From hills raine waters headlong fall, That always eat huge ruts, which, met in one bed fill a vall

With such a confluence of streames, that on the mountaine grounds

noise rebounds.

Farre off, in frighted shepherds eares the bustling Chapman. The ground hereof was the observation of this part in deer after immoderate venery, and about the end of their rut. Browne.

RUTA, in botany, rue; a genus of the monogynia order, and decandria class of plants; natural order twenty-sixth, multisiliquæ: CAL. quinquepartite; petals concave; receptacle surrounded with ten melliferous pores: CAPS. lobed: SEEDS numerous. There are several species, of which the most remarkable are these:

1. R. baga, or Swedish turnip. See RURAL ECONOMY. Besides being later in shooting than the common turnip, this plant loses not its nutritive qualities after being shot, but retains all its juices and solidity. This root has been supposed a mere variety of the yellow turnip, but it is found to differ very materially. The stem has something of the appearance of the rape, or cabbage kind; and that part of the root which is above the surface of the ground is covered by a thick, green skin, which in some is smooth, but in others quite rough, and the internal fleshy part is of a dense firm consistence, having a yellowish tinge, nearly similar to that of the horn carrot. The great inducements for the farmer to enter freely into the culture of this root are, according to Mr. Young, 1. If he has the right sort of seed, the root yellow in flesh, and rough in coat, it lasts through all frosts, and may be depended on for sheep quite through the month of April, though drawn two months before, and spread on a grass field. 2. It is an excellent and nourishing food for sheep, and also for any sort of cattle. 3. It is equal to potatoes in keeping stock swine: a point of very great consequence. 4. It is, next to carrots, the very best food that can be given to horses. 5. It is sown at a season which leaves ample time, in case of a failure, to put in common turnips, or cabbages. Another extraordinary quality of the ruta baga is that it seems impossible to make it rot: though bit, or trod upon by cattle or horses, it never rots; but whatever part of the root is left, nay, if scooped out to the shell, it remains perfectly fresh, and in spring puts out a new stem. Both roots and leaves are excellent for culinary purposes.

use.

2. R. hortensis, or common broad-leaved garden rue, has been long cultivated for medicinal It rises with a shrubby stalk to the height of five or six feet, sending out branches on every side, garnished with leaves, whose small lobes are wedge-shaped, of a gray color, and have a strong odor. The flowers are produced at the end of the branches in bunches almost in the form of umbels: they are composed of four yellow concave petals, which are cut on their edges, and eight yellow stamina which are longer

than the petals, terminated by roundish summits. The germen becomes a roundish capsule, with four lobes, full of holes containing rough black seeds. Rue has a strong unpleasant smell, and a bitterish penetrating taste: the leaves, when full of vigor, are extremely acrid, insomuch as to inflame and blister the skin, if much handled. With regard to their medicinal virtues, they are powerfully stimulating, attenuating, and detergent. Boerhaave entertained a very high opinion of the virtues of this plant, particularly of the essential oil, and the distilled water cohobated or redistilled several times from fresh parcels of the herb

RUTCHESTER, an ancient town of Northumberland, north-west of Chollerton, called Vindobala by the Romans. The wall of Severus runs on the middle of the east rampart, and that of Adrian passes about a chain to the south of it. Its fort was formerly considerable, and its ruins are still remarkable. RUTH, n. s. RUTH'TUL, adj. RUTH FULLY, adv. RUTHLESS, adj.

From rue.

pity; tenderness: the derivatives all corresponding. Out of use.

His archers circle me; my reins they wound, And ruthless shed my gall upon the ground.

Sandys.

The Britons, by Maximilian laid way With wretched miserics and woful ruth, Were to those Pagans made an open prey. Spenser. Is sign of dreary death, my deadly cries Help me, ye baneful birds, whose shrieking sound Most ruthfully to tune. Id. Pastorals. The flower of horse and foot, lost by the valour of the enemy, ruthfully perished. Knolles.

What is Edward but a ruthless sea? What Clarence but a quicksand of deceit?

Shakspeare.

All ruth, compassion, mercy be forgot. Fairfax. By this Minerva's friend bereft Oileades of that rich bowl, and left his lips, nose, eyes

Ruthfully smeared.

Chapman's Iliad.

