Abassia, bordering on the north-eastern shores of the Black Sea, is under the protection of the Turks; and Circassia, with some divisions of the other provinces, nearly independent. Georgia, however, was incorporated with Russia in 1800. The extent and population of those various go vernments are uncertain. The ice-bound shores of the Arctic Ocean stretch along the north; while the fury of the eastern wave, and the action of subterranean fire, sem to have rent the oriental regions into vast promontories and islands. An immense range of mountains sweeps along its southern confines, mingling with the Caspian and Caucasan chain. The Uralian mountains, which constitute the western boundary, we have already noticed. In Asiatic Russia the general surface, like that of the European portion of this empire, is chiefly composed of steppes; sometimes arid or saline deserts, at others principally occupied by marshes, or covered with almost interminable forests; while some consist of a fertile soil, and produce a luxuriant vegetation. Asiatic Russia, however, is not destitute, on its confines, of mountain ranges. The great ridge which stretches nearly from the eastern shores of the Caspian to the promontory of Tschutskoi is known by various names. The Altaian mountains form a barrier between this empire and independent Tartary. South of the lake of Baikal the mountains of that name, supposed to be the highest points of the chain, rear their summits to more than 10,000 feet above the sea. In most parts of the chain, however, they are lower. After bending to the north, they are known as the Daouria, which are succeeded by those of the Yablonnoi and Stannovoi, which give place to the vague denomination of the mountains of Okotsk. The component parts of this range are various. In some, great masses of granite indicate a primitive formation, while in others, limestone, marble, petrified shells, and valuable ores abound. This range gives rise to many of the largest rivers of Northern Asia; but little is known beyond its outlines and general direction. Several lower ridges diverge from it, and diversify the neighbouring districts. Through Kamtschatka also a mountainous range stretches, the highest summits of which are covered with perpetual snow, and many of them constantly shaken by volcanic fury. One of these is situated near Nijni Kamtschatka, and may be seen at the distance of more than 100 miles. Scarcely two years elapse without eruptions, when the whole country is covered with ashes for thirty miles round. Another active volcano rises near the southern extremity of Kamschatka. The Oby, the Yenisei, and the Lena, are the largest streams, and divide all the broad part of Siberia into three great, basins. A few smaller streams also enter the Arctic Ocean from the narrower districts on the east. The first of these vast basins embraces all the space between the Uralian mountains and 90° of long., being about 30° from east to west, and 20° from north to south. Many writers place the source of the Oby in the lake of Altun, or Altyn, about 52° of lat,; but, as the Shabetian is the only confluent river of that lake, it may, with propriety, be considered as the parent stream, which extends several degrees to the south, and nearly to 95° of long. After crossing the Altaian chain it flows in a serpentine direction towards the north-west, till it meets the Irtish, which issues from the said mountain range, and rivals it in magnitude.Subsequently to its junction, it winds to the north, and forms that vast estuary called the Sea of Oby. Having collected the waters of such a wide space it becomes a large river long before it reaches the sea, and is in some places several miles in width. Its whole length is about 2180 miles, the greater part of which is navigable.— The Irtish flows nearly in the same direction as the Oby, but a few degrees more to the west. Several important streams likewise fall into the Caspian and Black Seas. The Ural rises from the south-western part of the Uralian chain, and, after flowing towards the west, turns to the south, and enters the Caspian. In the upper part of its course, its banks are steep and rocky, but it afterwards flows through a vast saline steppe: its fisheries are an inexhaustible source of wealth to the Cossacks. The Volga also falls into the same sea, which is likewise joined by the Terek and the Kuma on the west, while the Kuban or ancient Hypanis flows in the opposite direction, and enters the Euxine near the Isle of Taman. Siberia contains few lakes; but the vast Baikal has often been delineated as an inland sea. Another large lake is met with about 52° of lat. and east of the Irtish. Its length is 170 miles, and its shape very irregular. An island divides it into two parts, called the lakes of Tchany and Soumi. Several other lakes are situated between this and the Uralian mountains. That of Altyn has been mentioned in the description of the Oby. It is on the north side of the Altaian chain, and is nearly forty miles long and twenty broad. The largest lake in the north of Siberia is the Piazinskoi, in 68° of lat., and a few degrees east of the Yenisei. Some small saline lakes are found on the steppes north of the Caspian, and are considered as indications of