grave or acute. The Italians call it trombone. SACKVILLE (Thomas), lord Buckhurst, and earl of Dorset, a statesman and poet, was born in 1536. He was sent to Hart Hall in Oxford, in the end of the reign of Edward VI., whence he removed to Cambridge, where he took the degree of M. A., and thence to the Inner Temple, where he studied the law, and was called to the bar. He commenced poet whilst at the universities, and his juvenile productions were much admired. About the fourth year of queen Mary, he was a member of the house of commons. In 1557 he wrote a poem entitled The Induction, or the Mirror of Magistrates. In 1551 his tragedy of Gorboduc was acted before queen Elizabeth by the gentlemen of the Inner Temple. In the first parliament of Elizabeth's reign Mr. Sackville was member for Sussex, and for Bucks in the second. In the mean time he made the tour of France and Italy, and in 1566 was imprisoned at Rome, when his father died; by which he became possessed of a very considerable fortune. Having obtained his liberty, be returned to England; and being knighted was created lord Buckhurst. In 1570 he was sent ambassador to France. In 1586 he was one of the commissioners appointed to try the unfortunate Mary queen of Scots; and was employed to report the confirmation of her sentence, and to see it executed. In 1587 he went ambassador to the states general, in consequence of their complaint against the earl of Leicester; who, disliking his impartiality, prevailed on the queen to recal him, and he was confined to his house. In this confinement he continued ten months, when, Leicester dying, he was restored to favor, and in 1580 was installed knight of the garter; but the greatest proof of the queen's partiality for him appeared in 1591, when she caused him to be elected chancellor of the university of Oxford, in opposition to her favorite Essex. In 1598, on the treasurer Burleigh's death, lord Buckhurst succeeded him, and became in effect prime minister; and when, in 1601, the earls of Essex and Southampton were brought to trial, he sat as lord high steward. On the accession of James I. he had the office of lord high treasurer confirmed to him for life, and was created earl of Dorset. He continued in high favor with the king till his death, which happened suddenly on the 19th of April, 1608, in the council chamber at Whitehall. He was interred in Westminster Abbey. SACKVILLE (Charles), earl of Dorset, a celebrated wit and poet, was born in 1637. He was one of the libertines of king Charles II.'s court, and indulged in inexcusable excesses. He openly discountenanced the violent measures of James II., and engaged early for the prince of Orange, by whom he was made lord chamberlain of the household, and a member of the privy council. He died in 1706, and left several poetical pieces, which were published among the works of the minor poets in 1749. SACRAMENT, n. s. Fr. sacrament; Lat. SACRAMENTAL, adj. sacramentum. An SACRAMENTALLY, adv. oath; any ceremony producing an obligation; an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace: the adjective and adverb corresponding. As often as we mention a sacrament, it is improperly understood; for in the writings of the ancient fathers all articles which are peculiar to Christian faith, all duties of religion containing that which sense or natural reason cannot discern, are most commonly named sacraments. Hooker. To make complete the outward substance of a sacrament, there is required an outward form, which form sacramental elements receive from sacramental words. Id. SACRAMENT is derived from the Latin sacramentum, which signifies an oath, particularly the oath taken by soldiers to be true to their country and general. The words of it, according to Polybius were, obtemperaturus sum et facturus quicquid mandabitur ab imperatoribus juxta vires. The word was adopted by the writers of the Latin church, and employed, perhaps with no great propriety, to denote those ordinances of religion by which Christians came under an obligation, equally sacred with that of an oath, to observe their part of the covenant of grace, and in which they have the assurance of Christ that he will fulfil his part of it. Of sacraments, in this sense of the word, Protestant churches admit of but two; and it is not easy to conceive how a greater number can be made out from Scripture, if the definition of a sacrament be just which is given by the church of England. By that church the meaning of the word is declared to be an outward and visible sign of an inward and spiritual grace given unto us, ordained by Christ himself as a means whereby we receive the same, and a pledge to assure us thereof.' According to this definition, baptism and the Lord's supper are certainly sacraments; for each answers the definition in the fullest sense of the words. See BAPTISM and SUPPER OF THE LORD. The Romanists, however, add to this number confirmation, penance, extreme unction, ordination, and marriage, holding in all seven sacraments; but two of those rites, not being peculiar to the Christian church, cannot be Christian sacraments, in contradistinction to the sacraments or obligations into which men of all religions enter. Marriage was instituted from the creation (see MARRIAGE); and penance or repentance has a place in all religions which teach that God is merciful and men fallible. The external severities imposed upon penitents indeed be in some respects peculiar to the disby the church of Rome (see PENANCE) may cipline of that church, though the penances of the Hindoos are certainly as rigid; but none of these severities were ordained by Christ, as the pledge of an inward and spiritual grace; nor do they bring men under obligations analogous to