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NOTES:-History all Awry, 221 -Theft from Want - Exchequer Memoranda-Pollard, 222-At Little Gidding' -Zeuxis and Parrhasius, 223- My Maryland'-Alleged Cannibalism-Cricket, 224-Somerset Trade Tokens-Bruges —Editorial Mistake, 225-Smallest MS.-Mistake concerning Eucharist-St. Peter Martin's, Bedford-Thody's-Pot-hooks -Epilogue by Lamb, 226. QUERIES:- New English Dictionary'-Anecdotes of Scott -C. Wesley and Eupolis-Margaret Clifford-China Plates, 227-Hymn on Nativity-Gues-"A Library of Translations"-Prior-Kelly-Sigourney-Songs and Carols-Libri -David, the Son of Jesse'-New South Wales, 223-Hibernicism: Kind-C. F. Bulkley - Descendants of English Kings-Lace and Ambrose Families-Duchess-Appeal in Cases of Pardon, 229-Tarantelle, 230. house, Mr. Rye says he stole some more to build his brother's. On p. 226 are these words : "One excursion hence [i. e., from Norwich], may be made to cover......Wolterton, which, however, is interesting more for its associations than for its beauty, it having been built with what is usually thought peculated money by the' Sir Robert Walpole ! This, of course, is a pure invention. Every schoolboy in Norfolk knows that Wolterton was built by Lord Walpole. Having polished off Sir Robert, Mr. Rye then turns his attention to his brother. He advises his readers to look into 'Robin's Panegyrick' for everything that can possibly be said against Lord Walpole and his family! Now the 'Norfolk Miscellany' is little more than a réchauffé of the 'Craftsman' interspersed with doggerel rhymes. Mr. Rye goes on to say: "Some of the poetry [!] is amusing; e. g., the ballad styled 'Leheup at Hanover,' affecting to describe how the statesman's son! [sic] Horace and Isaac Leheup grossly misbehaved themselves at Hanover." REPLIES:-Galileo, 230-Arquebus-Name of Ruskin, 233Mazarine Bible-Hit-Loch Leven-Genealogical Society, 234-" Rare" Ben Jonson-Sir R. R. Vyvyan, Bart.-Comber Family--Arms of the City of London, 235-C. Macklin H. Flood-Motto of Waterton Family-Suburbs and Environs-Sage on Graves-"All wise men are of the same religion"-Five-Guinea Piece, 236-Blue Peter-Hatters-Will it be believed that this ballad, beyond stating H. Warburton-Bromflat: Lowther-Lines from Dante, 237-Eleanor of Bretagne-Baroness Bellasis, 238-Authors Wanted, 239. In a review of 'A History of Norfolk,' by Walter Rye (N. & Q.,' 6th S. xii. 439), I read :: "What is sought in the huge county history is not here to be found. The landed proprietor who hopes to find in the pages a full account of his descent, &c., may go elsewhere." Equally one would not expect to find one particular family singled out for every sort of misrepresentation. On pp. 101, 102 of the History' is given a sketch of Sir Robert Walpole's career. Almost every historical fact is incorrectly stated. Sir Robert Walpole did not marry the daughter of a lord mayor; and can Mr. Rye possibly be ignorant that he was not Prime Minister in 1708 ? After giving a description of Houghton Hall, Mr. Rye makes this extraordinary assertion : "His [Sir Robert Walpole's] alleged peculations have some interest for the local historian, for......it is impossible it Houghton] could have been built with honest money, as Walpole's patrimony was little over 2,000l. a year," I never in my life came across a more flagrant example of a “suppressio veri," and a "suggestio falsi"! To use Mr. Rye's own words, "This assertion is too ridiculous to need any exposure here." Not content with accusing Sir Robert Walpole of stealing money to pay for his own the fact that Lord Walpole married a tailor's daughter, is absolutely silent on his behaviour, good, bad, or indifferent? I cannot for the life of me see where the amusement comes in, for the dulness of its limping lines is only equalled by its obscenity, and Swift himself never wrote anything nastier. Mr. Rye quotes a stanza :— Two Taylor's daughters, rich and fair, Horace made suit and gained the one, And Isaac stiched the other. "This," he says, "of course refers to H. Walpole's marrying one of the daughters of Peter Lombard, a well-known tailor, and to the insinuation that Leheup was unduly familiar with another." Of course it insinuates nothing of the sort; it only states the fact that Lord Walpole married one Miss What does Mr. Lombard, and Leheup the other. Rye mean by putting a dirty construction on a perfectly harmless, if poor, pun, and taking away the character of a respectable lady? I now come to p. 289. A propos of the Rainham ghost, and the grey lady (ie., Dorothy, Lady Townshend), Mr. Rye says:— "Subsequent researches [?] convinced me she lived long [she died aged