his own lovable personality, who forged the great Weapon so truly, and who in the day of battle wiel it so forcefully and skilfully-to Admiral Jellicoe. has met abuse and criticism in silence, happy in knowledge that he fulfilled his trust to the utmost.

Before we drop the curtain on the final act, we n pay our tribute to the whole gallant company who pla the many and varying parts in the swiftly chang

scenes.

The individual and human sides of perhaps greatest ordeal by fire and water that the world ever witness, is vividly portrayed in 'The Fighting Jutland,' compiled by two naval officers, Messrs H. Fawcett and G. W. Hooper, and admirably illustrate a third one, who remains anonymous. It gives us 'Personal Experiences of Officers and Men' in a serie short extracts from reports and diaries, or in acco written with events fresh in the memory. No for history could present the tragedies, the comedies, heroisms which went to make up the record of g happenings, as these intimate little narratives do.

A petty officer, one of the few survivors of H. Queen Mary,' gives a simple but arresting story of last scenes around him when that great ship was su He asks his readers to remember that the write much handier behind a pair of 13.5-inch guns than bel a pen, yet no author could more vividly describe human factors in the midst of a veritable catacly There came

'the big smash

everything in the ship went as quie a church; the floor of the turret was bulged up, and the g were absolutely useless there was no sign of excitem One man said, “What do you think has happened?" Is Steady, every one," and went to the cabinet (where officer of the turret is stationed) and said, "What do think has happened, sir?" He said, "God knows."

Then the turret's crew set out to man the little 4-in guns, as their own big weapons were out of action, or to find the whole secondary battery had been smash out of recognition, and the ship was sinking. Cle the turret,' was ordered. The last man up, anoth

IV

of

Spetty officer, from the depths of the working chamber reported the magazines and shell rooms already flooded. Why didn't you come up?' he was asked. 'There was no order to leave the turret,' was the laconic reply.

Of all stations perhaps the control top is the most thrilling to be in, in a naval battle. One can imagine the feelings of a midshipman climbing up the steel rungs plar of the mast, past the sizzling syren, and through the ang 'lubber's-hole' to the high and lofty platform where he will be one of the favoured few to see all there is to be seen.

"The flashes of the guns of the High Sea Fleet became visible,' he writes. The effect of the order "Load" was to create a sort of stupor, everything was happening so suddenly, it all seemed too good to be true. I remember the dreary monotone of the range-finder operator calling out the ranges, I remember the gunnery officer and the captain discussing through the voice-pipe the advisability of withholding fire until the ammunition could be more effectively used I remember the ecstatic comments of the director layer when we had found the target and saw that we were hitting in earnest at last.'

Within a few minutes of this time a very different scene was being enacted in another control top. The great battle-cruiser 'Invincible' had been carved in two; those aloft, who an instant before had been gleefully tet watching the effects of their gun-fire on the 'Derfflinger,' e found the ship simply collapsing under them. A be destroyer, the Badger,' picked up the few survivors. cly Thinking they were Germans, an armed guard awaited them.

Qui

he

Stend

Dere

Judge of my surprise,' says one of the destroyer's officers, when the raft was almost alongside, to see a Commander RN, Lieutenant R.N. and two seamen on it.'

'He

'The ComIs mander was really marvellously self-possessed,' he adds. laughed at the armed guard and assured us that he hadn't a detch on his whole body, and that he had merely-as he put it-stepped into the water when the fore-top came down.' Contrast this with the experiences of those shut in down below, not knowing what was happening and threatened with death within and without. An instance of such an ordeal occurred in the engine-room of H.M.S. 'Warrior' after that ship had barely escaped the fate of her flag

;

ship Defence,' sunk by the concentrated fire of sev German battleships at the outset of the main action. shell had passed through the crown of both engine-roand burst near the middle line. Those in the port c partment escaped with difficulty. The senior engin lieutenant and the party with him, in the starb one, found themselves trapped.

By

"They were choked with fumes and steam. glimmer of the sole remaining oil lamp, it was seen water was coming over the floor plates, the crank pits full up, and the cranks swishing round in the middle o Gradually the water rose; it was breast high... and the plates were dislodged.' 'They climbed up over pipes condensers, holding hands to prevent the swirling w carrying them away. Unfortunately their chain was t broken-several men were jammed somehow and drowne Those that remained not only expected to be drow but the escaping steam almost suffocated them. T kept splashing the oily water over their faces to b them from peeling; and 'this agony of terror went for two and a half hours in pitch darkness,' before 1 could be rescued.