O wretch of guests, said he, thy tale hath stirred My mind to much ruth. Chapman. The inhabitants seldom take a ruthful and reaving experience of those harms, which infectious dis

eases carry with them.

The better part with Mary and with Ruth Chosen thou hast ; and they that overween, And at thy growing virtues fret their spleen, No anger find in thee, but pity and ruth.

Their age the hostile powers restrain, All but the ruthless monarch of the main.

Carew.

Milton.

Pope.

RUTH, a canonical book of the Old Testament, being a kind of appendix to the book of Judges, and an introduction to Samuel; and having its title from the person whose history is herein principally related. In this history are observable the ancient rights of kindred and redemption, and the manner of buying the inheritance of the deceased. The authenticity of this book was never disputed; but the learned are not agreed about the epocha of the history it relates. Watkins places it about A. A. C. 1254.

RUTHERFORD (John), M. D., one of the founders of the medical school in the University of Edinburgh, was born in 1695, and received the rudiments of his education at the parish school of Selkirk. After his father's death he

went to Edinburgh, where he studied at the University. He next engaged himself as an apprentice to a surgeon in Edinburgh, with whom he continued till 1716, when he went to London, and attended the lectures on anatomy by Dr. Douglas, on surgery by André, and on materia medica by Strother. In 1717 he returned to Edinburgh, and afterwards he went to Leyden, then the most famous medical school in Europe. In 1719 he went to France, and was, in July, admitted to the degree of M. D. at the University of Rheims. He spent the winter in Paris, for the sake of Winslow's demonstrations in anatomy; and in 1720 returned to Britain. In 1721 he settled as a physician in Edinburgh; and soon afterwards joined with Drs. Sinclair, Plummer, and Innes, in purchasing a laboratory, for the preparation of compound medicines. They also gave lectures on chemistry to a numerous audience; and soon after on other branches of medicine. In 1725 they were appointed conjunct professors in the University, and each for some time read lectures in every department of medical science, except anatomy, and carried forward their classes in rotation. In 1748 Dr. Rutherford introduced a great improvement in medical education. Sensible that abstract lectures on the symptoms and the mode of treating various diseases, of which the students know little but the names, could scarcely be of any benefit, he had for some time encouraged his pupils to bring patients to him on Saturday, when he enquired into the nature of their diseases, and prescribed for them in the presence of the class. This gave rise to the course of clinical lectures; the utility of which was so obvious that it was enacted, by a decree of the senate of the University, that no man should be admitted to an examination for his degree who had not attended those lectures; to which an excellent hospital, then newly erected, gave the professors every opportunity of doing ample justice. He resigned his professorship in 1765, after having taught medicine in its different departments for upwards of forty years. He died in Edinburgh in 1779.

RUTHERFORD (Thomas), D. D., was born in 1712; became fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge, regius professor of divinity in that university, rector of Shenfield, and archdeacon of Essex. He married Charlotte Elizabeth Abdy, daughter of Sir William Abdy, Bart. He published, 1. An Essay on the Nature and Obligations of Virtue; 8vo. 1744. 2. A System of Natural Philosophy; Cambridge, 1748; 2 vols. 8vo. 3. A Letter to Dr. Middleton, in defence of Bishop Sherlock; 8vo. 1750. 4. A Discourse on Miracles; 8vo. 1751. 5. Institutes of Natural Law; 2 vols. 8vo. 6, 7. Two Letters to Dr. Kennicott; 1761 and 1762. 8. A Vindication of Subscriptions to an Established Confession of Faith, &c.; Cambridge, 1767. 9, 10. Two other Tracts on the same subject; 1766 and 1767 besides several Sermons, and Charges to the Clergy. He died October 5th, 1771, aged fifty-nine.

