rupted by a change in the Ministry of Justice-The Queen opposes
herself to the more lenient conduct of the New Mini-Continued
Prosecutions and Punishments at Lisbon and Oporto-Sentence pro
nounced at Oporto, in their absence, against the Marquis Palmella,
Count Villa Flor, and nineteen other General Officers-Forced issue of
Paper Money-Necessities of the Government-Count Villa Flor takes
the Command in Terceira in the Name of the Queen-An Expedition
sails from Lisbon to reduce Terceira-The Troops effect a landing, but
are totally defeated by Villa Flor-Spain recognizes the Title of Don
Miguel-Brazil craves the armed interference of Britain, which is refused
-A Portuguese Expedition sails from Plymouth to reinforce the Garri-
son of Terceira, under the pretext that the Troops on board were to be
carried to Brazil-The British Government prevents them from landing
-Don Pedro refuses to enter into any compromise with Miguel, and
recals his Daughter from Europe.-SPAIN.-Executions at Barcelona-
Partial Insurrections in Catalonia-Cadiz is erected into a free Port-
Detection of a Fraud practised by Spain in relation to a French Loan.-
ITALY.-Death of Pope Leo XII, and Election of Cardinal Castiglione,
Pius VIII. [174
RUSSIA. Opening of the Campaign between Russia and Turkey-The
Russian Fleet takes Sizeboli-The Turks are defeated in an attempt to
retake it-The Russian Army, under General Diebitsch, crosses the
Danube, and marches against Silistria-Skirmishes as it advances-The
Russians invest Silistria-The Grand Vizier moves from Shumla to
attack General Roth-Battle of Eski-Arnautlar-The Russians retire,
and the Grand Vizier besieges Pravadi-Count Diebitsch marches from
Silistria with part of the besieging Army to support General Roth, and
relieve Pravadi-He joins General Roth, and they occupy the Defiles
in the rear of the Vizier, without his being aware of it-Battle of Ku-
lertscha-The Vizier forces open the Road to Shumla, and takes up a
new position-The Russians renew the attack, and the Turks take to
Flight-The Vizier regains Shumla-The Russians offer to open Nego-
tiations Silistria surrenders, and the besieging Army joins Count
Diebitsch before Shumla-The Russians prepare to cross the Balkan,
leaving a Corps to watch Shumla-They effect the Passage of the
Kamtschick, and reach the summit of the Mountain, before the Vizier
is aware of their Movements-They descend the Southern Side of the
Balkan-They take Mesembri, Bourgas and Aidos, defeating, at the
latter, a large body of Turks-They take Karnabut and Sambol, and
push their advanced Guards towards Adrianople-The Vizier leaves
Shumla by a circuitous route, and reaches Selimno on the Road to
Adrianople-The Russians attack the Turks at Selimno, defeat them,
and carry the Town-They advance to Adrianople, which capitulates, the
Turkish Garrison dispersing-The Fleet takes Vassilico, Agathopolis
and Ainada on the Euxine, and a detachment of the Army occupies Enos
on the Mediterranean-Opening of the Campaign in Asia-The Turks
form the Siege of Akhalzik, but are compelled by the Russians to raise
it-The Pacha of Trebizond is driven from his Camp-Count Paske-
witsch succeeds in crossing the Mountains, to advance on Erzeroum,
and defeats the Turks in two separate Actions-Erzeroum surrenders
to the Russians-Return of the English and French Ambassadors to
Constantinople-The Sultan refuses to accept their Mediation on the
terms proposed regarding Greece-State of the Capital as the Russians
advance-Commissioners sent to Adrianople to treat-A suspension of
Hostilities takes place-Peace is concluded between Russia and Turkey
-Terms of the Treaty.-PERSIA.-Massacre of the Russian Ambassador
and his Suite at Tehran.-GREECE.-Progress of the Greek Army in
Western Greece; they take Vonizza, Carvassara, Lepanto, Anatolico,