thirty-nine]......If we believe her other kinsman the gossip [Horace Walpole], she was little, if at all, better than she ought to have been." Mr. Rye spells Townshend "Townsend," and calls her "Lady" Dorothy Walpole, a very pretty solecism for a hypercritical genealogist, who sneers at Sir Bernard Burke for saying that the Marquess Townshend of 1854 was Earl of Leicester ! Now, Horace Walpole, in all his voluminous writings, never alludes at all to his aunt, nor is it likely he would have done so, inasmuch as he was only nine years old when she died. Here, as often happens, Mr. Rye is barking up the wrong tree. I think I have shown that there is not a shadow of excuse for the random and untrue assertions, miscalled facts, which Mr. Rye has made about the Walpoles. I leave it to the readers of this history to discover for themselves his other blunders. Your reviewer vouches for the absolute accuracy of the book, and says Mr. Rye's sketches are bold and dashing very like Mr. Winkle's dashing performance with a gun; a very pretty display of varied and fanciful shooting at facts, but uncommonly poor hitting, that is to say, if Mr. Rye is aiming at the truth. HENRY SPENCER WALPOLE. Stagbury, Surrey. THEFT FROM WANT. Some time ago I had my attention directed to a passage in 'The Vision of William concerning Piers the Plowman,' written by William Langland in the year 1377, in which the writer states that "need hath no law," but that in extreme necessity a man who takes either meat, food, or clothing "his life for to save," "sinneth not." And I have endeavoured to ascertain whether theft in cases of extreme want was ever allowed by the English law. I have found some interesting mention of the subject in different books, such as Grotius (De Jure Belli ac Pacis,' bk. ii. chap. ii., 1625) and Puffendorf ('Law of Nations,' bk. ii. chap. vi., 1672), while our own Hale gives a short history of the subject, which is pretty closely followed by Blackstone. But so far I have only been able to find one authority on early English law which gives direct permission for theft in such a case, and this is a passage in Britton, who wrote during the reign of Edward I. (1272-1307), and possibly at his command, where he tells us that "poor people, who through hunger enter the house of another for victuals under the value of twelve pence, are excepted " from the category of burglars. Perhaps some one could throw further light on the question, and inform me as to how far it was the law and to what extent it was the practice. Of course after 43 Eliz., c. 2 (1601), there is no doubt what the law was, for the passing of the Poor Law Act rendered thieving, whether from necessity or not, entirely unjustifiable. I herewith append the two extracts to which I have referred, and I shall be very glad of information on the subject: Britton, chap. x., “Of Burglars." "Let enquiry also be made of burglars. Such we hold to be all those who feloniously in time of peace break churches, or the houses of others, or the walls or gates of our cities or boroughs. Infants under age, and poor people, who through hunger enter the house of another for victuals under the value of twelve pence, are excepted; as are also idiots and madmen, and others who are incapable of felony; and those who enter into any tenement by way of seisin in respect of some right which they think they have, are not held to be burglars. The punishment of such felons is death." 'Piers the Plowman,' passus 20. And nede ne hath no lawe Ne neure shal falle in dette? That is mete, whan men hym werneth Ne wyght none wil ben his borwe Nymeth hym under meynpryse May nymen as for his owne So that he suwe and suwe Spiritus temperancie." H. W. U. EXCHEQUER MEMORANDA.-In vol. v. of Exchequer Memoranda, 27/1 in the Public Record Office, I found the following (1 Hen. VII., London, Cold Harbour Place): "The Boke of p'cels of the Rep'acions of Coldeherburgh in London made by Thomas Litley in the first yere of our Sov'ayn Lord Kyng Henry the VIIth" A note is added in pencil saying that "particulars are postponed till repaired." Besides the above note, which I have given by itself as Cold Harbour has been frequently mentioned in N. & Q.,' I find the following_notes which I copied many years ago. Vol. vi., 15/7 contains the will of Mary Denham of Bokelly, May 5, 1603. In 15/10 there is a book of seventeen leaves, (several blank, however), giving a list of persons who lent the Queen Mary one hundred pounds apiece. It is dated 1562. In 22/37 is given the will of Nicholas West, Bishop of Ely, on thirteen pieces of paper, sewn together, 1533. In 22/17 is the will of Edward Latimer, Dean of Peterborough, May 21, 1541, and a declaration of Ellen, his wife, respecting his will August 8, 25 Eliz. 53/27 contains a list of subscriptions for the great bell at Westminster, temp. Geo. I.