RUTHERGLEN, or RUGLEN, an ancient royal borough of Scotland, in Lanarkshire. Maitland says it was founded by Ruther, the

seventh king of Scots, from whom it derived its name. From several original charters, still preserved, it is certain that it was erected into a royal borough by king David I. about 1126. The territory under the jurisdiction of the borough was extensive, and the inhabitants enjoyed many distinguished privileges, which were however gradually wrested from them in favor of Glasgow, which in later times rose into consequence by trade and inanufactures. It is now much reduced, consisting of but one street and a few lanes. About 150 yards to the south of the main street is a kind of lane, named Dins Dykes, where queen Mary was for a short time stopt in her flight, after the battle of Langside, by some insolent rustics. Adjoining to a lane called the Back Row stood the castle of Rutherglen, originally built about the time of the foundation of the town. This ancient fortress underwent several sieges during the wars in the days of king Robert Bruce, and it remained a place of strength until the battle of Langside; soon after which it was destroyed by the regent, to revenge himself on the Hamilton family, in whose custody it then was. No relic of it now exists. Rutherglen joins with Glasgow, Renfrew, and Dumbarton, in electing a member to the British parliament, Rutherglen is two miles south-east of Glasgow, and nine west of Hamilton.

RUTHVIN, a town of North Wales, in Denbighshire, with a good market on Monday, with an ancient castle seated in a valley on the Cluyd, now in ruins. The church, a handsome building, was made collegiate in 1310, at which time there was here a monastery of White Friars. The town was formerly surrounded by walls, but it is now little more than a broad ill-built street, leading to the market-house, near which stands the town-hall. It has a free school and a large hospital; fifteen miles south-west of Holywell, and 210 north-west of London.

RUTILIUS RUFUS (Publius), a Roman consul, in the age of Sylla, celebrated for his writings. Sylla having banished him, he retired to Smyrna, and refused, when solicited by his friends, to be restored by arms. He was the first who taught the Roman soldiers to fabricate their own weapons; and, during his exile, wrote a History of Rome, in Greek; an account of his own life in Latin; and many other works, which are lost. Ovid, Fast., Seneca, Cic. &c.

RUTLAND, county of, or RUTLANDSHIRE, is the smallest county of England. The Saxon name of this county was Roteland, but its etymology is otherwise unknown. Some have derived it from Roet, or Rud, which signifies red, because in many parts of the county the land is of a red color. But others object that this cannot be the reason, and allege that there is only one part of the county, which is about Glaiston, that has a ruddy soil; besides, most of the English counties have soils of the same color; and therefore these would have it to be derived from the word Rotundalandia, from its circular figure; but its form was not round when this name, of which Rutland is supposed to be a contraction, was given it; and, besides, it is not probable that the Saxons would give a Latin name to an English county. The Coritani inhabited this

district in the time of the Romans; but under the Saxons it was part of the kingdom of Mercia. This county is bounded by Leicestershire on the N. N.W., west and south-west; and by Lincolnshire on the east and north-east. It is only forty-eight miles in circumference. It is divided into five hundreds, and contains 91,002 acres and twenty-nine perches.

The climate of this county is generally esteemed very good and healthy; and it is thought that the winds blow as many days in the year from one point as another, the west excepted. The mean quantity of rain which has been observed, according to a journal kept by Samuel Barker, esq., and cited in Mr. Parkinson's Survey, in eight years, was 24.61. The soil of this county is, generally speaking, fertile, but varying very much in different parts; the east and south-east parts, through which the great North road runs, being in general of a shallow staple, upon limestone rock, with a mixture of cold woodland clay soil. The other parts of the county are composed of a strong loamy red land, intermixed with keal (iron-stone is found amongst it). This soil is esteemed most congenial for convertible tillage crops; the understratum of the whole county, at different depths, is generally a very strong blue clay. The circumstance of this county varying so much in its soils, at such small distances, causes each sort to be much more valuable than it would be were it of one kind through the whole of a lordship; there being a proportion of each soil on the different farms, so as to have convertible high lands for tillage, and low lands for grass, having the advantage of being proper for breeding and store stock; thus producing every thing useful within themselves, the tillage land growing turnips for the store and fattening sheep; barley, clover, wheat, and grass-seeds plentifully. The face of the county is, generally speaking, very beautiful, especially where it is well timbered, being much diversified by small and gently rising hills running east and west, with valleys of about half a mile in width intervening; so that in travelling through the county there are fresh views at the distance of every three or four miles, causing its appearance to be very lively. The produce of this county has already been partially alluded to: its barley is of a very superior quality, so that the inhabitants call it corn, giving other grain its name, such as wheat, oats, &c. At Ketton there is a kind of stone very proper and famous for building. There is also in many parts stone for lime, consisting of a soft and hard species. Various opinions are entertained of the lime made from these two sorts; but in general that from the hard stone is preferred. This county is, upon the whole, well watered. The rivers Eye and Welland are its south-west and southeast boundaries; but its two principal rivers are the Guash and the Chater: there are also many rivulets and numberless springs. The Welland divides this county from Northamptonshire; the Guash, or, as it is commonly called, the Wash, rises near Oakham, in a district surrounded with hills, and running eastward divides the county hearly into two equal parts, and running into VOL. XIX.

