potui, thus far have my powers lasted,' i. e. my 826. succedat, petitio obliqua after mandata. ' gradually frees herself from all her body,' a poetical phrase to express the escape of the soul from the body: cp. iv. 703 teque isto corpore solvo; Lucret. iii. 696 exsolvere sese Omnibus e nervis atque ossibus articulisque. 833. crudescit, 'grows hotter.' 6 836. Triviae custos, Diana's sentinel' (Con.), i.e. Opis. iam dudum, 'all the while,' 'now for some time'-i. e. while all this was going on. 839. mulcatam (the MS. reading), ='beaten,' 'overborne,' multatam (Forb., Gossr., etc.) = 'punished.' Mulco and mulcto (or multo) are originally parallel forms to which usage has attached different meanings: so e. g. quis, qui; ös, & in Greek. From English Mr. Storr cites 'travail' and 'travel,' 'queen' and 'quean,' 'spirit' and 'sprite:' and others will readily occur. 843. desertae, 'in solitude;' properly only of places, but desertae in dumis is by transference for desertis in dumis. 845. reliquit, she hath not left you dishonoured '-having already (1. 591 above) provided for avenging Camilla. The v. 1. relinquet would be easier: but reliquit has the best authority. 854. fulgentem armis, many editors read laetantem animis, on the authority of one MS., as being more appropriate. But as fulgentem armis makes perfectly good sense, it seems unnecessary to disregard the MSS. 856, 857. periture, voc. for nom., as exspectate venis ii. 283. Camillae praemia, return for Camilla's death.' tune etiam, etc., shall such as you (lit. 'even you') fall by Diana's shafts?' Opis grudges him the honour of such a death. 860-862. 'And drew it at full stretch, till the curved tips met together, and with even hands she touched the arrow's point with her left, and her breast with the bowstring and her right.' coirent, the subj. expresses her purpose in drawing the bow. manibus aequis, i. e. one hand was drawn back as much as the other was stretched out. Cp. Homer's description of drawing a bow so that the arrow-head comes up to the bow (and to the hand which holds it):—Ἕλκε δ ̓ ὁμοῦ γλυφίδας τε λαβὼν καὶ νεῦρα βόεια· Νευρὴν μὲν μαζῷ πέλασεν, τόξῳ δὲ σίδηρον (Il. iv. 123). 6 864. una... que, at the same time that.' 866. ignoto camporum in pulvere, by transference for ignoto in loco campi pulverulenti (Forb.). 870. And captains borne astray, and troops left all forlorn'-i. e. deprived of their disiecti duces. 871. equis aversi, for equis aversis. 877. percussae pectora, 'beating their breasts:' for the constr. see on x. 133. 880. inimica turba, i. e. the Trojans. super, 'falling upon them.' 882. tuta domorum, 'the shelter of home;' in these constructions the partitive notion often disappears, the neuter adj. merely expressing a quality so i. 422 strata viarum=stratae viae. 886. 'Of those that keep the gate with their swords and those that rush upon them '-i. e. those who have got in repelling their friends who try to force a way in after them. 888. urgente ruina, 'as the rout presses on.' 889, 890. 'Some with blind haste and loosened rein dash headlong on the gates and stubborn doors.' duros obiice postes, an inversion for dura obiice postes. 891. summo certamine, 'with utmost zeal,' as in v. 197 olli certamine summo Procumbunt. 892. monstrat, 'prompts.' ut videre Camillam, "following Camilla's example,' lit. as they saw Camilla (hurling weapons).' 893. robore duro, abl. of quality with stipitibus. 895. praecipites, 'in headlong haste.' primaeque, etc. 'and long to be the first to die for their city's walls.' It would be possible to translate primae, in the first rank,' and pro moenibus, 'on the front of the walls.' 896, 897. implet, 'engrosses' (Storr). nuntius, 'news.' fert tumultum, 'tells of mighty uproar.' 904. apertos, ' unguarded.' 907. nec longis passibus, ‘no long space.' The plural is used collectively, with an adjective denoting an attribute applicable only to the collective sense; cp. longos annos x. 549; Tib. i. 1. 