(?). 54/16 is a copy, authenticated by the seal and signature of the lord high admiral, of a warrant under the privy seal, permitting Fernando Ximenes, an agent of the Grand Duke of Tuscany, to import grain for the Low Countries into the dominions of the duke July 25, 34 Eliz. Y. S. M. POLLARD.-Prof Skeat thinks that in this word (which is admitted on all hands to come from poll head) "the use of the suffix -ard is not easy to account for." Now to me there seems to be no difficulty. The suffix -ard-Germ. hart, properly means hard, but is used, so says Pott, in his 'Personennamen ' (p. 203), much-Gr. Sevós ("stark in etwas Bösem oder Gutem"),* and so is apt to confer an intensive or augmentative, and frequently also a bad, meaning upon the words in which it forms the suffix. Thus, in Ital., chiavarda=a big nail (Diez, 'Gramm.,' third edit., ii. 386), while in Old French dentard having long or large teeth (Godefroy), and in Mod. French têtard having a big head;† grognard one who grumbles much; vantard, one who boasts much; bavard, one who slobbers (that is chatters) much; veinard (a slang word), one who has much and habitual luck; and in English drunkard, one who drinks (or rather has drunk) hard; and coward (Fr. couard, Ital. codardo), lit. one who has much tail, or is taily, i.e., one whose tail is the most conspicuous part of his body, from his constantly turning it to the spectator. imagines that the Little Gidding Church of the showed in these pages (6th S. vii. 341) that when 66 Pollard, therefore, means having a large poll, or head, I and trees that are pollarded do acquire what In the reference above given, I pointed out that may well be called a very large head of branches. Mr. Shorthouse had fallen into error, in 'John That this is really the meaning is shown by the fact Inglesant,' concerning these same painted windows. that the equivalent in French is têtard, which is, as I have since been told, on what appeared to be I have shown, applied to other things having large good authority," that Mr. Shorthouse had never heads (see note +). The verb to pollard, therefore, visited Little Gidding when he wrote his powerful is derived from the substantive, and does not mean novel, in which he has described the scenery and so much to lop off the head or top of a tree, as is surroundings of the place with so much care and generally supposed from a comparison with the minuteness of detail, and I will also add, despite verb to poll to cut the hair, &c., as to cut off the his slip with regard to the stained east window, top of the trunk of a tree in such a way that this with so much accuracy. The Bishop of may become a pollard, i.e., have a large head of told me that he was informed that Mr. Shorthouse spreading branches. This, again, we see from the had never visited Italy when he wrote his romance. French equivalents mettre, couper, tenir, en têtard Some further notes on Mr. Hopkinson and Little (Littré, s.vv. "Têtard" and "Trogne"); the verbs Gidding were given by me in 6th S. vii. 481. ététer, écimer, meaning rather to cut off the head Before he altered the church I made (in 1851) or top of a tree, as when one wishes to prevent a careful water-colours drawings-which I still tree from growing any taller, or for any other pur-possess of the interior and exterior. pose, without thinking so much about the increased number of branches it will then throw out.§ F. CHANCE. Sydenham Hill. 'AT LITTLE GIDDING.'-A very agreeable paper, bearing this title, appears in Macmillan's Magazine, Aug., 1887; but so far as internal evidence would show, its writer, Mr. T. Herbert Bindley, Mätzner, too, in his 'Eng. Gramm.,' i. 439, says of ard, "Das Suffix drückt aus, dasz die in dem Grundworte bezeichnete Eigenschaft, Thätigkeit oder Sache in einem hohen Grade an dem durch das Wort ausgedrückten Gegenstande vorhanden ist." Tétard means a tadpole, which appears to be all head; a kind of fish with a big head (also called chabot and probably miller's thumb or bull head), and also, as we shall see further on in text, a pollard tree. Pollard, according to Webster, also chub, and, if so, this is in favour of the view, contested by Prof. Skeat, that the chub is so named from its large head. This is especially the case with écimer; étêter seems also to be used in the meaning of to pollard, as I have explained this verb. | also CUTHBERT BEDE. ZEUXIS AND PARRHASIUS.