Missolonghi-Protocol of the three Powers regarding the Boundaries
and Settlement of Greece-They request from the Greek Government
a suspension of Hostilities, which is refused-Dissensions among the
Military-General Church resigns the Command of the Army-Meeting
and Proceedings of the National Assembly-Negotiations at Constanti-
nople for the Settlement of Greece-The Sultan, in the Russian Treaty,
accedes to the Protocol of the Allies-Conferences at London to carry
the Protocol into effect-The three Powers resolve that the Sovereignty
reserved to Turkey, by the Protocol and the Russian Treaty, shall be
abolished-They fix the Limits of the new Greek State
UNITED STATES.-Congress-Inaugural Address of the new President—
BRAZIL.-Extraordinary Meeting of the Legislative Assembly-Pro-
posed Reformation of the Bank-Ordinary Meeting of the Assembly-
Reductions in Expenditure-Finances-Attempted Impeachments of the
Ministers of Justice and of War for their Proceedings on occasion of an
Insurrection at Pernambuco.-BUENOS AYRES.-General Lavalle, at
the head of his Troops, overturns the Government-Dorego, the Gover-
nor of Buenos Ayres, raises Troops in the Country to oppose him-
Lavalle marches against him, defeats him, takes him Prisoner, and puts
him to Death without Trial-Civil War-The Provinces of Santa Fe
and Cordova declare against Lavalle-He marches against them-In his
absence the Federalists under Rosas approach Buenos Ayres-Lavalle
returns to defend the City-Buenos Ayres is besieged-Lavalle con-
cludes a Treaty with the Federalists-Reverses of the Federalists in
Cordova-The influence of Lavalle prevails in the Elections at Buenos
Ayres-The Federalists refuse to acknowledge them-A new Con-
vention is concluded, annulling the Elections, and naming a Senate to
conduct the Government.-COLOMBIA.-War with Peru-The Peruvians
blockade Guayaquil, and make an unsuccessful attack upon it-It
afterwards capitulates-The Peruvians are defeated at Tarqui, and
Preliminaries of Peace are signed-The Peruvian Governor of Guaya-
quil refuses to give it up, and the Campaign is renewed-In consequence
of a Revolution in Peru, Guayaquil is given up to the Colombians, and
Hostilities are suspended, that a Peace may be negotiated-Bolivar con-
vokes an Assembly to meet in 1830-He forces by a Decree the Rights
of the Electors and the mode of Election-Santander's sentence of
Death is commuted into Banishment-Decree against secret Societies
-An Insurrection against Bolivar breaks out in Popayan, but is quelled
-Another Insurrection against his unlimited power breaks out in the
province of Antioquia-A Revolution in Bolivia in favour of the Co-
lombian party. PERU.-A Revolution-The President, Lamar, is sent
into Banishment, and General La Fuente seizes the Government.—
MEXICO. Consequences of the Insurrection of December 1828, and of
the Flight of Pedrazza the President elect-Congress Meets-Pedrazza
resigns, and Guerrero is declared President-Law for the Expulsion of
the old Spaniards-State of the Finances-Congress imposes an Income
Tax, but the Government is unable to enforce it-Extraordinary
Meeting of Congress to oppose a Spanish Invasion-They Vote a forced
Loan-They give the President unlimited power over Persons and Pro-
perty-A Spanish Army from Cuba lands in Mexico, and takes Tam-
pico, and Tamaulipas The Spaniards fortify themselves, awaiting re-
inforcements The Mexicans, under Santana, march to Tampico-The
Spaniards take Altamira-Tamaulipas is attacked by a Detachment of
Mexicans, who are repulsed-The Spaniards are shut up in Tamaulipas
and surrender.-GUATEMALA.-Siege and Capture of Guatemala by
the troops of San Salvador-Meeting of Congress-Proceedings against
the Members of the late Government
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