that sea having extended much farther north than at present. With respect to the climate, Asiatic Russia is colder than the European part, under the same latitudes. Beyond 60° the winter lasts nine or ten months, and the earth is frozen to a great depth; but the almost perpetual day imparts considerable heat to the summer. In the vast marshes traversed by the lower part of the Oby the whole accumulated heat of this period, however, does not thaw the ground more than two feet; and Gmelin states, that, at Jakoutsk, in 62°, the ground in the middle of summer was found to be frozen at the depth of three or four feet. The use of wells is therefore entirely prevented. In the southern parts the cold is often extreme. Pallas witnessed the freezing of mercury in 58° of lat.; and even on the southern borders in 50° the cold is severe. North of the lake of Baikal, the summer is generally so short and uncertain that agriculture is almost impracticable. In the most genial parts, where it is attempted, if the crop does, not ripen before the end of August, it is usually buried in snow, before the husbandman can reap the reward of his labor. Captain Cook found snow six feet deep on the eastern coast in May, which was not dissolved till June. There the thermometer stood at 32° during the whole of the former month, and even in the middle of the latter it did not rise higher than 58°. In August it reached 65°, and the lowest point to which it sunk was 40°. In October the ground was again covered with snow. Winter then begins his sway, and, though in the latitude of England and some of the finest provinces of France, the mercury commonly stands below 20°. With the name of Kamtschatka is connected the idea of one of the most desolate and inhospitable regions on the globe. Its geographical situation, however, renders its climate and productions much superior to those of Siberia. Baron Steinheil, who lived several years in this distant land, and drew up a plan for the improvement of the country, asserts, From a long course of observations made during my residence in Kamtschatka, I am convinced that both the climate and soil are such as that agriculture might be carried on with the most complete success.' But see our article KAMTSCHATKA. The forests of Siberia contribute to render the air in many places damp and unwholesome, particularly in the western regions. The eastern districts are colder, but more salubrious. In most parts the winds are violent, and tremendous hurricanes often bury both man and beast beneath the sand and snow. Near the Caspian the inhabitants enjoy a warm and protracted summer, though the winter is cold. In the province of Astracan, the heat is sufficient to mature the grape, and much excellent wine is made. Mulberry-trees flourish also, and silk is produced in considerable quantities. In the mountainous region of Caucasus, the climate exhibits every variety. On the southern side heat prevails in the valleys, and cold on the mountains; the following extract from Mr. Glen's Journal gives a good idea of the climate of the northern side. The temperature of the atmosphere is in general,' he says, 'much more equable than at Astracan; the thermometer does not rise so high in summer, neither does it sink so low in winter; and, what may appear strange, the temperature is still more equable in the valleys of the snow mountains. Last winter (1818-19), when the thermometer fell to 17° in the colony, the rivulets among the mountains were not frozen, and the valleys were green all the winter through. The summer heats, too, are less oppressive. In short, from all accounts, the climate in these valleys does not materially differ from that of the valleys among the hills of our native country (Scotland). The most striking characteristic of a Karass winter, as it set in about the beginning of December, 1819, was a strong rind (rime), that lodged on the branches of trees, in the form of minute icicles, in such quantities as to weigh them to the ground, or break them. Its appearance is picuresque and romantic in a high degree; but its effect particularly in the orchards, destructive. Nor are large trees proof against its overwhelming power. I have seen the massy branches of some of them break down with a crash, in a dead calm, merely by the weight of the rind. When it is strong, the whole country is overhung, sometimes for many successive days, by a thick fog.* The oak and the hazel, which bear the rigors of a German winter, will not flourish under the same parallels in Siberia. They indeed stretch along the northern base of the Altaian chain, but farther north they become stunted. The common heath that covers many of the lower districts of Lapland is not to be found in these wastes. It must not, however, be inferred that these plains are merely tracts of snow; on the contrary, almost interminable forests of birch, elder, lime, maple, poplar, and aspen, interspersed with millions of pines, cover many parts. The Siberian plum, the crab, the mountain ash, the willow, and other trees, are found; and the short summer exhibits a brilliant display of flowers. The lily of the valley, and several bulbousrooted plants, are concealed beneath the snow for the greater part of the year. Though agriculture