-The version of the well-known contest between these rivals current in Persia is, I think, worth quoting in 'N. & Q.': In the days of old, As the story's told, two painters were set to a trial of skill by their respective admirers, two (opposite) white walls of a room were selected-one for each artist-on which the pictures were to be painted, curtains were hung in front, and no one was allowed to pass them until the works were finished. On the appointed day the curtain of (let us say) Zeuxis was drawn aside, when the wall was found covered with birds, fruits, and flowers, so admirably done as to almost deceive the beholders. When this picture had been sufficiently admired, they turned to examine that of Parrhasius. On drawing back the curtain they saw-what? I am tempted to leave my readers guessing, as do the Persian storytellers when the flow of coppers begins to fail. You cannot guess? Well, I will tell you. They saw a white wall, so perfectly polished that it reflected, as a mirror, the rival picture ! J. J. FAHIE. Teheran, Persia. 'MY MARYLAND.'-In the August number of the Century magazine is an interesting article, by Mr. Brander Matthews, on the songs of the American Civil War. An account is given of the circumstances under which the spirited poem 'My Maryland,' which obtained such popularity, was written. Mr. Matthews, however, seems to be ignorant of the fact that the metre (with a slight modification) and the style of the poem are copied from 'The Karamanian Exile,' by that eccentric genius, James Clarence Mangan, who died, be it remembered, in 1849. I quote the first verse as a specimen : THE KARAMANIAN EXILE. I see thee ever in my dreams, Thy hundred hills, thy thousand streams, As when thy gold-bright morning gleams, So thou loomest on my dreams, Karaman! O Karaman ! I do not think this has been noticed before. W. R. MORfill. ALLEGED CANNIBALISM OF SOLDIERS.-Your correspondent W., in his Links with the '45' (see 7th S. iv. 125), refers to the general belief in England that Highlanders ate children, and to the fact that children were sent out of the way in 1745 for fear the Highlanders should devour them, out a smile, but the women firmly believed what they told me. The Carlist peasantry looked on the Portuguese or other foreigners much in the same way as the Highlanders of Prince Charles's army were viewed in this country. No crime was too bad or too There preposterous to be laid to their charge. were many points of resemblance between 1745 in England and 1837 in Spain. GEORGE F. T. MERRY. 35, Warwick Road, S.W. CRICKET.-The origin and progress of this have been noticed in every series national game of N. & Q., and a few attempts have also been I'll stand upon a cricket, and there make and in a book recently edited by Dr. Jessopp, How true it is that history repeats itself! Just fifty years ago I was serving in the army of Don Carlos of Spain; and during the retreat which followed the battle of Chiva, in Valencia, July 15, 1837, we fell back on the line of the Ebro, and halted for the night of the 20th in the village of Mosqueruela. Amongst our opponents were some of the Portuguese Legion, serving in Spain under In my nursery days we had a book-I wish I the orders of Baron das Andas; and, being in could regain it-called Mrs. Bell's School,' or Carlist country, these gentry took rather freely to else The Village School.' It was evidently a helping themselves to food when their regular reprint of an older edition, for it had rude woodcuts rations ran short, which, I may observe, not un- which, from the costumes, must have been done frequently happened. Judge my astonishment on about 1750-60. Boys are playing at cricket with being gravely informed by the good women of oddly shaped bats, and with a wicket thus conMosqueruela that Portuguese soldiers ate children structed. Four sticks, forked at the upper end, whenever they found an opportunity of doing so are stuck into the ground at the four angles of a without being observed. "Then you have never square, and four other sticks are laid across from seen them do it?" I remarked. "No," was the fork to fork; and this arrangement gives the outcandid reply I received; but my informant added line of a four-legged stool, or cricket. A game that one woman only just succeeded in saving her called stool-ball is still played in Sussex, and it child, which had been tied up during her absence was formerly played in other parts of England. ready to be thrown into a caldron of soup had When the three upright stumps and the two bails her return to the house been longer delayed. This were introduced the thing resembled a gate, and argument was too absurd for me to listen to with-so might be called a wicket, although the game |