Lincolnshire falls into the Welland to the east of Stamford. This river supplies many towns with excellent water, and affords plenty of fish; and most of the other towns and villages at a distance from this river have rivulets and brooks that pass by them.-There is a navigable canal in this county, made by act of parliament passed in 1793, for extending the Melton Mowbray canal to Oakham, the centre of the county, which has proved of great benefit to it. It is said, however, to be frequently defective in the summer season from the very scanty supply of water. Rutlandshire sends only two members to parliament, both for the county.

The smallness of this county will account for the few eminent men it has produced. We know not whether we may apply the term eminent to Jeffery Hudson, the dwarf; but certainly he thought himself of some consequence when he fought a duel with a brother of lord Croft's. He was born at Oakham, the county town, in the year 1619, and when seven years of age was not above fifteen inches high, though his parents, who had several other children of the usual size, were tall and lusty. At that age the duke of Buckingham took him into his family; and, to divert the court, who, on a progress through this county, were entertained at the duke's seat at Burleigh-on-the-Hill, he was served up at table in a cold pie. Between the seventh and the thirteenth year of his age he did not advance many inches in stature: but it is remarkable that even after thirty he shot up to the height of three feet nine inches, which he never exceeded. He was given to Henrietta Maria, consort to king Charles I., probably at the time of his being served up in the pie; and that princess, who kept him as her dwarf, is said frequently to have employed him in messages abroad. In the civil wars between king Charles the First and the Parliament, Hudson was raised to the rank of captain of horse in the king's service, and afterwards accompanied the queen, his mistress, to France; whence he was banished for killing his antagonist, as above mentioned. They fought on horseback. After his banishment, he was taken at sea by an Algerine corsair, and was many years a slave in Barbary; but being redeemed he came to England, and in 1678 was committed prisoner to the Gate House, Westminster, on suspicion of being concerned in what was called Oates's plot. After lying there a considerable time he was discharged, and died in 1682, aged sixty-three years. In Newgate Street, London, there is a small stone sculpture of one William Evans, a gigantic porter to Charles I.; and another of his diminutive fellow-servant. Pennant has given us a sketch of this sculpture on the same plate with the Boar in East Cheap, but has omitted to insert the date, 1669. The same author observes that it was probably by his own consent that the dwarf was put into the pocket of the giant, and drawn out by him at a masque at court to amaze and divert the spectators; for it is certain he had too much spirit to suffer such an insult from even Goliath, as was evident from his courage in 1644, when he killed Mr. Croft, who had presumed to ridicule the irritable hero. These figures are in

P

very excellent preservation, having been recently painted, with red surtouts, by the owner or occupier of the house (No. 80), Mr. George Payne, hatter, hosier, and glover. Mr. Pennant, and others after him, have placed this sculpture over the entrance to Bagnio Court.-This county has given the title of earl ever since the reign of Richard II. The first earl of Rutland was Edward, the eldest son of Edward Langley, the fifth son of Edward III.: but the first earl of the present family of Manners was created earl of Rutland by Henry VIII. In the reign of queen Anne, John Manners, then earl of Rutland, received from that princess the title of marquis of Granby and duke of Rutland, which his successors still enjoy.

There is no manufacture carried on in this county of any account. Want of water and scarcity of fuel are the only reasons, and not any want of inclination, spirit, or property, in the inhabitants of the county. Parkinson.

RUTTUNPORE, a town and district of Hindostan, in the province of Gundwaneh. It is governed by a rajah, who is tributary to the Mahrattas. The town consists of about 1000 houses, but it was formerly a place of much greater consequence. There are other places of this name in Hindostan.

RUTUBA, in ancient geography, two rivers of Italy one in Liguria, rising in the Appenine mountains, and running into the Mediterranean: another in Latium, falling into the Tiber.