is but little practised in Siberia, the crops are occasionally good; nearly two-thirds of the country, however, yield no grain. Hemp and flax are cultivated in some parts, and the potatoe has likewise been introduced. The cattle, in a few of the richest steppes, are of a tolerable size, and the Mongol horses are beautiful; some of them resembling the tiger, and the leopard, in the variety of their colors. In all the northern and eastern regions, except Kamtschatka, and a few other parts, where dogs are employed in drawing sledges, the rein-deer is, however, the most valuable possession of the natives. The utility of this singular animal is greatly enhanced by its capability of enduring the most extreme cold, and subsisting on a species of moss. A Samoiede often possesses 150 or 200; and the wealthy Koriaks and Tchouktchis several thousands each. The Siberian dog resembles the wolf, and in many parts supplies the place of the rein-deer, in drawing the sledge. The wild animals are numerous. The mineral productions of Russia are chiefly obtained in the Asiatic regions. The primitive mountains supply granite and porphyry in great abundance. Alabaster is also found in extraordinary quantities and of every color. Yellow, gray, and cloudy marble abounds in many places, and white is found in the Uralian quarries, little inferior to the finest Parian. A great variety of gems have also been discovered in the mountainous part of the empire. Various parts of Russia yield gold, silver, copper, iron, and lead. The chief gold-mines are on the Asiatic side of the Uralian mountains, and were first opened in 1754. These annually supply about 6430 tons of ore, which yield about 190lbs. of refined metal. But the produce has now been increased, as is stated, to nearly 280lbs. of gold. The mines which were previously opened, in the mountains of Olonetz, have either been abandoned or are now little productive. Mines of silver are worked in several places, but chiefly in Asia; and the whole produce is stated at 46,800lbs. of the refined metal. Lead mines have been worked in Russia for more than a century, and still yield a considerable quantity of metal. The number of workmen employed in all these mines is estimated at 70,000; and the value of the produce exceeds double the expenses of working them. Copper is obtained in the mountains of Olonetz, in the Uralian chain, and in Asia. The quantity of copper now annually obtained has lately been stated at 67,000 quintals, each equal to about 108lbs. avoirdupois, which is consequently equal to 3230 tons; and its value exceeds £250,000. Most of the mountains, and many of the plains, of Russia afford iron-ore, and great quantities are annually procured, in the manufacturing of which about 100 forges and 800 hammers are constantly employed. The value of the iron is more than double that of the copper. The whole produce of all the gold and silver mines belongs to the crown, with a sixth of the copper and one-eighth of the iron. Coal has been found in various parts of Russia, and attempts are making, under the immediate sanction of the emperor, for discovering it in others. Salt abounds, and is found in the pure and solid rock, at the bottom of the lakes, in the liquid spring, and incrusting the plains. Rock salt is obtained in the government of Orenburg, and in the steppe of the Volga; the salt lakes of Saratof, Taurida, and other places, yield large quantities, as well as the impregnated springs of Perm and Novogorod. Glauber's salts, and several of the other saline species, are likewise found. Thermal springs are found in various places, and of different temperatures, from merely warm to 190° of Fahrenheit's thermometer. The most celebrated vitriolic waters are at Sarepta, near the banks of the Volga, in the government of Saratof, and are much frequented. The water is clear and saline, its taste not unpleasant, and its temperature generally about 10° of Fahrenheit above the common water in its vicinity. These waters are beneficial in various complaints, such as inflammations, cramps, and inveterate colds. They are supposed to contain about 1-200th part of earthly and mineral ingredients. The spring is very copious. The principal places in European Russia where naphtha is found are in the district of Perekop, in the government of Taurida, and in the Island of Taman; but it is still more abundant in the Asiatic part of the empire. Incrusting springs are numerous, and the mountains contain stalactic caverns, with springs that incrust substances with a coating of iron ore. The chief towns of the provinces will be found in their places in our alphabet, and ST. PETERSBURG and Moscow have received our particular attention, see these articles. Kiev, the original cradle of the monarchy, was settled by a colony of Sarmates before the Christian era. Its appearance from the Moscow road is thus described by Mr. James :- Arrived at the top of a declivity,' says our traveller, 'a new scene presented itself. The cupolas, that before were but as spots in the view, faced us with a blaze of gold, and a thousand gay colors which dazzled the eye. The country below showed an unvaried plain of immeasurable extent, covered with a thick forest, through the middle of which the