2 Et teneat culti iugera magna soli. inter se with absunt. 911. adventum pedum, 'the onward tramp of feet' (Con.). 912-914. ineant—tingat,' would fight... were not Phoebus to bathe;' vivid use of the present subj. for the ordinary inirent . . . tingeret. Cp. v. 325 spatia et si plura supersint, Transeat elapsus prior. ... 915. moenia vallant, 'entrench their lines,' i. e. raise temporary works outside the city. NOTES TO BOOK XII. Turnus, now the only hope of the Rutulian cause, agrees to meet Aeneas in single fight; Latinus, on the other hand, being willing to make a treaty and give Lavinia to Aeneas. The arrangements for the treaty are concluded, Aeneas and Latinus ratify it with an oath, and the combat is about to begin (11. 1-215): when the nymph Juturna, Turnus' sister, instigated by Juno (11. 134-160), incites the wild Rutulians to break the truce. A mêlée ensues, in which Aeneas is wounded and retires: while Turnus, making no attempt, as Aeneas has done, to keep the peace, deals great havoc among the Trojans (ll. 216–332). Aeneas, miraculously healed by Venus, returns to the fight to seek Turnus; but Juturna, acting as her brother's charioteer, evades his pursuit (11. 333-499). After great slaughter on both sides (11. 500–553), Aeneas threatens Laurentum itself (ll. 554–592): Amata commits suicide (1. 595): and Turnus, his better self and soldierly instincts reasserting themselves, rushes to save the city by claiming the combat with Aeneas (11. 614-696). He has forfeited sympathy by his former violentia: but the spirit in which he at last resolves to meet his fate (11. 665-695) compensates for much that has gone before. The remainder of the book (11. 697-952) is occupied with the duel: Jupiter reconciling Juno to the fate of Turnus, and forbidding Juturna from further interference (11. 791-886). The frequency of supernatural intervention is a noticeable feature in this book (e. g. 11. 222 sqq., 411, 468, 544, 784-787), due perhaps (as Con. remarks) to imitation of Iliad xix-xxii, where such interventions become more frequent as the story draws to its catastrophe. In the suicide of Amata (ll 595 sqq.) we may trace the influence of Greek tragedy: while Juturna, like Camilla, is apparently Virgil's own conception. se 1-4. infractos, ‘broken,' as x. 731. promissa, see xi. 434-444. signari oculis, 'that all eyes are on him.' ultro, at once,' without waiting to be entreated; lit. 'beyond' what might be expected. 5. ille anticipates and emphasises the substantive leo: see note on x. 707. 6, 7. movet arma, the ordinary military expression for beginning war. comantes cervice toros, a variety for comas in torosa cervice, ‘tosses hi mane from his brawny neck;' cp. Catull. lxiii. 83 Rutilam ferox torosa cervice quate iubam. latronis, 'hunter,' so called because he besets the lion's path like a 'brigand' or 'robber' (the ordinary meaning). 11. in Turno, as far as Turnus is concerned;' in this and similar phrases in with abl. expresses the object in regard to which something takes place; cp. ii. 390 dolor an virtus, quis in hoste requirat. retractent,' withdraw,' 'retract,' a rare use. 13. patēr, for the quantity see Introd. p. xvii. concipe, 'seal,' a technical term for concluding treaties, administering oaths, etc. It properly denotes to 'recite' a certain formula which is repeated by others. 16. crimen commune, ‘the charge against us all’(i. e. of unfaithfulness and cowardice). 19. animi, see on x. 686. 23. nec non, etc., 'Latinus too has gold and a heart to give it.' For animus = 'generosity' cp. Cic. Q. F. i. 1. 3. § 10 Allienus noster est, quum animo ac benevolentia, tum vero etiam imitatione vivendi; and the phrases magni animi, parvi animi, of liberal or mean persons respectively. 25, 26. sine me, etc., 'let me utter these hard sayings without disguise, and yourself lay this to heart.' hauri, lit. 