RUTULI, an ancient people of Latium, over whom Turnus reigned, when Æneas arrived in Italy. Their capital was Ardea.

RUTUPE, RUTUPIUM, or RUTUPENSIS PORTUS, in ancient British geography, a sea-port town of Cantium, on the south coast of Britain, abounding in oysters. Some suppose it to be Dover; others Richborough, or Sandwich.

RUYSCH (Frederick), the celebrated Dutch anatomist, was born at the Hague in 1638. After making great progress at home, he repaired to Leyden, and there prosecuted the study of anatomy and botany. He studied next at Franeker, where he became M. D. He then returned to the Hague; and, marrying in 1661, devoted his whole time to his profession. In 1665 he published a treatise, entitled Dilucidatio valvularum de Vasis Lymphaticis et Lacteis; which raised his reputation so high that he was chosen professor of anatomy at Amsterdam. After this he was perpetually engaged in dissecting the various parts of the human body. His anatomical collection was very valuable. He had a series of fœtuses of all sizes, from the length of the little finger to that of a new born infant. Peter the Great of Russia, in his tour through Holland in 1698, visited Ruysch, passed whole days with him, and, when he returned to Holland in 1717, purchased his cabinet of curiosities for 30,000 florins, and sent it to Petersburg. In 1685 he was made professor of medicine. Ruysch retained his vigor of mind and body till 1731, when he died on the 22d of February. His anatomical works are printed in 4 vols. 4to. The style of his writings is simple and concise, but sometimes inaccurate. The academy of

sciences at Paris in 1727 elected him a member. He was also F. R. S. of London.

RUYSDAAL, or RUYSDALL (Jacob), an eminent Dutch landscape painter, born at Haerlem, in 1636. He painted sea pieces with inimitable truth and transparency. He died in 1681.

RUYTER (Michael Adrian), a distinguished Dutch naval officer born at Flushing, in Zealand, in 1607. He entered on a seafaring life when he was only eleven years old, was first a cabin boy, and advanced successively to the rank of mate, master, and captain. He made eight voyages to the West Indies, and ten to Brasil. He was then promoted to the rank of rear admiral, and sent to assist the Portuguese against the Spaniards. His gallantry was still more conspicuous before Sallee in Barbary. With one single vessel he sailed through the roads of that place in defiance of five Algerine corsairs. In 1653 a squadron of seventy vessels was sent against the English under admiral Van Tromp. Ruyter, who accompanied the admiral in this expedition, seconded him with great skill and bravery in the three battles which the English so gloriously won. He was afterwards stationed in the Mediterranean, where he took several Turkish vessels. In 1659 he received a commission to join the king of Denmark in his war with the Swedes; and the king of Denmark ennobled him and gave him a pension. In 1661 he run ashore a vessel belonging to Tunis, released forty Christian slaves, made a treaty with the Tunisians, and reduced the Algerine corsairs to submission. His country raised him to the rank of vice-admiral and commander in chief. He obtained a signal victory over the combined fleets of France and Spain in 1672, about the time of the conquest of Holland. Ruyter, having thus made himself master of the sea, conducted a fleat of Indiamen safely into the Texel; thus defending and enriching his country, while it was the prey of hostile invaders. In 1673 he had three engagements with the fleets of France and England, in which his bravery was more distinguished than ever. But in an engagement with the French fleet, off the coast of Sicily, he lost the day, and received a mortal wound, of which he died in a few days. His corpse was carried to Amsterdam, and a magnificent monument was there erected by the command of the states-general.

RYDAL WATER, a lake of Westmoreland, a little west of Ambleside; about one mile long. It has many small islands; and communicates by a narrow channel with Grassmere Water on the west, and by the Rothway with Windermere Lake on the south. Rydal Hall stands on an eminence near the lake.

RYDROOG, a town and district of Hindostan, in the province of Bijanagur, now included in the British collectorship of Bellary. It was taken possession of in the end of the sixteenth century, by the delawai, or minister of the rajah of Bijanagur, after the defeat of that prince by the Mahometans. In 1766 it was subdued by Hyder Aly; and at the peace of 1792 ceded to the Nizam; but in the year 1800 it was