Dnieper, now dwindled to a streamlet, was seen winding its. silvery path into the horizon. It was a land seeming untouched by man, and afforded a prospect as wild in appearance as any that the most uncivilised tracts of America could furnish.' Kiev is celebrated for its ancient catacombs, which render it the resort of numerous pilgrims, many of whom undertake a journey of 1500 versts on foot. Tcherchaskoy, the capital of the Don Cossacks, is situated on the river Don, about 100 miles before it is lost in the sea of Azof. It is thus described by Dr. Clarke :- The appearance of Tcherchaskoy, as the traveller approaches it upon the river, affords a most novel spectacle. Although not so grand as Venice, it somewhat resembles that city. The entrance is by broad canals intersecting it in all parts. On each side wooden houses, built on piles, appear to float on the water; to these the inhabitants pass in boats, or on narrow bridges, only two planks wide, with posts and rails, forming a causeway to every quarter of the place. As we sailed into the town, we beheld the younger part of the inhabitants upon the house-tops, sitting upon the ridges of the sloping roofs, while their dogs were actually running about and barking in that extraordinary situation. During our approach, children leaped from the windows and doors like so many frogs, into the water, and in an instant were seen swimming about our boat. Every thing seemed to announce an amphibious race: not a square inch of dry land was to be seen; in the midst of a very populous metropolis, at least one half of its citizens were in the water, and the other in the air.' The population is estimated at 15,000 individuals. Nicholaef is the chief town in the southern part of the empire. The principal town in the eastern part of Siberia is Irkutsk, on the right bank of the river Angara, at a short distance from the sea of Baikal. The streets are in general broad and regular, but not paved. Most of the private dwellings are of wood; the government buildings and churches of stone This is now considered as the capital of the whole of Siberia. The mode of living is quite oriental; and the wives and daughters of the principal citizens are seldom seen except on public occasions. Nearly in the same latitude, on the Chinese borders, and about ten or twelve degrees further east, stands Nertschink, in the midst of a mining district. The caravans engaged in the China trade formerly passed through Nertschink, but since they have followed a different route it has declined. Kiakhta, in the government of Irkutsk, and on the borders of China, has lately risen to eminence, as the centre of the trade between the two empires. The privilege of engaging in arts and manufactures in Russia was, till lately, reserved for the nobility and the first and second class of artizans. But the emperor Alexander, by an imperial Ukase, dated December 1818, removed this obstacle to improvement. Among the articles most extensively made are linen, leather, isin glass, and kaviar, of which large quantities are exported. The two latter are prosecuted with great success on the banks of the Volga, and other great rivers in the south. Silk, cotton, woollen-cloth, sail-cloth, hats, lace, glass, porcelain, oil, soap, candles, cordage, and paper, are likewise manufactures found in various parts of the empire. Those of pitch, tar, pot-ash, alum, saltpetre, and gunpowder, with iron, brass, and copper works, are numerous: nor is any one more extensive or more productive to the revenue than that of spirituous liquors. Cannon, and all other implements of war, are made in great numbers; and several steam engines have been purchased in England, for the improvement of the different national establishments. Breweries and sugar-refineries have likewise been introduced. The fisheries of the Volga, the Ural, and other rivers, form an important part of the Russian industry. Those of the last named river belong entirely to the Cossacks, to whom it has proved an inexhaustible source of wealth. The manner in which they are conducted is thus described in the European commerce of Rordansz:-The river Ural flows into the Caspian; when winter approaches, the fish seek refuge in the river from the storms which at that season visit the Caspian. They ascend the river in such immense numbers that it is hardly possible to form an idea of it, and stop at different places where they find sufficient water and food. The Cossacs carefully observe, beforehand, all the places where such a mass is collected, and wait there patiently till the river is frozen over. On the 1st of January the fishery begins upon the whole river, from the capital town Uralski, down into the Caspian Sea. Above and below the several banks of fish, the hetman first causes the river to be blockaded by means of large double nets extended across its whole breadth, which is effected by cutting in the ice a ditch, if it may be so called, two feet broad. As soon as it is certain that the fish cannot escape, the governor of Orenburg and the hetman of the Cossacks repair to a certain place on the bank of the river, and on both sides of it above 30,000 Cossacks are ready, each in his own sledge, drawn by a strong and swift-footed horse, and armed with a