the meaning of the word sacramentum. Confirmation has a better title to the appellation than any of the other five; though it certainly was not considered as such by the earliest writers of the Christian church, nor does it appear to have been ordained by Christ himself. See CONFIRMATION. Ordination is by many churches considered as a very important rite; but as it is not administered to all men, nor has any particular form appropriated to it in the New Testament, it cannot be considered as a Christian sacrament conferring grace necessary to salvation. Extreme unction is a rite which took its rise from the miraculous powers of the primitive church, vainly claimed by the succeeding clergy. These considerations seem to have some weight with the Romish clergy themselves; for they call the eucharist, by way of eminence, the holy sacrament. Numerous as the sacraments of the Romish church are, a sect of Christians sprung up in England, early in the eighteenth century, who increased their number. The founder was a Dr. Deacon of Manchester, where the remains of it subsisted very lately. According to these men, every rite in the book called the apostolical constitutions was certainly in use among the apostles themselves. Still, however, they make a distinction between the greater and the less sacraments. The greater sacraments are baptism and the Lord's supper. The less are no fewer than ten; viz. :-five belonging to baptism, exorcism, anointing with oil, the white garment, a taste of milk and honey, and anointing with chrism or ointment. The other five are, the sign of the cross, imposition of hands, unction of the sick, holy orders, and matrimony. Of the nature of these less sacraments we need give no account. The sect which taught them, if not extinguished, is in its last wane. It has produced, however, one or two learned men; and its founder's Full, True, and Comprehensive View of Christianity, in two catechisms, is a work which the Christian antiquary will read with pleasure for information, and the philosopher for the materials which it contains for meditation on the workings of the human mind. It was published in 8vo. in 1748. SACRAMENT, CONGREGATION OF THE HOLY, a religious establishment formed in France, whose founder was Antherius, bishop of Bethlehem, and which, in 1644, received an order from Urban VIII. to have always a number of ecclesiastics ready to exercise their ministry among pagan nations, wherever the pope or congregation de propagandâ should appoint. SACRAMENT (St.), or Colonia, a city and colony which was held by the Portuguese, opposite the city of Buenos Ayres, on the shore of the La Plata. It has a tolerable port, receiving some shelter from the island of St. Gabriel; yet it is otherwise open and exposed. It was founded by the Portuguese, in the year 1679, under Don Manuel de Lobo, and has occasioned many struggles between Spain and Portugal. The fortress of St. Gabriel, which protects the harbour, is reckoned a strong one. Thirty-three miles north-east from Buenos Ayres. SACRAMENTARY, an ancient Romish church-book, which contains all the prayers and ceremonies practised at the celebration of the sacraments. It was written by pope Gelasius, and afterwards revised, corrected, and abridged, oy St. Gregory. SACRARIUM, in archaiology, a sort o family chapel in the houses of the Romans. It differed from the lararium, inasmuch as that was dedicated to all the household deities without exception, while the sacrarium was devoted to some particular divinity. Cicero, in his oration for Milo, speaks of the sacrarium de bona dea. The name was also given to that particular portion of the ancient temples wherein the sacred things were deposited. SACRED, adj. Fr. sacré Lat. sacer. SA'CREDLY, adv. Immediately relating to SA CREDNESS, n. s.) God; devoted to religious uses; holy; mysterious: the derivatives corresponding. Those who came to celebrate the sabbath, made a conscience of helping themselves for the honour of that most sacred day. Macc The honour's sacred, which he talks on now, Supposing that I lackt it. Shakspeare. Antony and Cleopatra The two most sacred names of earth and heaven. Poet and saint, to thee alone were given, Cowley Wolves shall succeed for teachers, grievous wolves, Who all the sacred mysteries of Heaven Smit with the love of sacred song. Milton Id. Dryden. Id. Secrets of marriage still are sacred held; Their sweet and bitter by the wise concealed. This insinuates the sacredness of power, let the administration of it be what it will. L'Estrange. When God had manifested himself in the flesh, how sacredly did he preserve this privilege! South. In the sanctuary the cloud, and the oracular answers, were prerogatives peculiar to the sacredness of the place. Ia. Before me lay the sacred text, SACRIFICABLE, adj. Arbuthnot. Fr. sacrifier; Lat. su late as an atonement or propitiation: with to; to offer a propitiatory victim: the act of offering, or thing offered: sacrificator is a redundant synonyme of sacrificer: the other derivatives are sufficiently plain. Let us go to sacrifice to the Lord. Exod. iii. 18. He that sacrificeth of things wrongfully gotten, his offering is ridiculous. Ecclus. xxxiv. 