Perhaps the most wonderful adventures, the 1 hair-breadth escapes that humanity could survive recount, occurred in the destroyers. A typical st showing the spirit that prevailed, is that of the 'Ons]

'We were suitably placed on the engaged bow of "L and went off to stop this firing of torpedoes (!),' says of 'Onslow's' youthful officers. 'At one time we came so (to an enemy's light cruiser) that with a range of only yards on the gun sights, our shots were still not falling sh

'Onslow' raced on to within 8,000 yards of enemy's battle-cruisers and the order was given to all four of her torpedoes. Unfortunately just at 1 moment the ship was struck amidships by a heavy s and was enveloped in a cloud of steam.' In the confu only one torpedo was fired. The captain thought four had gone, but sent the sub-lieutenant aft to m sure. The latter found the original light cruiser range, himself laid and fired one of the remair torpedoes, which hit the enemy under the conning to and returned to report two torpedoes still unexpende

1

y t

n th

TeThe captain then abandoned his intention of creeping out of range of the enemy before being hopelessly crippled and decided to go in again and make use of the remaining torpedoes.'

When dawn broke, all that remained of the gallant bor leader of the 4th Destroyer Flotilla was a little knot of men on a life-saving raft, already a foot under water, bravely singing a requiem to their lost ship, 'It's a long way to Tipperary.' Of many another there was naught save 'Great smears of oil and wreckage.' The night edfighting was desperate in the extreme.

'Smoke was reported right ahead. . . . I attacked at once,' writes the commanding officer of the destroyer 'Ardent.' The enemy switched on searchlights and found us at once. I then became aware that the "Ardent was taking on a division of German battleships. However, we opened fire and ran on at full speed. Our guns were useless against such big adversaries; our torpedoes are fired . . . we could but wait for the shells that could not fail to hit us soon at such close range. . . There was perfect silence on the bridge, not a word was spoken. At last it came, and as the first salvo hit, I heard a seaman ejaculate, almost under his breath, "Oo-ooh," as one does to a bursting rocket.'

reThe

The end was not far off. The 'Ardent' having received a tornado of fire,

'Gave a big lurch, ... heeled right over the stern kept afloat for a few moments, then she slowly sank from view. Say As the smoke and steam cleared off I could see many heads the water. . . . I saw most of them die one by one.

so dr

aly

of

Not a

an of them showed any fear of death, there was not a ng sur, complaint, or cry for help . . . their joy was, and they talked about it to the end, that they and the "Ardent" had done their bit.'

en to

conf

ugh

made the

The writer adds an epitaph which may stand for all who supreme sacrifice in the day of victory:

'All hands fought the ship with the utmost gallantry, and ina tenacious and determined manner, till she sank beneath them, and then met their death in that composed and happy spirit that I am convinced comes to all those who do their duty to the end.'

INTELLECTUAL

STATUS OF TH

Art. 9.-THE
LOGICAL BELIEF.

1. A Treatise on Probability. By J. M. Keynes. M millan, 1921.

2. The Relation between Induction and Probabil By C. D. Broad (Articles in Mind, October 1918 January 1920).

It is not intended in this article to discuss the grour in common knowledge, on which any particular th logical belief is based, or to present, beyond a pass hint, an argument for the theistic view of the wo Questions of more general nature are to be consider such as whether theology can claim to be knowle characterised by logical certainty, as Locke thought belief possessing only probability: and, in the latter c how religious faith is related to the beliefs on wh inductive physical science rests. Can theological be be distinguished from mere superstition, and be reas ably entertained, as well as reasonably doubted? deal with these issues will involve raising furt questions: what are we to understand by 'ration when we describe science as the search for a ratio explanation of phenomena, and by 'reasonable' wl we decide that religious belief is reasonable or unreas able, as the case may be?

Theology has made, at different times, very dive claims as to its own intellectual status. Some theologi have professed that their science is grounded on im diately apprehended truths, axiomatic or self-evide and that its subsidiary doctrines are deducible from s truths with strict logical demonstrability. When natural and normal faculty of reason, which bei human is apt to err, has been suspected of inadequɛ to mediate infallibly such knowledge, a divinely i planted lumen naturale, a kind of intellective instinct, l been invoked, as in some of the older rationalistic philo phies; and appeal has sometimes been made to a speci if not a more or less abnormal, mystical vision, as reve ing doctrines rich in concreteness. At the other extren there have been theologians who have rejoiced to c theology matter of faith and to sit loose to scienti