harpoon and an axe. By the order of the governor, a cannon is fired as a signal for beginning; hereupon the Cossacks all rush upon the river, and drive full speed to the fish-bank, enclosed with nets, which is usually some versts distant. Those who arrive first are praised not only for the swiftness of their horses, but for their courage, for this racing is attended with no little danger; because, if any one should be so unskilful, or so unlucky, as to overturn his sledge, all those that follow would infallibly drive over him. As soon as the Cossacks reach the place where there is such a bank of fish, they immediately cut a hole in the ice with their axe, and thrust in their harpoon, and the quantity of fish is so great that they never fail to strike one at every time. The terrible noise caused by the driving of 30,000 sledges over the frozen river naturally terrifies the fish, which try all to escape at once, but are hindered by the nets. The greatest difficulty for the fishermen is to draw out the fish, and they are often obliged to call their comrades to assist; for they sometimes spear fish weighing 150 lbs. to 200 lbs. ; but in such cases they must divide the fish with him who assists them. This fishery continues the whole winter, during which the Cossacks dwell in tents on both sides of the river. They proceed successively from one bank of fish to another, down to the mouth of the river. During this time, the river affords a very peculiar spectacle; both its surface and its two banks are covered with a countless multitude of men, who are in constant motion. Traders come from the remotest parts of the empire to buy the fish immediately from the Cossacks, with a great train of sledges, all loaded with salt; they constantly attend the fishery in its progress down the river to the sea. Every evening the Cossacks sell to them what they have caught during the day, and receive payment on the spot. The merchants send the fish (which are frozen quite hard) to Moscow, Casan, &c., and also an incredible quantity of the salted row of sturgeon, known under the name of kaviar. It is astonishing what a great number of different kinds of fish are found in the Ural, and they all attain an extraordinary size, particularly the sturgeon, salmon, and pike. The very best of these fish cost, on the banks of the Ural, not more than a halfpenny, or three farthings a pound. The day when the fishery begins, the governor has the fish, which the Cossacks send as a present to the emperor, chosen from among the whole number, and sends them without delay to St. Petersburgh, where they arrive quite frozen. The quantity is fixed, and it is said to be very considerable. In summer the Cossacks also carry on the fishery; but it is far less productive, and, as the fish will not keep in this season, the Cossacks salt them immediately, and send them to the neighbouring towns for sale.' The whale and seal fishery is chiefly prosecuted in the Arctic Ocean. Among the exports of Russian commerce, are iron, copper, hemp, flax, linen, sail-cloth, cordage, grain, tobacco, linseed, saltpetre, and oil; with timber, planks, masts, pitch, tar, resin, pot-ash, wax, tallow, hides, candles, isinglass, kaviar, and horse-hair. Leather is the most important manufacture exported, and the greatest endeavours are used to keep the method by which it is prepared a secret. For these articles the Russians receive in return silks, woollen, and cotton cloth, hardware, looking-glasses, stockings, watches, wines, brandy, and fruits from southern Europe, with colonial produce, paper, books, engravings, &c., from England, and other states. It is estimated that one-half of the trade of Russia is carried on within the confines of the capital. The trade of Russia with Persia is by means of the Caspian, and the caravans that travel to Orenburg, a few degrees north of that sea. The chief articles are woollens, furs, iron, steel, copper, lead, and other native productions. Russia receives in return silk, cotton, drugs, tapestry, gold, pearls, and diamonds. The trade of China is carried on from the frontier of Siberia, and consists in the exchange of furs, iron, copper, and other minerals, for Chinese silks, tea, musk, tiger skins, and a few other articles. The annual amount of this commerce is between 3,000,000 and 4,000,000 of rubles. With Turkey, the Russians exchange kaviar, soap, leather, iron, and other produce, for olive oil, wines, rice, and fruits. Of the whole foreign European trade of Russia more than half is with Great Britain, the different articles of which have been specified above. We may now exhibit the comparatively modern rise and progress of the maritime greatness of Russia. At the close of the seventeenth century, when Peter the Great ascended the throne, Russia was still in a state of barbarism, in comparison with the other nations of Europe. This prince possessed from nature a great activity of disposition, an impatient ardor, and a perseverance which obstacles only served to stimulate. With such a character it was natural that Peter should form the project of improving his subjects, and of making Russia act a part amongst the nations of Europe; but to this effect it was necessary to have suitable communications with the