18. Alarbus' limbs are lopt, And intrails feed the sacrificing fire. Shakspeare. Titus Andronicus. Upon such sacrifice. Id. King Lear. Men from the herd or flock Of sacrificing bullock, lamb, or kid. Milton. Some mischief is befallen To that meek man who well had sacrificed. Id . Id. Although Jephtha's vow run generally for the words, whatsoever shall come forth; yet might it be restrained in the sense to whatsoever was sacrificable, and justly subject to lawful immolation, and so would not have sacrificed either horse or dog. Browne's Vulgar Errours. Not only the subject of sacrifice is questionable, but also the sacrificator, which the picture makes to be Jephtha. Browne. Tertullian's observation upon these sacrificial rites is pertinent to this rule. Taylor's Worthy Communicant. When some brawny sacrificer knocks, Before an altar led, an offered ox. Dryden. Locke. The breach of this rule, To do as one would be done to, would be contrary to that interest men sacrifice to when they break it. A priest pours wine between the horns of a bull: the priest is veiled after the manner of the old Roman sacrificers. Addison. I saw among the ruins an old heathen altar, with this particularly in it, that it is hollowed like a dish at one end; but it was not this end on which the sacrifice was laid. Id. A SACRIFICE is an offering made to God on an altar, as an acknowledgment of his power and a payment of homage. Sacrifices (though the term is sometimes used to comprehend all the offerings made to God, or in any way devoted to his service and honor) differ from mere oblations in this, that in a sacrifice there is a real destruction or change of the thing offered; whereas an oblation is only a simple offering or gift, without any such change at all: thus all sorts of tithes and first-fruits, and whatever of men's worldly substance is consecrated to God for the support of his worship and the miantenance of his ministers, are offerings or oblations; and these, under the Jewish law, were either of living creatures or other things: but sacrifices, in the more peculiar sense of the term, were either wholly or in part consumed by fire. Concerning the origin of sacrifices very various opinions have been held. By many the Phoenicians are supposed to have been the authors of them; though Porphyry attributes their invention to the Egyptians. By modern deists, sacrifices are said to have had their origin in superstition. It is therefore weak (say they) to derive this practice from any particular people; since the same mode of reasoning would lead various nations, without any intercourse with each other, to entertain the same opinions respecting the nature of their gods, and the proper means of appeasing their anger. Men of gross conceptions imagine their deities to be like themselves, covetous and cruel. They are accustomed to appease an injured neighbour by a composition in money; and they endeavour to compound in the same manner with their gods, by rich offerings to their temples and to their priests. The most valuable property of a simple people is their cattle. These offered in sacrifice are supposed to be fed upon by the divinity, and are actually fed upon by his priests. If a crime is committed which requires the punishment of death, it is accounted perfectly fair to appease the deity by offering one life for another; be cause, by savages, punishment is considered as a debt for which a man may compound, and which one man may pay for another. Hence, they allege, arose the notions of imputed guilt and vicarious atonement.-Had sacrifices never prevailed in the world but among such gross idolaters as worshipped departed heroes, who were supposed to retain in their state of deification all the passions and appetites of their mortal state, this account of the origin of that mode of worship would have been perfectly satisfactory. But ity, that sacrifices were in use among people who we know from the most incontrovertible authorworshipped the true God, and who must have had very correct notions of his attributes. Now we think it impossible that such notions could have led any man to fancy that the taking away of the life of a harmless animal, or the burning of a cake or other fruits of the earth in the fire, would be acceptable to a Being self-existent, omnipotent, and omniscient, who can neither be injured by the crimes of his creatures, nor receive any accession of happiness. the Jewish and Christian sacrifices, and firmly Some persons who admit the authenticity of rely on the atonement made by Christ, are yet unwilling to allow that sacrifices were originally instituted by God. Of this opinion were St. Chrysostom, Spencer, Grotius, and Warburton, as were likewise the Jewish Rabbies, Maimonides, R. Levi, and Ben Gerson. The greater part of these writers maintain that sacrifices were at first a human institution, and that God, to prevent their being offered to idols, introduced them into his service, though he did not approve of them as good in themselves, or as proper rites of worship. Warburton's theory of sacrifice is more plausible. According to this ingenious prelate, sacrifices had their origin in the sentiments of the human heart, and in the ancient mode of conversing by action in aid of words. Gratitude to God for benefits received is natural to the mind of man, as well as his bounden duty. Expiatory sacrifices,' he says, 'were in their own nature intelligible. Here some chosen animal, precious to the repenting criminal, who deprecates the Deity who is to be appeased, was offered up and slain at the altar, an action which in all languages speaks to this purpose:-I confess my transgressions at thy footstool, O my God! and with the deepest contrition implore thy pardon. And I own that I myself deserve the death which I now inflict on this animal.' See Divine Legation, B. ix. c. 2. This system of sacrifice, which the bishop thinks so well supported by the most early movements of simple nature, we admit to be ingenious, but by no means satisfactory. The two chief observances in the Jewish ritual were the sabbath and sacrifices. Though the distinction of weeks was well known over all the eastern world, the Hebrews, during their residence in Egypt, were probably very negligent in their observance of |