'drink in.' 28. canebant, often of prophecies, oracles, etc., which were frequently delivered in verse. 'That was the burden of gods and men alike.' 29. cognato sanguine, Turnus was the nephew of Amata, the wife of Latinus. 31. generō, arma. The hiatus is justified by the pause in sense; see Introd. p. xviii. 33. primus, 'before all.' 34. bis, in the battles of Books X. and XI. urbe, abl. instrum., 'by our city.' 37. quo referor totiens, 'whither am I drifting again and again?' (Con.) He is bewildered by constant change of purpose. 39. tollo, stop.' 41, 42. si... prodiderim, ‘if it be that I have betrayed' (èáv πws пpodedwк). Latinus is afraid that he may have already sealed Turnus' fate by thus resisting destiny. 43. res bello varias, 'the chances of war,' poetical for res belli varias. 45. dividit, 'parts' (from you). 46. exsuperat, etc., 'it prevails the more, and grows virulent beneath his healing touch.' 49. letumque, etc., 'let me barter life for fame,' lit. ' agree to death for fame.' 52, 53. 'No goddess mother will be near him now to wrap his flight in mist with a woman's care while she hides herself in baffling shades.' In the Iliad Aphrodite hides Aeneas in a fold of her garment: Apollo rescues him in a cloud, as also does Poseidon. vanis, deceitful,' not ' vain.' 54. nova pugnae sorte, 'the new turn of the battle,' i. e. the approaching single combat between Aeneas and Turnus. 55. moritura, 'with death in view.' The thought of suicide is in her mind, and this is her dying appeal. 56. te, governed by oro, 1. 60. 57. honos is sometimes explained as='feeling for,' on the analogy of gratia vii. 401. But such use of the word for a moral quality is unexampled and it is better to translate if you care ought for Amata's good name.' 61. isto, that contest you are bent upon. 62, 63. simul, 'with you.' lumina, 'light of day;' cp. iv. 452 lucem relinquere, and the Homeric λείπειν φάος ἠελίοιο. 64-69. 'Lavinia heard her mother's voice, her glowing cheeks bedewed with tears deep crimson blushes set her all aflame and mantled o'er her burning face. As when some hand hath sullied Indian ivory with bloodred stain, or when white lilies blent with many a rose seem red: such hues the maiden's face displayed.' perfusa genas, for the constr. see on x. 133. ebur, aut, see Introd. p. xvii. 72-74. 'Let no tears, O mother mine, nor such ill omen attend me to the battle's stubborn fray; for Turnus is not free to put off his death.' 78. non, for ne, poetical usage. 80. coniunx, predicate, 'as wife.' 82. ante ora, 'before his face.' 83. Orithyia, the wife of Boreas, the north wind, who was the father of the royal horses of Troy. The connexion between Pilumnus and Orithyia is probably a mere invention of Virgil's. 84. anteirent, subj. after consecutive qui-'to surpass the whiteness of the snow, the swiftness of the wind.' 85, 86. ' Around them stand the busy grooms patting with hollow palms their sounding chests and combing the mane upon their necks.' plausa, struck so as to give a sound. cavis suggests the hollow sound made by the hand. 87. squalentem, 'rough.' orichalco, 'yellow copper' or 'brass,' the opeixaλkos of Hesiod and the Homeric hymns. The Latins, from a false etymology, often spelt it aurichalcum, and consequently conceived it to be a mixture of gold and brass: this spelling being required e. g. by the metre in Plaut. Mil. Gl. iii. 1. 66, Pseud. ii. 3. 21. Virgil here, and Horace (A. P. 202) restore the right spelling, but retain the short antepenultimate (orichalcum) which the Plautine passages exhibit, as might be expected in an unaccented syllable of so long a word. albo, lit. 'pale.' 88. aptat habendo, 'fits for wear.' 89. ensemque, an imitation of Homeric rhythm: see Introd. p. xvii. cornua, two projections in a helmet, in which the crest was fixed: 'the sockets of his crimson crest.' 90. ipse, 'with his own hand.' K |