ocean, and the procuring them was the first object of the enterprises of the czar. He first turned his views towards the White Sea, and in person visited Archangel; but observing that its distance, and the severity of its climate, opposed insurmountable obstacles to any considerable extension of industry and commerce, his next object was the Black Sea, situated under a more favorable climate, but of which the coasts were possessed, and the navigation watched with jealousy by the Turks. A war breaking out between the two nations, Peter attacked Azoph, but failed in the attempt, for want of vessels to block it by water. A fleet being, however, quickly created, the following year put him in possession of this fortress and its territory, but which the defeat of Pruth again obliged him to relinquish. Peter now seriously occupied himself in the creation of a navy; and, in order to give full effect to his designs, he visited, as we have seen in his life, England, Germany, and Holland, in order to acquire a knowledge of the art of constructing vessels, and of the details of a marine. During his travels the activity and opulence of Riga, Konigsberg, and other ports of the Baltic, did not fail to strike him, and to give him a just idea of the importance of maritime commerce. Not far from the frontiers of his dominions he met Augustus, who, on being raised to the throne of Poland, had promised his subjects to reconquer the Polish provinces, reduced under the dominion of Sweden; but, being too weak to execute this promise alone, he proposed a coalition to the czar. A perspective conformable to the views of Peter now presented itself; and on his return to his dominions he armed, and the coasts of the Baltic became the theatre of his efforts. While Charles XII. was overrunning Poland and Saxony, Peter seized on Ingria, and founded Petersburg. In spite of the superiority of situation, and the encouragement given to foreigners to visit his infant capital, a great part of the productions of Russia were still sent to Archangel, until, prohibitions and punishments being added to premiums and privileges Petersburg at last triumphed. The first foreign vessel that entered the Neva was a large Dutch ship, richly laden; and her arrival caused such satisfaction to the czar that he granted this vessel an exemption from all duties while she should continue to trade to Petersburg: and by frequent repairs she was kept in existence for more than half a century. So early as 1718 100 ships of the same nation loaded at Petersburg; and, other nations following the example of the Dutch, it was soon known that a vast field was opened in the north for the exercise of talents and industry, and strangers of all nations flocked to Russia to improve or seek their fortunes. The merchants of Germany, England, France Holland, Denmark, and Sweden, established themselves in the cities for the purposes of commerce, while the English and Dutch also supplied ship-builders and officers, both of land and sea, who improved the organisation of the armies and fleets. The plans of Peter were not lost sight of by his successors; Catharine II., in particular, by her victories and her negociations, as well as by the encouragement of foreigners and the protection of commerce, accelerated the progress of industry and civilisation amongst her subjects. Although a part of the commercial productions of the Russian dominions are still exported from Archangel, and another part from the ports of the Black Sea, since its navigation has been opened, the principal commerce of Russia is by the Baltic. From its ports on this sea are exported corn, hemp, flax and flax-seed, fir timber (masts, deals, rafters), pitch, tar, and potash, iron and copper of Siberia, hides and tallow, honey and wax, rhubarb, tobacco in leaf, fish oil, isinglass, kaviar, and furs of Siberia, viz. castors, sables, foxes of various colors, wolves, squirrels, bears, rats, and white hares. In 1793 Russia exported by sea, for 400,000 rubles of these furs; seabirds' feathers, horse-hair, hogs' bristles, and neats' tongues. The chief manufactured objects are saltpetre, cordage, and sail-cloth; coarse linens, mats, and soap. The principal imports are English manufactures, viz. fine woollens, glass, and earthenware, stationary, all kinds of cottons, mathematical instruments, cutlery, and hardware, tin and lead. The other imports are colonial produce, particularly coffee, of which Petersburg imports nearly 1,500,000 lbs.; sugar, of which it receives nearly 5,000,000 lbs. ; tea and spices, wines, liqueurs, fruits, and oil of the south; fine linens of Holland and Silesia; silks of France, watches, toys, &c., of ditto, besides various utensils of iron and copper. In the middle of the eighteenth century the exports of Russia from the Baltic did not exceed 12,000,000 or 13,000,000 of rubles, and the imports about 8,000,000 er 10,000,000. At the close of the same century the exports exceeded 45,000,000, and the imports were above 32,000,000. The general statement of the Russian maritime commerce (independently of the Caspian and Siberian Seas) was as follows: The amount of the commerce of the Caspian Sea, in late years, has been about 100,000 rubles of exports, and 800,000 of imports. |